Chem and Biological Survival Guide

7/23/2019 Chem and Biological Survival Guide

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Chemical and Biological Attacks, Detection & Response

Quick Summary of FAQ:

Chemical and biological weapons are some of the most dangerous chemicals and diseases known to man. In modern

times, these weapons are at the forefront of terrorist and military threats to our safety.

ecently, these weapons came to the center of American consciousness. Chemical and biological warfare, or C!", isconsidered a #poor man$s nuke,# for the cheapness and ease of manufacture, and the indiscriminate carnage and terrorthey can cause.

%he $good news$ is& that awareness, early detection, and protecti'e measures against e(posure, can be successfullyaccomplished, e'en in an ongoing de'eloping emergency, when armed with the proper knowledge and preparations. ead%he )ew *ork %imes + !estseller book #-erms# for a primer on what we are all up against here. See below herethedifferent Chemical !iological /etection that is a'ailable to the 0ublic and First1esponders here.

Q: "hat are Chemical "eapons and %heir 2ffects3

A: Chemical weapons are organic and inorganic chemical substances that are harmful to humans. %here are se'eraldifferent types of chemical agents. All work in a different manner, but are the same in one facet, in high enoughconcentration, they will all kill humans.

)er'e Agents: %hese are agents such 45, Sarin, Soman, and %abun. %hese agents are organophosphates, a type of

chemical usually used as insecticide. %hese agents cause the 'ictim to go through failure of the Central )er'ousSystem. %he agent interferes with en6ymes in the brain, like all organophosphates. %he agent causes con'ulsions,drooling, in'oluntary defecation and7or urination, running nose, etc. %he con'ulsions can be so se'ere that theybreak bones. 2'entually, the agent causes the heart to stop, and the 'ictim dies.

4esicants 8!lister Agents9: %hese are agents such as Sulfur1ustards, 0hosgene ;(ime, )itrogen1ustards,

uently called. %hey are either in li>uid form 8A good comparison wouldbe small droplets of ?aro syrup or molasses.9 or aerosol 8A good comparison would be a cleaner or disinfectant in a spraycan.9 form.

All of these weapons can effecti'ely be defended against with protecti'e e>uipment.

Chemical Agent )ame Agent %ype 0hysical 0roperties 0hysiological 2ffects elati'e ate of Action
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li>uid. headache and nausealeading to respiratorydistress, con'ulsionsand e'entually death.

Symptom)er'e

AgentsustardAgents

;rganoarsine!lister Agents

=alogenated;(imes

!loodAgents

ChokingAgents

Con'ulsions 5 5 0inpoint 0upils 5

Sweating 5

unny nose 5

/rooling 5

Chest pain 5 5 5 5 5

"hee6ing 5 5 5 5 5

Frothy sputum 5 5 5 5

Cyanosis 5 5 5

!radycardiaG 5 5

%achycardiaG 5 5

apid, deepbreathing

5


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It should be noted, to(ins are much like chemical weapons, e(cept that they are made from biological sources.

It cannot be assumed that a !" agent can be treated. As stated in the last paragraph, some of these diseases ha'e beenaltered to resist treatment, and some diseases, mostly 'iruses, ha'e no cure. As with chemical weapons, the best defenceagainst these agents is protecti'e e>uipment and good hygiene.

!iological weapons are disseminated in either aerosol, li>uid, or powdered form.

Anthra( attack could kill ,BBB

!!C )ews, arch H, BBhttp:77news.bbc.co.uk77hi7health7HDB.stm

An anthra( weapon aimed at a maJor city could kill at least ,BBB people e'en if e'ery 'ictim recei'ed treatment, e(pertsha'e calculated. KS researchers ha'e used a computer model to predict the de'astation that would result from the launchof an anthra( bomb or missile on a city the si6e of )ew *ork.

%he figures are based on what would happen if a bomb containing kilogram of anthra( spores was dropped on a city of Bmillion inhabitants.

%he proJected number of fatalities is based on the assumption that antibiotics would not be administered for EH hours untilthe first symptoms appeared.

If it pro'ed possible to distribute drugs more >uickly, then the death toll could be substantially reduced.

=owe'er, they warn that inade>uacies in the current KS emergency response plan may make such a rapid responseunlikely.


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/r obert Spencer, an infection control e(pert at the K? 0ublic =ealth


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Q: =ow "ill I ?now a !iological or Chemical Attack =as ;ccurred3

A: !iological and chemical attacks e(hibit many distinct characteristics.

