CHEM-2420-M01 Organic Chemistry 2

Spring 2021

Credit(s): 3 Prerequisite(s): Chem 2410 with a minimum grade of C-. Must enroll also in Chem 2425. In-Person Class Time: MW 14:00 - 15:15 (Madrid time, GMT+1) Lab: 1 credit. Your lab grade is an entirely separate grade determined by your lab instructor, and it will appear as

such on your transcript. Lab attendance is mandatory, unless excused by illness. Missing more than three labs will

be graded as F.

Classroom: PAH 24

Instructor: Tania de la Fuente Instructor’s Email: tania.delafuente@slu.edu Instructor’s Campus Phone: 91 554 58 58, ext. 268 Office: PAH-204 Class Zoom Link: https://slu.zoom.us/j/9211545635

Office Hours: MWF 10:00-11:00, MWF 13:00 - 14:00, MW 15:20-16:20 (Madrid time, GMT+1), or by appointment.

The office hours will be carried out via zoom in class zoom link- https://slu.zoom.us/j/9211545635. Make sure you

set up an appointment via https://tania-de-la-fuente.appointlet.com

Course Description: This course is a continuation of CHEM-2410, you will again be introduced to the fundamental principles of organic

chemistry. Continuing our study of common organic functional groups, we will explore the structure and reactivity

of carbonyl compounds, aromatic compounds, amines, ethers, epoxides and sulfides. Structure elucidation of

organic molecules by means of NMR spectroscopy will again be emphasized. In addition, toward the end of the

course, students will be familiarized with the structure, properties, and reactivity of carbohydrates, amino acids,

peptides, proteins and lipids.

Organic Chemistry is not only an interesting and fascinating field of study, but application of the concepts you will

learn in this course lead every day to the synthesis of important new materials and pharmaceutical drugs, and to

developing sophisticated new lab experiments to understand various natural/biological processes. Most areas of

modern science, especially medicine, biology and engineering, are strongly influenced by developments in organic

chemistry, and the ability to synthesize and structurally characterize organic molecules greatly facilitates research

in these other disciplines.

Course Goals and Student Learning Outcomes: Objectives

a. predict the major products of organic reactions. b. choose reagents and conditions for syntheses of organic compounds. c. identify organic compounds on the basis of experimental data.

d. suggest reasonable explanations for the outcomes of organic reactions. e. name organic compounds.

Chemistry Program Objectives

A. Students will identify the principles of modern chemistry and demonstrate their application to a range of common systems. This includes:

1. Being able to perform quantitative calculations using experimental data. 2. Explain the physical and chemical properties of substances based on an understanding of atomic,

molecular and supermolecular structure. 3. Connect observations with prior information, this includes prediction and identification of

chemical/biochemical reaction products. B. Students will connect the theory learned in classes with procedures learned in a laboratory setting.

Student Learning Outcomes:

Program Objectives

Student Learning Outcomes Assessment Method

A 1. Describe the SI unit and convert units. 2. Show answers the correct scientific notation and number of

significant figures 3. The basic structures of atoms, ions, and molecules, and ways

to quantitatively describe the properties of atoms and molecules in the various phases of pure matter and in mixtures

4. The reactivity of atoms, ions, and molecules, and the various qualitative and quantitative methods for describing or depicting chemical reactions

5. The concept of chemical equilibrium, and the energies that drive chemical reactions: an introduction to the field of thermodynamics.

6. The concept of chemical kinetics and the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

7. The relationship between the electronic configurations of atoms and molecules and their chemical properties: an introduction to the field of quantum mechanics.

Exams, quizzes, homework and Final exam

B Connect the theory with the lab procedures Exams, quizzes, homework and Final exam

Assessment of Student Learning: In order to maintain quality academic offerings and to conform to accreditation requirements, SLU-Madrid regularly assesses its teaching, services and programs for evidence of student learning. For this purpose, SLU-Madrid keeps representative examples of student work from all courses and programs on file, including assignments, papers, exams, portfolios and results from student surveys, focus groups and reflective exercises. Copies of your work for this course may be kept on file for institutional research, assessment and accreditation purposes. If you prefer SLU-Madrid not to retain your work for this purpose, you must communicate this decision in writing to your professor. Required Texts and Materials:

Textbook: Organic Chemistry by Gorzynski

Lab Manual: Principles of Organic Chemistry 2, CHEM-2425 Molecular Model kit (optional)

Technology Requirements:

You will need regular access to a computer with an internet connection. High speed broadband access (LAN, Cable orDSL) is highly recommended for the optimal learning experience. All work should be submitted in PDF documents, and students should make use of Spelling and Grammar Check. Students should preferably use a computer, NOT a telephone or tablet to complete assignments and work.

