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CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF THE
CELL
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THECELL
Chemicals compounds are divided in to 2groups: organic and inorganic
Organic are compounds that contain carbon
Organic compound can be found incarbohydrate( CHO), protein, and lipid.
Inorganic are compound that not carboncompound.
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Importance of water in the cell
Good solvent for many substances
Transport sucrose and minerals in sievetubes in
plant
Give structuretothecell Take part inchemicalreaction
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Stateelements incarbohydrates
It is made up from Hydrogen &
oxygen, carbonGeneral formula is CHO
3 types of carbohydrates are
monosaccharide, disaccharides ,polysaccharides.
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MONOSACHARIDES
It is called as simple sugar
The example are glucose and
galactose.Monosacharides are sweet tastingcrystal substances which are solublein water
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Disaccharide
Are formed from 2 monosacharides withelimination of water
The chemical reaction is known ascondensation
The general formula is________ It is known as double sugar
Dissacharides can be broken down by additionof water. The reaction is known ashydrolysis.
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Tambah air = hidrol
n air= kondensasi
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DISACCARIDES SUBUNITS OCCURANCE
MALTOSE Glucose+
glucose
LACTOSE Glucose +
galactose
SUCROSE Glucose +
fructose
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Polysacharides
Many polysaccharides can be added by seriesa condensation to form macromolecule.
Polysaccarides = polymer, whilemonosacharides = monomer
The large molecules make them less soluble in
water. Example: cellulose, starch, glycogen
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PROTEIN
STATE THE ELEMENT OF PROTEIN
Protein contain hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
Amino acid are subunit of protein.
STATE THE VARIOUSSTRUCTURE OF PROTEIN Amino acid have 2 functional group: carboxyl
( COOH) and amino group ( NH).
EXPLAIN THE FORMATION OF DIPEPTIDE AND
POLYPEPTIDES
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Long chain of amino acid = polypeptides
It can be broken by hydrolysis with
heat, dillute acid, enzymesThe loss of 3 dimensional structure is
called denaturation.
Denaturation is caused by temperature,Ph, salt concentration
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Explain the meaning of essential and
non essential amino acid
Protein is broken down into subunits byhydrolysis
Human can synthesis 11 amino acid . This is
known as non essential amino acid. Example:proline, glutamic acid
The remaining amino acid cant be synthesisand it is call as essential amino acid. Example:
valine, leucine
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STATE THE ELEMENT OF IN LIPID
It contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in proportion
of oxygen is lower than carbohydrates It is insoluble in water
STATE THE MAIN TYPES OF LIPID
The main types of lipid are fats, oils, waxes,
phopholipid, steroid STATE THE COMPONENTS OF FAT AND OILS
Fats are SOLID at room temperature, whereas oil areliquids
Fat or oils is made up from 3 molecule of fatty acid& 1 glycerol.
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glycerol
1GLYCEROL + 3 FATTY ACID= TRIGLYCERIDES
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These mol. Is known as triglycerides.
Fats = saturated fatty acids, oil=unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acid= carbon are bondedto the maximum no. of other atom.
Unsaturated = carbon has double bondsin the form of CH=CH- in thehydrocarbon chain.
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Fatty acid with 1 double bond is called as
monosaturated fatty acid.
Fatty acid with 2 or more double bond=polysaturated fatty acid
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ENZYME
STATE THAT WHAT ENZYMES ARE
Enzymes are proteins which act as biologycatalyst.
They speed up biochemical reaction The substance whose reactivity is increased
is known as substrate. EXPLAIN WHYENZYMES ARE NEEDEDMany biochemical reactions occur in living
cells.Without enzymes these process will be slow.
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LIST THE CHARACTERISTIC OF ENZYMES
a) Enzymes work veryrapidly
1molecule of enzyme.
C
an turn thousand millionsof substrate in to product.
b)Enzymes arenotdestroyed bythereactionthat iscatalyze
It can be reused again.S
mall concentration isneeded to accelerate large reaction
c)Enzymes can work at bothdirection
d)Enzymes areextremely specific It work at particular substrate.1 enzyme catalyze
1 type of reaction. For example; MALTASE WORKAT MALTOSE.
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Enzymes are denatured by high temperature
An enzymes is inactive at very low temperature.
As temperature is increased their activityincreased too until reach optimum temperature.
After optimum temperature, the reaction willdecreased. This is because enzymes are made of
protein, so they denature at high temperature. When it is denature, the bonds are broken, chain
open up and it loss it normal shape and become inactive.
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Enzymes are sensitiveto Ph
Every enzymes has own optimum pH.
Small changes can cause enzyme to denature and maketheir activity become slow.
Alternation of basidic or asidic group can cause changeson the shapes of enzymes.
NAMING OF ENZYMES BASED ON THESUSTRATE
Add suffix ase-to the name of substrate onwhich it acts.
For example. Maltose glucose + glucosemaltase
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Enzymes are made from protein andsynthesized
By ribosome Intracellular enzymes: synthesized by free
ribosome
Extra cellular enzymes: synthesized byribosome attached to RER.
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MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION
Each enzyme have active site.
Substrate will fit to active site of enzyme Hydrogen bond and ionic bond form substrate
and enzyme complex.
Enzymes changes the substrate bysplit or linking
them together. The explanation of enzyme action is called as keyand
lockhypothesis.
This hypothesis explain whyenzymeare specificandanychanges inenzyme shapes will alter theeffectiveness
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Factor affectingenzymes.
Ph
Temperature
Substrateconcentration
Enzymeconcentration
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Ph Enzyme active in narrow range
Optimum pH is the particular pH at which the rateof enzyme is highest.
Differences from optimum Ph cause tertiary shapesof enzymes are broken. Active sites lose it shapes
and enzyme substrate no longer
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Temperature Increase temperature= increase reaction because
more collision between substrate -& enzymecomplex occur.
The rate of reaction will increase up until maximumknown as optimum temperature
After the optimum reaction, the reaction becomedecrease because the bonding between substrateand enzyme are break down.
Complex enzyme substrate cant be formed andenzyme denature.
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SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
Increase concentration of substrate =increase
reaction because increase the chances of collisionbetween substrate and enzyme.
When all active site have been filled,
The reaction rate become constant.
The enzyme concentration will become limitingfactor
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ENZYME CONCENTRATION
Increase concentration of enzyme will increase
reaction because increase the chances of collisionbetween substrate and enzyme.
The rate of reaction is linear as long as there isno limiting factor.
More active site available, more substrate can beconverted in to product
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SOALAN
Kabohidrat mengandungi ________,
_____, dan________.
__________ ialah monomer bagikarbohidrat.
_________ terbentuk daripada kondensasi 2monosakarida dengan penyingkiran satu
molekul air..
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PROTEIN
Namakan struktur tesebut.
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