CHEM 5013CHEM 5013Applied Chemical Applied Chemical

PrinciplesPrinciples

Chapter OneChapter One

Professor BensleyProfessor BensleyAlfred State CollegeAlfred State College

Chapter ObjectivesChapter Objectives

Explain the usefulness of the macroscopic, Explain the usefulness of the macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic perspectives in microscopic, and symbolic perspectives in understanding chemical systems.understanding chemical systems.

Explain the differences between physical Explain the differences between physical and chemical properties of matter and and chemical properties of matter and provide examples of each.provide examples of each.

Define the following types of matter: Define the following types of matter: substance, element, compound, mixture. substance, element, compound, mixture.

The Study of ChemistryThe Study of Chemistry

The study of chemistry involves The study of chemistry involves three levels of understanding or three levels of understanding or three perspectives.three perspectives.

1.1. __

2.2. __

3.3. __

The Macroscopic The Macroscopic PerspectivePerspective

Matter:

Matter is observed Matter is observed through two types of through two types of changes:changes:

1.1. __2.2. __

The Macroscopic The Macroscopic PerspectivePerspective

Physical properties:Physical properties:

Examples:Examples:

Chemical properties:Chemical properties:

Examples:Examples:

Physical Property vs. Physical Property vs. Chemical PropertyChemical Property

Example:Example:Potassium is a soft, silvery-colored metal that Potassium is a soft, silvery-colored metal that

melts at 64melts at 64°C. It reacts vigorously with °C. It reacts vigorously with water, with oxygen, and with chlorine. water, with oxygen, and with chlorine.

Identify all of the physical properties given Identify all of the physical properties given in this description. in this description.

Identify all of the chemical properties given.Identify all of the chemical properties given.

The Macroscopic The Macroscopic PerspectivePerspective

Three phases Three phases of matter:of matter:

1.1.

2. 2.

3.

The Microscopic or Particulate The Microscopic or Particulate PerspectivePerspective

Substances:Substances:

Examples:Examples:

Elements:Elements:

Examples:Examples:

ElementsElements

Elements: sulfur, arsenic, iodine, magnesium, bismuth, mercury.

The Microscopic or Particulate The Microscopic or Particulate PerspectivePerspective

Compounds:Compounds:

Examples:Examples:

Mixtures:Mixtures:

Examples:Examples:

MixturesMixtures Two types of mixtures: Two types of mixtures:

1.1.

Examples:Examples:

2.2.

Examples:Examples:

Which of the following are pure Which of the following are pure substances and which are mixtures? substances and which are mixtures? For each, list all of the different phases For each, list all of the different phases present.present.

a) bromine liquid and its vapora) bromine liquid and its vapor

b) paint, containing a liquid solution and a dispersed b) paint, containing a liquid solution and a dispersed solid solid pigmentpigment

c) partially molten ironc) partially molten iron

d) baking powder containing sodium hydrogen d) baking powder containing sodium hydrogen carbonate carbonate and potassium hydrogen tartrateand potassium hydrogen tartrate

e) A glass of ice watere) A glass of ice water

The Microscopic or The Microscopic or Particulate PerspectiveParticulate Perspective

For solids, the For solids, the molecules or molecules or atoms maintain atoms maintain a regular a regular ordered ordered structure, so a structure, so a sample sample maintains its maintains its size and shape.size and shape.

The Microscopic or The Microscopic or Particulate PerspectiveParticulate Perspective

For liquids, the For liquids, the molecules or molecules or atoms remain atoms remain close to one close to one another, but the another, but the ordered array ordered array breaks down. This breaks down. This allows the liquid to allows the liquid to flow and take the flow and take the shape of its shape of its container.container.

The Microscopic or The Microscopic or Particulate PerspectiveParticulate Perspective

For gases, the For gases, the molecules or molecules or atoms are very atoms are very widely separated, widely separated, and move and move independently of independently of one another. This one another. This allows the gas to allows the gas to fill the available fill the available volume of the volume of the container.container.

The Microscopic or The Microscopic or Particulate PerspectiveParticulate Perspective

The Microscopic or The Microscopic or Particulate PerspectiveParticulate Perspective

The Symbolic The Symbolic RepresentationRepresentation

What are the symbols used to represent each of these substances?