Blackboard sometimes has conflicts with certain Browsers such as Google Chrome, so if you ever find that you

cannot see a video or access test feedback, try opening Blackboard in a different Browser such as Firefox or

Internet Explorer.

Communication Norms:

Preferred means of communication

For general questions that you would normally ask during an in-person class, use the “Q & A forum” in the

Content Section of BlackBoard.

For specific questions about navigating Blackboard or for personal concerns, questions, or requests email

me at Tania.delafuente@slu.edu or connect with me during my Zoom office hours.

I will use the Blackboard “Announcements” feature to send regular information about the course.

You should check your “@slu.edu” email daily.

Email reply times

I will aim to reply to your emails within 12 hours Monday through Friday. If you don’t hear back from me

after 24 hours, please resend the email so that it will be bumped up to the top of my inbox.

I cannot guarantee that emails sent after 6:00 p.m., Madrid time on Fridays, will receive replies until the

following Monday morning.

Students are expected to respond to my emails within the same time frame.

Grades and Feedback

All tasks must be completed before their corresponding deadline and submitted according to the

instructions of that task.

Assignments will be corrected, and feedback made available, within 48 hours of the deadline.

Zoom office hours

I will be available on MWF 10:00-11:00, MWF 13:00-14:00, MW 15:20-16:20 (Madrid time, GMT+1), or by

appointment. The office hours will be carried out via zoom in class zoom link-

https://slu.zoom.us/j/9211545635. Make sure you set up an appointment via https://tania-de-la-

fuente.appointlet.com

Netiquette: As in any learning environment, certain behavioral codes are expected when you communicate with both your peers and your instructors. These codes are referred to as netiquette. For further information, refer to the PDF document, Netiquette Guide for Online Courses, in the left-hand column on Blackboard.

Assessment of Student Learning: To maintain quality academic offerings and to conform to accreditation requirements, SLU-Madrid regularly assesses its teaching, services and programs for evidence of student learning. For this purpose, SLU-Madrid keeps representative examples of student work from all courses and programs on file, including assignments, papers, exams, portfolios and results from student surveys, focus groups and reflective exercises. Copies of your work for this course may be kept on file for institutional research, assessment and accreditation purposes. If you prefer SLU-Madrid not to retain your work for this purpose, you must communicate this decision in writing to your professor.

COURSE POLICIES

Attendance Policy: You are expected to attend all classes. Most students in the past have found the lectures to be helpful. If you absolutely must miss a class, it is your responsibility to get all information and material covered from your fellow students. Class Behavior: The difficulty of the subject demands that we show special consideration for one another. Please

make every effort to arrive on time. If you must be late or leave early, please close the door quietly and sit near the

exit. Please be courteous of those around you and keep chit chat to a minimum. Cellular phones should be silenced

or turned off before lectures begin. On the rare chance you have forgotten and your phone sounds during class, be

polite and turn it off immediately. If you are expecting an urgent call, please seat yourself near the exit. Students

who are surfing the web, texting or reading the newspaper can be asked to leave.

Devices: Only calculators are allowed in quizzes and exams, no sharing is allowed. Cell phones should not be brought

to exams. Watches are not allowed during exams so do not bring them.

Assignments: MUST be uploaded to Blackboard (if you have problems uploading it you can email it to me but make

sure I do get it at tania.delafuente@slu.edu) by specified time. Accepted formats include - .doc, .docx, .pdf, and

.pptx.