/ead animals7birds7fish: )umerous animals dead in the same area.

!listers7rashes: any indi'iduals e(periencing une(plained rashes, bee1sting like blisters, and7or watery blisters.

ass casualties: any persons e(hibiting une(plained serious health problems ranging from disorientation and nausea to

breathing difficulty, con'ulsions, and death. Knusual metal debris: Kne(plained munitions like material, especially if li>uid is contained. 8)o rain recently.9

Kne(plained odors: Smells may range from fruity to flowery to pungent7sharp, to horseradish7garlic1like to peach kernels7bitter

almonds to new mown hay. It should be noted, that the smell should be completely out of sync with its surroundings. 8I.2. %hesmell of hay in an urban area.9

uipment to detect a chemical attack, but usually not a biological one easily.%o detect a biological attack, you must look for the signs of dispersal, such as unusual clouds, spraying, etc.

%he go'ernment may be able to pro'ide early warning of an attack 'ia the 2mergency Alert System 82AS9. =a'ing a );AA weather radiowith alarm in your house or on your person may be yet another option to help detect a chemical or biological attack, as well as alertingyou to many other emergencies. Still, remember that the go'ernment may not know of an attack and broadcast an alert before yourchemical detector itself alerts. So, do not rely entirely on 2AS, but rely upon your obser'ations and your chemical detector.

!ottom uipment is key. Knlike us, they can remain on alert E7. ;nce your chemical detection e>uipmentdetects an agent, you can take immediate protecti'e measures against the agent.

1L tape and 1H paper, the more common pieces of chemical detection e>uipment, and sold below, only detect se'eral ner'e agents

and one type of 'esicant. %hey do not detect other types of chemical weapons such as choking or blood agents, or other types of'esicants like 0hosgene ;(ime. Furthermore, 1H and 1L paper only detects li>uid agents, not aerosols or e(tremely small li>uiddroplets.

1DA kits are another matter. %he 1DA has special test tickets that will detect aerosoli6ed ner'e, blood, and blister agents, aswell as a booklet of 1H paper for li>uid agent detection.

)ow, these different types of e>uipment may be somewhat confusing. %o put it simply, 1H and 1L paper is used mostly as a #E7#detector, always ready to detect agents. 1H and 1L paper are not the most accurate pieces of e>uipment, and since they do not detectaerosoli6ed agents 8As described in a pre'ious topic.9, the 1DA kit was designed. %he 1DA kit is used when a chemical attack is


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suspected, and 1H and 1L paper is not detecting anything, to confirm the results of 1H and 1L paper, and to determine when it issafe to unmask or lea'e the safe room. %he 1DA kit is the best chemical detector besides the large, e(pensi'e air samplinge>uipment used in the military$s F;5 )!C defense 'ehicle. %here is more info on the use of chemical detection e>uipment in the ne(tsection.

Important )ote: Chemical detection e>uipment ;)


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"hen it comes down to it, protecti'e gear is not something to trust your local army surplus store to. Surplus stores usually ha'eobsolete, e(pired, and in some cases, defecti'e e>uipment.

If you are caught in a crisis situation where good modern protecti'e masks and suits are not a'ailable, some e(pedient gear can beconstructed or bought.

-arage1type %y'ek co'eralls or rubber rain suits, both found at hardware stores, will pro'ide some protection against chemical andbiological weapons inJuring you through your skin. %hey will also stop alpha and beta radiation, but definitely not gamma radiation.ake sure the suit you buy has a hood, so you are able to make a seal around your head and neck.

any hardware stores sell many types of glo'es. ;ne type, are the butyl rubber chemical glo'es. %hese glo'es are essentially the sameas real )!C glo'es. Check the label7sticker7carton and make sure they are resistant to corrosi'e chemicals, such as sulfuric acid, etc., togain some indication of the glo'e$s suitability for use. %uck the glo'es inside the slee'e so that the agent doesn$t drip inside the glo'e.

)1LD dust masks, and the half1mask respirators used by painters, etc., pro'ide e(cellent protection against inhaling radiologicalparticulates. %he )1LD dust mask will pro'ide some protection against some of the larger biological agents, and the half1mask respirator,as long as #0BB# is marked somewhere on the canister or the packaging, will stop almost all biological agents. %he )1LD dust mask willpro'ide almost no protection against chemical agents, but the half1mask will pro'ide some measure of protection if it is also rated forsome types of household, industrial, or commercial chemicals, like sol'ents and paints. Se'eral layers of wet cloth, such as a %1shirt,placed o'er the nose and mouth, may be better than nothing against radiological particulates and some biological weapons.

