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CHEM1612 - PharmacyWeek 9: Concentration CellsDr. Siegbert Schmid
School of Chemistry, Rm 223
Phone: 9351 4196
E-mail: [email protected]
Unless otherwise stated, all images in this file have been reproduced from:
Blackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino and Wille, Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. 2008
ISBN: 9 78047081 0866
Lecture 25-3
Electrochemistry Blackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino & Wille:
Chapter 12, Sections 4.8 and 4.9
Key chemical concepts: Redox and half reactions Cell potential Voltaic and electrolytic cells Concentration cells
Key Calculations: Calculating cell potential Calculating amount of product for given current Using the Nernst equation for concentration cells
Lecture 26 - 4
Ag+ + e– AgAgCl Ag+ + Cl–
Overall: AgCl + e– Ag + Cl– E0 = 0.22 V
AgCl (s) + e– Ag (s) + Cl– (sat)
A thin coating of AgCl is deposited
on the pure metal surface.
Silver electrode
Ag | AgCl | Cl–
Lecture 26 - 5
Pop Quiz 2 A Fe3+/Fe2+ cell with [Fe3+]=[Fe2+] =1 M has a potential of
0.55V respect to the Ag/AgCl electrode (E0= 0.22 V). What is the potential of this electrode respect to the SHE?
Answer.
The reaction that occurs in the two half-cells are:
Fe3+ + e- → Fe2+ at the cathode E = 0.55 V; E0 = ?
Ag + Cl- +e-→ AgCl at the anode E0= 0.22 V
The potential of this electrode respect to the SHE is the difference of the two electrode potentials:
E = E0 - 0.22 E0Fe3+/Fe2+ = 0.55 + 0.22 = 0.77 V
0.22 Ag+/Ag
0.0V H2/H+
?
Lecture 26 - 6
Measurement of pH
We could construct a concentration cell, using the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) and a hydrogen electrode:
H2(g, 1 atm) 2H+(aq, unknown) + 2e- anode
2H+ (aq, 1M) + 2e- H2(g, 1 atm) cathode
2H+ (1M) 2H+ (unknown) Ecell = ?
unknown
Lecture 26 - 7
pH electrodeThe pH electrode potential is typically measured versus a fixed reference calomel electrode.
E’ is the sum of the constant offset potentials of the inner glass surface/solution, the Ag/AgCl electrode, and the calomel electrode.
Eglass electrode= E’ + RT/2.303F log [H+]
• Based on a thin glass membrane: a modified glass enriched in H+ and resulting in a hydration layer a few micrometers thick.
• Inside the membrane is a 'reference solution' of known [H+] (1M HCl).
• The potential difference relevant to pH measurement builds up across the outside glass/solution interface marked ||.
Lecture 27 - 8
Nernst Equation
]reactants[
]products[
)log(0592.00
Q
Qn
EEcell
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+
(aq) + Cu(s)
The Nernst equation describes the effect of concentration on cell potential.
When Q < 1, [reactants] >[products] and the cell can do more work.
When Q = 1, Ecell = E0cell (standard conditions [x] = 1 M).
When Q > 1 , [products] > [reactants] and Ecell is lower.
Lecture 27 - 9
Potential of an electrochemical cell
]C[
]Z[2
2
u
nQ
0 V
~1037
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+
(aq) + Cu(s)
Ece
ll (V
olts
)
Ecell decreases as the reaction proceeds, until at equilibrium Ecell = 0 and
.)log(0592.00 Kn
E
K
)Qlog(n
.EEcell
059200= -
Lecture 27 - 10
Recap: Examining Q To K Ratios
If Q/K < 1 Ecell is positive for the reaction as written. The smaller the Q/K ratio,
the greater the value of Ecell and the more electrical work the cell can do.
If Q/K = 1, Ecell = 0. The cell is at equilibrium and can no longer do work.
If Q/K > 1, Ecell is negative for the reaction as written. The cell will operate in
reverse – the reverse reaction will take place and do work until Q/K = 1 at equilibrium.
)log(0592.00 Qn
EEcell
Lecture 27 - 11
Large K products favoured large standard cell potential, E0
Link between E 0 and KQ: What happens if the reaction proceeds until equilibrium is reached?
A: The reaction stops, therefore the voltage, or electrical potential, is zero (the battery is flat). In mathematical terms:
0)log(0592.00 Qn
EEcell
So the equilibrium constant determines the cell potential.
)log(0592.00 Kn
E
At equilibrium Q=K
Lecture 27 - 12
Redox reactions are special
For redox reactions there is a direct experimental method to measure K and ΔG°.
Lecture 27 - 13
Relation between E 0 and K
)log(0592.00 Kn
E
K is plotted on a logarithmic scale to give a straight line.
Figure from Silberberg, “Chemistry”,
McGraw Hill, 2006.
Lecture 27 - 14
Example question 2
Co(s) + Ni2+(aq) Co2+(aq) + Ni(s) E 0 = 0.03 V
Q: A voltaic cell consisting of a Ni/Ni2+ half-cell and Co/Co2+ half-cell is constructed with the following initial concentrations: [Ni2+] = 0.80 M; [Co2+]=0.2 M.
a) What is the initial Ecell?b) What is the [Ni2+] when the voltage reaches 0.025 V?c) What are the equilibrium concentrations of the ions?