Missed exams: If you miss an exam, contact the Instructor immediately (email is best). Exams that are missed

illegitimately result in a score of F. Grades for these students will be based on the remaining exams. Missing more

than one exam will result in an F final grade. Only the following are acceptable reasons for being excused from

taking an exam at the schedule time:

1. Medical problem (doctors certification required)

2. Serious family emergency (email from Dean of students or Student Counseling Services required)

3. University event (email from Student life is required)

End of Semester Travel Plans: DO NOT make plans to leave SLU before the last day of in class teaching. Tell your parents NOT to make reservations before that date. If plans have already been made, change them now!! Course Requirements and Grading Rationale/System:

First Exam: 20% Second Exam: 20% Final Exam: 35%

Quizzes: 15% Homework: 10%

Grading scale:

100% <A< 93% 92% <A-< 90%

90% <B+< 87% 86% <B < 83% 82% <B-< 80%

79% <C+< 77% 76% <C< 73% 72% <C-< 70%

69% <D < 60% F< 60%

Course Content:

1. Structure Determination: IR; MS, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Chapter 13 & 14

2. Conjugated Dienes and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, Chapter 16

3. Benzene and Aromaticity, Chapter 17

4. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Chapter 18

5. Carboxylic Acids, Chapter 19

6. Introduction to Carbonyl Chemistry, Chapter 20

7. Aldehydes and Ketones, Chapter 21

8. Carboxylic Acids Derivatives and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution, Chapter 22

9. Amines and Heterocycles, Chapter 25

10. Carbon-Carbon bond forming, reactions in organic synthesis, Chapter 26

Spring 2021 Course Organization

START HERE: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE

Goals: Getting to know your teacher. Introduction to the course and how it will work. Introduction to Blackboard and how to work with your course. Introduce yourselves to know each other. Task List:

1. Watch Class Videos

“Getting to know your teacher” Introduction Video (Wednesday, January 20)

“Chemistry Class” Introduction to the class video (Wednesday, January 20)

“How to use Blackboard” introduction video (Wednesday, January 20) 2. Read the Syllabus 3. Personalize Blackboard with your picture 4. Write a Post and answer to each of your classmates other on the Discussion Board (Introduce yourself,

who are you, what do you study, where are you from, what do you expect to learn from this class)

MODULE 1: STRUCTURE DETERMINATION: MS, IR AND NMR

Goals: Understand how to determine a structure using different techniques. Task List:

1. Watch the Class Videos

“Mass spectometry” (Monday, January 25)

“IR” (Wednesday, January 27) 2. Suggested Readings

Textbook Chapter 13 3. Do Assignment (homework due by Wednesday February 3) 4. Quiz 1 (on Monday February 8)

Task List: 1. Watch the Class Videos

“13C NMR” (Monday, February 1)

“1H NMR” (Wednesday, February 3) 2. Suggested Readings

Textbook Chapter 14 3. Do Assignment (homework due by Wednesday February 10) 4. Quiz 2 (on Monday February 15)

MODULE 2: CONJUGATED DIENES AND UV SPECTRUM

Goals: Learn the properties of conjugated dienes. Task List:

1. Watch the Class Videos

“Conjugated dienes” (Monday, February 8) 2. Suggested Readings

Textbook Chapter 16 3. Do Assignment (homework due by Monday February 15) 4. Quiz 3 (on Monday February 22)

MODULE 3: BENZENE AND AROMATICITY

Goals: Understand aromatic compounds. Task List:

1. Watch the Class Videos

“Benzenes” (Wednesday, February 10)

“Aromatic ions” (Monday, February 15) 2. Suggested Readings

Textbook Chapter 17 3. Do Assignment (homework due by Monday February 22) 4. Quiz 4 (on Wednesday February 24)

FIRST EXAM (MODULES 1-3): WEDNESDAY MARCH 3

MODULE 4: CHEMISTRY OF BENZENE

Goals: Learn about benzenes. Task List:

1. Watch the Class Videos

“Chemistry of benzene” (Wednesday February 17)

“Substitution effects” (Monday, February 22) 2. Suggested Readings

Textbook Chapter 18 3. Do Assignment (homework due by Monday March 1) 4. Quiz 5 (on Monday March 10)

MODULE 5: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Goals: How does the common ion affect equilibrium. Task List:

1. Watch the Class Videos

“Carboxylic acids” (Wednesday, February 24)

“Preparation of carboxylic acids” (Monday, March 8) 2. Suggested Readings

Textbook Chapter 19 3. Do Assignment (homework due by Monday March 15) 4. Quiz 6 (on Monday March 22)