0urchase some gas1tight, or otherwise enclosed goggles if your mask does not protect your eyes as well.

ubber boots must be purchased to keep the agent from entering the bottom of the suit. %uck the boots inside the pant leg so that agentdoes not enter the boot.

Kse the sil'er colored duct tape to seal the gaps, such as where the glo'es and boots are tucked into the suit, and around where the

mask and hood come together to keep agent from entering.

=owe'er, it should be noted that such e(pedient e>uipment pro'ides 'ery little protection against C!" agents. %he KS Army Soldier!iological1Chemical Command tested types of suits police departments were buying for use in an emergency. %hey found -arage1type%y'ek co'eralls, e'en when in combination with military1grade protecti'e masks, glo'es, and o'erboots, were found to pro'ide onlytwice the protection as someone wearing Just regular clothing and a good protecti'e mask. Still, e(pedient e>uipment is much betterthan nothing, and should be seriously considered in a crisis.

%he more appropriate measure for ci'ilians is the safe room. "e do not ha'e ci'il defense, and so we do not ha'e the massi'e resourcesthe military has to pro'ide an agent free area for soldiers to get out of their gear so they can eat, sleep, etc., as you cannot eat wearingprotecti'e gear, only drink, and that$s if you ha'e a drinking system in your mask. So, a safe room is the best option. It should be noted,that ha'ing protecti'e masks and suits as a backup is a 42* good idea, in case it is necessary to lea'e the safe room, because of fireor other dangers.


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"hat$s some practical strategies for the public to employ L, H, DA kit Anthra( %est3

If an chemical alert were sounded that had e'eryone then buttoned up at home with plastic and duct tape on their windows and doors,the chem detection strip might could be utili6ed in two ways:

First& if stuck into the window sill on the outside, but out of the rain, you could tell from the safety of inside your home if it wasdetecting anything outside to ha'e it start changing color. Also, when the all1clear was finally sounded, you$d ha'e some independentconfirmation that for your own property and neighborhood it really was ;?, as well. any others, without any such indication, won$tha'e a clue as to what to belie'e or not and will not be prepared to deal well with such deadly uncertainties and possibly e'en beparaly6ed with fear.

Secondly& if we did get into something nasty, ha'ing these detectors inside your safe room, too, would also help calm all there that withno color change they were still safe. 0lacing them along hallways outside the safe room and e'en throughout the house would also helpe'ery ones confidence le'el later that when they did again utili6e the rest of the house, they$d ha'e some more assurance 'ia thechemical indicators of how safe it was to do so.

=owe'er, to be safe, decontaminate anyway. %here is a chance your detection paper may be gi'ing a false negati'e, or you miss thecontamination some other way. /; );% take foolish chances with chemical or biological weapons.

Situations may e'en e'ol'e where neighborhood e'acuations are called for before an approaching chemical agent arri'es on the wind."ith your own chemical detection in1hand, you$ll be able to confirm e'ery step of the way for your family that you are not inad'ertentlymo'ing into harm. ;r, if the wind had Just changed, you$ll be able to confirm if your safe route and7or preferred safe destination, reallystill is.

Also, when tra'elling or at the mall or an auditorium, etc., if anything e'er happened that was panicking people 8on foot or in cars9 that achemical attack had been launched there, you could also pull out one of these L or H strips as you e(ited the area so as to e(pose itto the air about you. "hether it was in your hand as you got out of the area or Jammed into your closed car window as you dro'e off,but where you could still see it, half in and half out, you$d potentially ha'e a clue as to how bad it really was right where you are, bothinside the car and outside.

%he panic could potentially be deadlier than the $e'ent$, especially so if it$s a false alarm, and the information gleaned from yourchemical detector could help you make wiser choices on how eagerly you$d then risk Joining in with a dangerous trampling stampede orcra6y panicked dri'ers, or not.

%here are plenty more creati'e strategies for employing these chemical detectors around where you li'e, work, play and how7where youtra'el, especially when mo'ing through high density population targets. -etting that peace1of1mind confirmation that the area you oryour family fre>uents looks clear is a bonus benefit, not to be o'erlooked. It$s something that few others will know and all will eagerlydesire, in addition to your being warned when it might not be safe to go out right now.

