Journal of Applied Chemical Research, Volume 17, 75-82 (2011)

Journal of App l ied Chemical Research

www.jacr.k iau.ac. i r

Chemical Analysis of Motor Gasoline by Superior Kerosene and High Speed Diesel with Reference to

Adulteration

J.Balakrishnan , V.Balasubramanian* Department of Chemistry, AMET University, Chennai, India.

(Received 21 March 2011; Final version received 14 April 2011)AbstractThe study of the motor gasoline blended with superior kerosene (SK) and high speed diesel, HSD (mixture of hydrocarbon with high aromatic content) revealed that distillation parameter gives the basic idea or significant role of adulteration. The motor gasoline laboratory blends give an idea that about 4% of SK and 2% of HSD can be adulterated based on the EURO-III specification and parameter does not show the control point of adulteration. The distillation test attempt to realize that whether the Motor gasoline is adulterated with Superior Kerosene. The Motor gasoline laboratory blends analysis has made finger print region with deviation of +1% and correlated with the data. Key Words: Motor Gasoline, Superior Kerosene, High Speed Diesel, Distillation, Density of Motor Gasoline.

Introduction

The fuel, Motor Gasoline (MG) is a volatile

liquid fraction of petroleum. Petroleum[1-3]

is obtained from decay and decomposition of

plant and animal body.The petroleum[4-6]

is processed to get various products like

methane, LPG, naphtha, motor gasoline [7-

9], superior kerosene, high speed diesel, lube

oil, fuel oil, wax, and asphalt. The liquid

fraction of petroleum plays vital role in our

day to day life in various fields like fuel for

transports[10], burning and lubrication etc.

Superior Kerosene and High Speed Diesel are

liquid fraction[11] obtained from petroleum

which contain high aromatic fraction, but

motor gasoline is volatile fraction. They differ

in carbon numbers. Superior Kerosene is used

for lightening and household purpose while the

High Speed Diesel is mainly used for transport.

The Motor gasoline should meet the EURO-III

Specification (Table-1), which have various test

like Distillation[12], Density, Octane number,

Reid vapor pressure, Gum content, Color, Total

acidity, Existent gum (Gum formation) etc.

* Corresponding author: Dr. V. Balasubramanian, Professor, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, AMET University, 135 East cast road, Kanathur, Chennai, Taminadu, India - 603112. Email: baluiisc80@yahoo.co.in. Tel:+91 44-27472155, Fax: +91 44 27472804.

J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011)76

Table 1. Indian standards- motor gasoline fuel specification (3rd Revision).

S.No Parameters Requirements (MG) Methods of Test[P:] of IS 1448Unleaded Regular Unleaded Premium

1 Color, Visual Orange Red -2 Density@150C.Kg/m3 720-775 720-775 [P:16]3 Distillationa) Recovered up to 700C(E70) percent by

volume10-45 10-45

[P:18]

b) Recovered up to 1000C(E100) percent by volume

40-70 40-70

c) Recovered up to 1500C(E150) percent by volume, Min

75 75

3d) Final Boiling Point(FBP),Max 2100C 2100C4 Research Octane Number(RON)Min 91 91 [P:27]5 Motor Octane Number(MON)Min 81 91 [P:26]6 Reid Vapor pressure(RVP),kPa 60 60 [P:39]7 Existent gum, g/m3, Max 40 40 [P:29]

Experimental

Material and Methods

Sixty nine motor gasoline samples[13] were

obtained from fuel filling station, various

locations in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India for

analysis. The standards of Motor Gasoline

were obtained from Oil Company. Then Motor

Gasoline blended with SK &HSD at various

ratios (v/v %) and these blended samples are

analyzed as per IS 1448 [12].

Motor Gasoline Lab Blends with SK & HSD

A series of blend like MG100%,

(MG95%+SK5%), (MG90%+SK10%),

(MG99%+HSD1%), (MG98%+HSD2%),

(MG95%+HSD5%), were prepared and these

blended samples were tested as per IS 1448.