MODULE 6: CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

Goals: Study carbonyl compounds. Task List:

1. Watch the Class Videos

“Intro to carbonyl compounds” (Wednesday, March 10)

“Reduction” (Monday, March 15) 2. Suggested Readings

Textbook Chapter 20 3. Do Assignment (homework due by Monday March 22) 4. Quiz 7 (on Wednesday March 24)

SECOND EXAM (MODULES 4-6): WEDNESDAY APRIL 7

MODULE 7: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

Goals: Study of aldehydes and ketones. Task List:

1. Watch the Class Videos

“Aldehydes and ketones” (Wednesday, March 17)

“Nucleophilic addition of water” (Monday, March 22) 2. Suggested Readings

Textbook Chapter 21 3. Do Assignment (homework due by Monday April 5) 4. Quiz 8 (on Monday April 12)

MODULE 8: CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES

Goals: Study carboxylic acids. Task List:

1. Watch the Class Videos

“Carboxylic acid derivatives” (Wednesday, March 24)

“Nucleophilic acyl substitution” (Monday, April 12)

“Chemistry of esters” (Wednesday, April 14)

“Standard reduction” (Monday, April 19)

“Practice problems” (Wednesday, April 21)

“Coordination numbers” (Monday, April 26) 2. Suggested Readings

Textbook Chapter 22 3. Do Assignment (homework due by Wednesday April 21) 4. Quiz 8 (on Monday April 26)

MODULE 9: Amines

Goals: Study amines. Task List:

1. Watch the Class Videos

“Amines” (Monday, April 19)

“Basicity of amines” (Wednesday, April 21)

“Hoffman elimination” (Monday, April 26) 2. Suggested Readings

Textbook Chapter 25 3. Do Assignment (homework due by Wednesday April 28)

MODULE 10: C-C BOND FORMING.

Goals: Study C_C. Task List:

1. Watch the Class Videos

C-C bond forming” (Wednesday, April 28) 2. Suggested Readings

Textbook Chapter 26

FINAL EXAM (MODULES 1-10): FRIDAY MAY 7

Tentative course outline. Any information on changes regarding the course content will be communicated to

students in advance.

Quizzes and Homework: Working problems outside of class are an important and expected activity in the mastery

of chemistry. Announced and/or impromptu quizzes will be given in class and will count towards your final grade.

Regular homework assignments will be given; late homework will not be accepted and will result in a grade of zero

for that assignment. These are expected to be a measurement tool for you to chart your progress and to identify

your deficiencies and to give you a feel of the upcoming tests. Homework will count towards your final grade.

Midterms and the Final Examination: There will be three midterms, spaced approximately equally throughout the

semester. As the material in chemistry builds on that which has been previously covered, each exam will be

cumulative from the beginning of the semester (i.e., Exam #1 covers Chapters 1 - 3, Exam #2 covers Chapters 1 - 7,

etc.), although the emphasis will be on material presented since the previous midterm. The third exam is cumulative

over material from the entire semester. The material on the midterms and final examination may be taken from

your textbook, lecture notes and/or handouts in class, problems worked in class, quizzes and/or homework

assignments.

Examination Dates:

Exam #1 – Wednesday, March 3rd (during class hour, or by Blackboard for those taking it online)

Exam #2 – Wednesday, April 7th (during class hour, or by Blackboard for those taking it online)

Exam #3 – Friday, May 7th (15:30-18:30, or by Blackboard for those taking it online)

Academic Honesty: Academic integrity is honest, truthful and responsible conduct in all academic endeavors. The mission of Saint Louis University is “the pursuit of truth for the greater glory of God and for the service of humanity.” Accordingly, all acts of falsehood demean and compromise the corporate endeavors of teaching, research, health care, and community service through which SLU fulfills its mission. The University strives to prepare students for lives of personal and professional integrity, and therefore regards all breaches of academic integrity as matters of serious concern.

The full University-level Academic Integrity Policy can be found on the Provost's Office website. Additionally, SLU-Madrid has posted its academic integrity policy online. As a member of the University community, you are expected to know and abide by these policies, which detail definitions of violations, processes for reporting violations, sanctions and appeals.

Your instructor will review these matters during the first weeks of the term. Please direct questions about any facet of academic integrity to the instructor, the chair of the department of your academic program or the Academic Dean of the Madrid Campus.