%he DA detection and identification kit is most often used after a chemical attack to confirm when if it is again safe enough tounmask or e(it your safe room. *our H and L may no longer be $spotting up$, indicating that the deposition of the ner'e agent aerosolor li>uid has ceased, but they can not tell you about any lingering and residual 'apors that ha'e not yet dissipated. %he DA cantest for these chemical agents in the 'apor form. %he H and L are the standard for early detection and the DA would normally beused to assure the threat has fully passed. %his is one of the military$s most sensiti'e de'ices for detecting Chemical Agents anddetects all agents at le'els below those that can kill or inJure people.

egarding Anthra( testing: Anthra( is not something the untrained general public should be testing for. Conducting en'ironmentalsampling places them at risk for e(posure to !acillus anthracis, the organism causing anthra(, and they should be both trained in theprocedures and wearing protecti'e personal e>uipment 80029, including respiratory de'ices, protecti'e clothing, and glo'es.
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/environmental-sampling-apr2002.asphttp://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/environmental-sampling-apr2002.asphttp://www.bt.cdc.gov/DocumentsApp/Anthrax/Protective/Protective.asphttp://www.bt.cdc.gov/DocumentsApp/Anthrax/Protective/Protective.asp


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For more information read both these C/C reports: Comprehensi'e 0rocedures for Collecting 2n'ironmental Samples for Culturing!acillus anthracis 1 e'ised April BBand 0rotecting In'estigators 0erforming 2n'ironmental Sampling for !acillus anthracis:0ersonal 0rotecti'e 2>uipment.

Additional Information about en'ironmental affects on Chemical Agentsfrom K.S. ilitary document F 1, Chapter , Chemical Agents:

%he field beha'ior of chemical agents is dependent on weather 'ariables such as wind, temperature, air stability, humidity, andprecipitation. %he influence of each 'ariable depends upon the synoptic situation and is locally influenced by topography,'egetation, and soil.

Chemical agents may appear in the field in different forms: 'apors, aerosols, or li>uids. %o understand the impact of chemicalagents on the battlefield, the soldier must also understand how these agents are affected by weather and terrain. %he followingparagraphs gi'e an o'er'iew of the basic characteristics of chemical agents and how weather and terrain influence and ha'especific effects on them.

!asic Characteristics

4apors and small particles are carried by the winds, while any large particles and li>uid drops fall out in a ballistic1liketraJectory and are >uickly deposited on the ground. any agents gi'e off 'apors that form 'apor clouds. %he speed at whichan agent gi'es off 'apors is called 'olatility. Agents may be remo'ed naturally from the air by falling out 8large particles fall outmuch more >uickly9, by sticking to the ground or 'egetation, or by being remo'ed by precipitation. ;nce deposited upon'egetation or other ground co'er, 'olatile agents may be re1 released to the atmosphere for further cycles of tra'el and presenta ha6ard until sufficiently diluted or decontaminated.

/uring appro(imately the first B seconds, the si6e and tra'el of an agent are determined primarily by the functioningcharacteristics of the munition or deli'ery system. %hereafter, the tra'el and diffusion of the agent cloud are determinedprimarily by weather and terrain. For e(ample, in high temperatures, 'olatile agents produce ma(imum agent 'apor in Dseconds.


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Aerosols are finely di'ided li>uid and7or solid substances suspended in the atmosphere. Sometimes dissol'ed gases are alsopresent in the li>uids in the aerosols. Chemical agent aerosol clouds can be generated by thermal munitions and aerosolspray de'ices or as by1products of li>uid spray de'ices and bursting munitions.

Airborne aerosols beha'e in much the same manner as 'apori6ed agents. Initially, aerosol clouds formed from thermalgenerators ha'e a higher temperature than clouds formed from other types of munitions. %his may cause some initial rise ofthe cloud at the release point. Aerosol generated clouds are hea'ier than 'apor clouds, and they tend to retain their forms andsettle back to earth. !eing hea'ier than 'apor clouds, they are influenced less by turbulence. =owe'er, as the clouds tra'eldownwind, gra'ity settles out the larger, hea'ier particles. any particles stick to lea'es and other 'egetati'e surfaces theycontact.