Given: E 0 Ni2+
/Ni = -0.25 V; E 0 Co2+
/Co = -0.28 V
Ni2+ + 2e- → Ni E 0 = -0.25V
Co → Co2+ + 2e- E 0 = +0.28V
Lecture 27 - 15
Example question 2a
Co(s) + Ni2+(aq) Co2+(aq) + Ni(s) E 0 = 0.03 V
a) What is the initial Ecell?
Lecture 27 - 16
Example question 2b
)log(0592.00 Qn
EEcell )log(0296.003.0025.0 Q
169.00296.0
005.0)log( Q
Q = 1.47Co(s) + Ni2+(aq) Co2+(aq) + Ni(s)
b) What is the [Ni2+] when the voltage reaches 0.025V?
Lecture 27 - 17
Example question 2c
)log(0592.0
0 0 Kn
E )log(0296.003.0 K
014.10296.0
03.0)log( K
K = 10.24Co(s) + Ni2+(aq) Co2+(aq) + Ni(s)
0.80-x 0.20+x
c) What are the equilibrium concentrations of the ions?
Lecture 27 - 18
Concentration Cells in Nature
Concentration cells are present all around us, e.g.
nerve signalling: concentration gradients produce electrical current
ion pumps across cell membranes: Na+ / K+ pump, Ca2+ pump
energy production and storage in cells: ATP
Lecture 27 - 19
Nerve cells
The membrane potential is more positive outside than inside the cell. On nerve stimulation, Na+ enters cell, the inside cell membrane
becomes > +ive, then K+ ions leave cell to re-equilibrate the outside. These rapid (ms) changes in charge across the membrane stimulate
the neighbouring region and the electrical impulse moves down the length of the cell.
Energy from ATP hydrolysis is used by ion pumps, so that across the nerve cell membrane concentration gradients are maintained:
Ion Concentration Gradient: Inside Outside
K+ High LowNa+ Low High
Figure from Silberberg, “Chemistry”,
McGraw Hill, 2006.
Lecture 27 - 20
Nerve cells Nernst Equation gives the membrane potential generated by the
differing extracellular versus intracellular concentrations of each ion:
inside
outsideion
inside
outsideion
ion
ionE
ion
ion
nF
RTE
][
][log5.61
][
][log
303.2
Substituting n = 1, T = 37oC:
( in mV)
1 mV = 10-3 V
Lecture 27 - 21
Cellular Electrochemistry Biological cells apply the principles
of electrochemical cells to generate energy in a complex multistep process.
Bond energy in food is used to generate an electrochemical potential.
The potential is used to create the bond energy of the high-energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (energy currency for the cell).
N
NN
N
NH2
O
OHOH
HH
HH
OPO
O-
O
POP-O
O- O-
OO
adenosinetriphosphate
N
NN
N
NH2
O
OHOH
HH
HH
OPO
O-
O
P-O
O-
O
adenosinediphosphate
ATP
ADP
H2O
+ HPO42- +H+
ATP4- + H2O → ADP3- + HPO42- + H+
ΔG °’ = -30.5 kJ mol-1
ΔGo’ (solution at pH 7 and at human body temperature 37oC.)
Lecture 27 - 22
Bond Energy to Electrochemical Potential
Inside mitochondria, redox reactions are performed by a series of proteins that form the electron-transport chain (ETC) which contain redox couples, such as Fe2+/Fe3+.
Large potential differences provide enough energy to convert ADP into ATP.
Fig
ure
from
Silb
erb
erg
, “Ch
em
istry”,
McG
raw
Hill, 2
00
6.
Lecture 27 - 23
In nature, the most important reducing agent is a complex molecule named nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NADH, which functions as a hydride donor (H-).
= NADH = biological reducing
agent
NAD+ = biological oxidising agent
Bond Energy to Electrochemical Potential
Lecture 27 - 24
ETC consists of three main steps, each of which has a high enough potential difference to produce one ATP molecule.
The reaction that ultimately powers ETC is the reduction of oxygen in the presence
of NADH:
2H+ + 2e- + ½ O2 → H2O Eo’ = +0.82
NADH + H+ → NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e- Eo’ = -0.32
NADH(aq) + H+(aq) + ½O2(aq) → NAD+
(aq) + H2O(l) Eo’overall = 1.14 V
Substantial energy release!
ΔGo’ = -nFEo’ = -2 · 96485 C mol-1· 1.14 V = - 220 kJ mol-1
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Lecture 27 - 25
ATP Synthesis
In short: e- are transported along the chain, while protons are forced into the intermembrane space.
This creates a H+ concentration cell across the membrane.
In this step, the cell acts as an electrolytic cell, i.e. uses a spontaneous process to drive a non-spontaneous process.
When [H+]intermembrane/[H+]matrix ~ 2.5 a trigger allows protons to flow back across membrane, and ATP is formed.
It’s not simple: Noble prize in 1997 to Boyer and Walker for elucidating this.
Figure from Silberberg, “Chemistry”,
McGraw Hill, 2006.
Lecture 27 - 26
SummaryCONCEPTS
Concentration cells Nernst equation E 0 and K Link between E , Q and K Applications of concentration cells
CALCULATIONS Work out cell potential from reduction potentials; Work out cell potential for any concentration (Nernst equation) Work out K from E 0
Work out pH from concentration cell