Diversity and Inclusion: Saint Louis University is committed to fostering a positive, inclusive and welcoming learning and working environment. SLU-Madrid's policies prohibit discrimination based on race, color, national origin, ancestry, religion, sex, gender, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, pregnancy, age, disability, physical appearance, financial or socio-economic status, immigration status, parental or marital status, veteran status or any other protected classification of identity. Discrimination includes any form of unequal treatment such as denial of opportunities, harassment, and violence. Sex-based violence includes rape, sexual assault, unwanted touching, stalking, dating/interpersonal violence, and sexual exploitation.

If you experience or witness any kind of discrimination, you are encouraged (but not required) to report the incident to the SLU-Madrid's Department of Student Life, whose office is located in Padre Rubio Hall (marta.maruri@slu.edu; +34 915 54 58 58, ext. 213. You can also report the incident to the University's Hotline (900-99-0011; then enter 877-525-5669 when asked for the hotline number).

Please know that instructors have a responsibility to inform SLU-Madrid when made aware of incidents of discrimination, harassment sexual misconduct, and/or related retaliation, to ensure that individuals impacted

receive information about options for reporting and support resources. If you wish to speak to with someone

confidentially about any matter, confidential resources are available on campus and off campus:

Counselors at SLU-Madrid's Wellness Center, located on the third floor of San Ignacio Hall (wellness-

madrid@slu.edu; 915 54 58 58, ext. 230).

Counselors at Sinews Multilingual Therapy Institute, SLU-Madrid's off-campus counseling and mental health services provider (www.sinews.es; 917 00 19 79).

SLU-Madrid's Campus Minister, Fr. James O'Leary, S.J. (james.oleary@slu.edu; 915 54 58 58, ext. 279).

Additional information and resources are posted on our Safety and Security and Community Standards webpages.

Disability Accommodations and Learning Resources: In recognition that people learn in a variety of ways and that learning is influenced by multiple factors (e.g., prior experience, study skills, learning disability), resources to support student success are available on campus. Students who think they might benefit from these resources can find out more about:

Course-level support (e.g., faculty member, departmental resources, etc.) by asking or emailing your course instructor.

University-level support (e.g., tutoring/writing services, Disability Services) by contacting the Academic Dean's Office (advising-madrid@slu.edu) or by reviewing the Academic Resources website online.

Students with a documented disability who wish to request academic accommodations must contact Disability Services to discuss accommodation requests and eligibility requirements. Once successfully registered, the student also must notify the course instructor that they wish to access accommodations in the course. Please contact disabilityservices-madrid@slu.edu or +34 915 54 58 58, extension 242 or 249. Confidentiality will be observed in all inquiries. Once approved, information about the student’s eligibility for academic accommodations will be shared with course instructors via email from Disability Services. Note: Students who do not have a documented disability but who think they may have one are encouraged to contact Disability Services.

For more information about academic accommodations, see the SLU-Madrid Disability Services webpage.

Needs Security Statement: Students in personal or academic distress and/or who may be specifically experiencing challenges such as securing food or difficulty navigating campus resources, and who believe this may affect their performance in the course, are encouraged to contact Marta Maruri, SLU-Madrid’s Director of Student Life (marta.maruri@slu.edu or +34 915 54 58 58, ext. 213) for support. Furthermore, please notify the instructor if you are comfortable in doing so, as this will enable them to assist you with finding the resources you may need.

Use of Posted Course Content: SLU-Madrid prohibits recording and transmission of classroom lectures and discussions by students unless written permission from the class instructor has been obtained and all students in the class as well as guest speakers have been informed that audio/video recording may occur. Recordings, course materials, and lecture notes may not be exchanged or distributed for commercial purposes, for compensation, or for any other purpose other than study by students enrolled in the class. Public distribution of such materials may constitute copyright infringement in violation of Spanish law. Violation of this policy may subject a student to disciplinary action in accordance with SLU-Madrid policies on Student Rights and Responsibilities and Community Standards.