uids

"hen a chemical agent is used for its li>uid effect, e'aporation causes the agent to form into 'apor. /epending upon 'olatility,'apor clouds are usually of low concentration, ha'e about the same temperature as the surrounding air, and tend to stay nearthe surface because of high 'apor density. Additionally, 'apor density go'erns the e(tent that the 'apor will mi( with the air.uid agents with high 'apor density impact at ground le'el with 'ery little e'aporation of the agent. %hese agents are termedpersistent agents. "hile drops are airborne, and after impacting, the li>uid continues to e'aporate. Agent 'apor pressure willgo'ern the rate at which the li>uid will e'aporate at a gi'en temperature and pressure. Initial concentrations are lower, sincethe 'apor source is not instantaneous as a 'apor agent is but e'ol'es o'er a long period 8until the li>uid source is gone9.uid agents may be absorbed8soaked into asurface9 and adsorbed 8adhered to a surface9, and they may also e'aporate.

;nce the li>uid is no longer present on the surface, desorption 8going back into the air9 begins. %he 'apor concentration o'erareas contaminated with a li>uid agent tends to be less than with newly formed 'apor clouds, and downwind agentconcentrations are not nearly as great as with other types of agents.

-lossary of Chemical %erms

acetylcholinesteraseAn en6yme that hydroly6es the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. %heaction of this en6yme is inhibited by ner'e agents.

aerosol

Fine li>uid or solid particles suspended in a gas& for e(ample, fog

or smoke.

atropine A compound used as an antidote for ner'e agents.

casualty 8to(ic9 agents0roduce incapacitation, serious inJury, or death. %hey can be usedto incapacitate or kill'ictims. %hese agents are the choking, blister,ner'e, and blood agents.

Choking Agents

Substances that cause physical injury to the lungs. Eposure isthrough inhalation. !n etreme cases, membranes s"ell and lungsbecome #illed "ith li$uid. Death results #rom lack o# oygen% hence,the ictim is 'choked'

Blister AgentsSubstances that cause blistering o# the skin. Eposure is throughli$uid or apor contact "ith any eposed tissue (eyes, skin, lungs).

*ere Agents

Substances that inter#ere "ith the central nerous system.Eposure is primarily through contact "ith the li$uid (skin andeyes) and secondarily through inhalation o# the apor. +hreedistinct symptoms associated "ith nere agents are pin-pointpupils, an etreme headache, and seere tightness in the chest.

Blood Agents Substances that injure a person by inter#ering "ith cell respiration
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(the echange o# oygen and carbon dioide bet"een blood andtissues).

chemical agent

A chemical substance that is intended for use in military operationsto kill, seriously inJure, or incapacitate people through itsphysiological effects. 2(cluded from consideration are riot controlagents, and smoke and flame materials. %he agent may appear as a'apor, aerosol, or li>uid& it can be either a casualty7to(ic agent oran incapacitating agent.

cutaneous 0ertaining to the skin.

decontamination%he process of making any person, obJect, or area safe byabsorbing, destroying, neutrali6ing, making harmless, or remo'ingthe ha6ardous material.

-1series ner'e agentsChemical agents of moderate to high to(icity de'eloped in theLBs. 2(amples are tabun 8-A9, sarin 8-!9, soman 8-/9, and -F.

Incapacitating agents

0roduce temporary physiological and7or mental effects 'ia action

on the central ner'ous system. 2ffects may persist for hours ordays, but 'ictims usually do not re>uire medical treatment.=owe'er, such treatment speeds reco'ery.

omiting agentsroduce nausea and omiting e##ects, can also cause coughing,snee/ing, pain in the nose and throat, nasal discharge, and tears.

tear (riot control)agents

roduce irritating or disabling e##ects that rapidly disappear "ithinminutes a#ter eposure ceases.

central neroussystem depressants

Compounds that hae the predominant e##ect o# depressing orblocking the actiity o# the central nerous system. +he primarymental e##ects include the disruption o# the ability to think,

sedation, and lack o# motiation.

central neroussystem stimulants

Compounds that hae the predominant e##ect o# #looding the brain"ith too much in#ormation. +he primary mental e##ect is loss o#concentration, causing indecisieness and the inability to act in asustained, purpose#ul manner.

industrial agents

Chemicals de'eloped or manufactured for use in industrialoperations or research by industry, go'ernment, or academia.%hese chemicals are not primarily manufactured for the specificpurpose of producing human casualties or rendering e>uipment,facilities, or areas dangerous for use by man. =ydrogen cyanide,

cyanogen chloride, phosgene, chloropicrin and many herbicidesand pesticides are industrial chemicals that also can be chemicalagents.

li>uid agentA chemical agent that appears to be an oily film or droplets. %hecolor ranges from clear to brownish amber.

nonpersistent agent An agent that upon release loses its ability to cause casualties afterB to D minutes. It has a high e'aporation rate and is lighter thanair and will disperse rapidly. It is considered to be a short1term
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ha6ard. =owe'er, in small un'entilated areas, the agent will bemore persistent.

organophosphorouscompound

A compound, containing the elements phosphorus and carbon,whose physiological effects include inhibition ofacetylcholinesterase. any pesticides 8malathione and parathion9and 'irtually all ner'e agents are organophosphorous compounds.

percutaneous agent Able to be absorbed by the body through the skin.

persistent agent

An agent that upon release retains its casualty1producing effectsfor an e(tended period of time, usually anywhere from B minutesto se'eral days. A persistent agent usually has a low e'aporationrate and its 'apor is hea'ier than air. %herefore, its 'apor cloudtends to hug the ground. It is considered to be a long1term ha6ard.Although inhalation ha6ards are still a concern, e(treme cautionshould be taken to a'oid skin contact as well.

protectionAny means by which an indi'idual protects his body. easuresinclude masks, self1contained breathing apparatuses, clothing,

structures such as buildings, and 'ehicles.

41series ner'e agentsChemical agents of moderate to high to(icity de'eloped in theLDBs. %hey are generally persistent. 2(amples are 42, 4-, 4, 4S,and 45.

'apor agentA gaseous form of a chemical agent. If hea'ier than air, the cloudwill be close to the ground. If lighter than air, the cloud will rise anddisperse more >uickly.

'olatility A measure of how readily a substance will 'apori6e.

-lossary of !iological %erms

aerosolFine li>uid or solid particles suspended in a gas& for e(ample, fogor smoke.

antibiotic A substance that inhibits the growth of or kills microorganisms.

antisera%he li>uid part of blood containing antibodies, that react againstdisease causing agents such as those used in !".

bacteria Single1celled organisms that multiply by cell di'ision and that cancause disease in humans, plants, or animals.

biochemicals %he chemicals that make up or are produced by li'ing things.

biological warfare agents

uiddroplets, aerosols, or dry powders.

biological warfare %he intentional use of biological agents as weapons to kill or inJure


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humans, animals, or plants, or to damage e>uipment.

bioregulators!iochemicals that regulate bodily functions. !ioregulators that areproduced by the body are termed #endogenous.# Some of thesesame bioregulators can be chemically synthesi6ed.

causati'e agent%he organism or to(in that is responsible for causing a specificdisease or harmful effect.

contagious Capable of being transmitted from one person to another.

culture A population of micro1organisms grown in a medium.

decontamination%he process of making people, obJects, or areas safe by absorbing,destroying, neutrali6ing, making harmless, or remo'ing theha6ardous material.

fungi

Any of a group of plants mainly characteri6ed by the absence ofchlorophyll, the green colored compound found in other plants.Fungi range from microscopic single1celled plants 8such as moldsand mildews9 to large plants 8such as mushrooms9.

host An animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism.

incapacitating agentAgents that produce physical or psychological effects, or both, thatmay persist for hours or days after e(posure, rendering 'ictimsincapable of performing normal physical and mental tasks.

infectious agents !iological agents capable of causing disease in a susceptible host.

infecti'ity

89 %he ability of an organism to spread. 89 %he number oforganisms re>uired to cause an infection to secondary hosts. 89%he capability of an organism to spread out from the site ofinfection and cause disease in the host organism. Infecti'ity also

can be 'iewed as the number of organisms re>uired to cause aninfection.

line1source deli'ery systemA deli'ery system in which the biological agent is dispersed from amo'ing ground or air 'ehicle in a line perpendicular to the directionof the pre'ailing wind. 8See also #point1source deli'ery system.#9

mycoto(in A to(in produced by fungi.

microorganismAny organism, such as bacteria, 'iruses, and some fungi, that canbe seen only with a microscope.

nebuli6er A de'ice for producing a fine spray or aerosol.

organism Any indi'idual li'ing thing, whether animal or plant.

parasiteAny organism that li'es in or on another organism withoutpro'iding benefit in return.

pathogenAny organism 8usually li'ing9 capable of producing serious diseaseor death, such as bacteria, fungi, and 'iruses.

pathogenic agents !iological agents capable of causing serious disease.

point1source deli'ery system A deli'ery system in which the biological agent is dispersed from a

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