GDPR Norms Concerning Class Recordings: In accordance with General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), we inform you that as a participant within this on-line classroom, your image and voice may be recorded by Saint Louis University in Spain, S.A., CIF A28654879, in 28003 Madrid (Spain), Avenida del Valle 34, for the sole purpose of the instruction of the said class that you are registered in. This information will be stored for the duration of the on-line class and erased thereafter by the professor of the course. Should you not want your image or voice to be a part of this class recording, please contact your professor to indicate that you will be turning your camera and microphone off and be participating via chat.

In addition, we would like to inform you that all recordings will be available to you in Blackboard and are exclusively for the use of the participants of the said class and should not be published on any other platform without the prior consent of all participants that may appear in the recording.

According to the rights conferred by the current GDPR regulation, you may exercise your rights of access, rectification, limitation of treatment, deletion, portability and opposition to the processing of your personal data, as well as the consent given for the treatment of it by directing your requests to the address indicated above or by sending an email to dpo-madrid@slu.edu.

De acuerdo con el Reglamento General de Protección de Datos (RGPD), le informamos que, como participante en esta clase on-line, su imagen y voz pueden ser grabadas por Saint Louis University in Spain, S.A., CIF A28654879, sita en la Avenida del Valle, número 34, en Madrid (CP 28003), España, para el único propósito de la enseñanza de la citada clase en la que usted está matriculado. Esta información se conservará en el tiempo de duración de la clase on-line, y será borrada después por el profesor del curso. Si no desea que su imagen o voz formen parte de la grabación de esta clase, desconecte su cámara y su micrófono, y participe en la clase vía chat.

Además, nos gustaría comunicarle que todas las grabaciones estarán disponibles en Blackboard para el uso exclusivo de los participantes en la citada clase, y no deben ser publicadas en ninguna otra plataforma sin el consentimiento previo de todos los participantes que aparecen en la propia grabación.

De acuerdo con los derechos conferidos por la regulación actual RGPD, usted puede ejercer sus derechos de acceso, rectificación, limitación del tratamiento, borrado, portabilidad y oposición al procesamiento de sus datos personales, tanto como al consentimiento dado para su tratamiento, dirigiendo su solicitud a la dirección indicada debajo o enviando un correo electrónico a dpo-madrid@slu.edu.

Spring 2021 Important Dates:

Wednesday, January 20 First day of classes

Sunday, January 31 Last day to drop a class without a grade of W and/or add a class Last day to choose Audit (AU) or Pass/No Pass (P/NP) options Application deadline for spring semester degree candidates

Wednesday, February 17 Ash Wednesday

Sunday, March 14 Professors' deadline to submit midterm grades

Thursday, March 18 Last Day to submit Transfer Application for fall semester

Friday, March 19 Holiday (Madrid Campus closed; no classes)

Sunday, March 28 Palm Sunday Last day to drop a class and receive a grade of W

Mon.-Fri., Mar. 30-Apr. 2 Easter Week Holiday (Madrid Campus closed; no classes)

Sunday, April 4 Easter

Wednesday, April 14 Registration for fall semester begins

Monday, May 3 Holiday (Madrid Campus closed; no classes)

Thurs.-Wed., May 6-12 Final Exams

Friday, May 14 Commencement

Sunday, May 16 Professors’ deadline to submit final grades

Study Hints: You may find that this course requires more work than you have been exposed to in your studies

thus far.

However, the material will be manageable if you:

use the text properly, attend all lectures, take notes, study the notes and text, work all problems as soon after the

lecture as possible and, be prepared (and rested) for exams.

All of this needs to be done day by day. Do not wait until just before an exam to study. You should be studying

just about every day rather than trying to cram it all in a couple of days before an exam. Give your brain a chance

and the time to learn the material.

This course is comprehensive. There are several topics later in the course and in the next semester of the two-

semester sequence which will require a good understanding of earlier material covered. So, you need to learn

material for the long-term rather than just for the exam coming up.

Do not try to depend on just memorization; you'll find that understanding the material will serve you much better

in the long run. In this course, you will be expected to have more than just a vague or superficial understanding of

the material. Understanding what I do in lecture and what you read is only the first step in what you need to do in

order to do well in this course. You need to really know the material well and be able to do it yourself. This takes a

lot of time and work. You cannot just “go over” your notes and/or the text and expect to do well. You must work

the problems in the text again and again until you really know it. The more senses you use while studying, the

better.

There are some useful reference books available in the library.