Table 2.Comparative chart of Motor Gasoline Blend with Superior Kerosene & High Speed Diesel.

Motor Gasoline(MG) Blend With Superior Kerosene (SK) & High Speed Diesel (HSD)

Test report MG-100% MG-95% MG -90% MG-99% MG-98% MG-95%SK-5% SK-10% HSD-1% HSD-2% HSD-5%

Density @150C Kg/m3 742.0 743.5 755.0 742.0 744.0 755.0DistillationInitial Boiling Point 40 43 45 43 45 40

Recovery of 5% 48 55 54 53 53 49

Recovery of 10% 59 60 60 59 59 56

Recovery of 20% 67 69 69 67 67 66

Recovery of 30% 75 77 78 75 75 77

J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011) 77

Recovery of 40% 84 88 90 85 86 91

Recovery of 50% 98 100 103 97 98 106

Recovery of 60% 108 112 116 108 110 120

Recovery of 70% 121 125 128 120 121 133

Recovery of 80% 133 136 142 132 134 151

Recovery of 90% 148 154 161 146 148 250

Recovery of 95% 162 170 185 156 164 270

Final Boiling Point 178 218 233 195 250 > 300

Recovery@70 oC 25% 22% 21% 24% 23% 24%

Recovery@100 oC 52% 50% 48% 53% 52% 45%

Recovery@150 oC 91% 88% 84% 92% 91% 79%Recovery@180 oC 99% 97% 94% 98% 97% 85%

Densitymeasurements have done for all the

motor gasoline bends were as per method.

Density measure is carried out at 15o Celcius

i.e. Density at 15oC Kg/m3.

Distillationparameters were done for all the motor

gasoline blends, apart from the specification,

Initial Boiling Point (IBP), 5-95% RecoveryoC,

Final Boiling Point (FBP), Recovery at 70oC,

Recovery at 100oC and Recovery at 150oC were

carried out.

Result and Discussion

Density

The density [12] of MG blends with SK and

HSD show gradualincrease as % of SK and HSD

content increases (Table2 and Figure 1), since

the density of SK & HSD is greater than MG.

Figure 1. Density of motor gasoline blends.

The density of MG (100%) is 742.0 + 1%. The

density of blend of MG with 5% SK blend

with MG is found to be 743.5 and that of 10%

SK found to be 755.0.The density of blend of

MG with1% HSD blend found to be 742.0 and

that of 2% HSD found to be 744.0 & 5% HSD

found to be 755.0.All these blends of MG

with SK and HSD are well within the limit of

specification.

Distilation (Boiling point test)

Initial Boiling Point (IBP) 0C

The IBP (oC) of MG found was 40oC. The IBP

of blend with 5% HSD was found as the MG.

The blends with 5% SK and 1%HSD resemble

same with increase in 3oC (Table2 and Figure

2). While the blends with 10% SK and 2%

HSD resembles same with increase in 5oC.

Figure 2. Initial Boiling Point of motor gasoline Blends.

J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011)78

5% Volume Recovery

5% volume recovered at 48oC for MG (100%),

the blend of MG with 5% SK is recovered

variation of 7oC. Also the blend of MG with

10% SK is recovered with variation of 6oC

(Table 2 and Figure 3).The blend of MG with

1% HSD and 2% HSD is recovered with

variation of 5oC. While that of 5% HSD is

recovered of variation of 1oC.

Figure 3. Comparison of motor gasoline blends of Initial Boiling Point & Recovery of 5%.

10% Volume Recovery

10% volume recovered at 59oC for MG

(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and

10% SK is recovered with difference of 1oC.

The blend of MG with 1% HSD and 2% HSD

is recovered at 59oC which resembles the

same as MG(Table2 and Figure 4), While that

of 5% HSD is recovered earlier at 56oC with

variation 3oC.

Figure 4. Recovery of 10%.

20% Volume Recovery

20% volume Recovered at 67oC for MG

(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and 10%

SK is recovered at 69oC of variation 2oC. The

blend of MG with 1% HSD and 2% HSD is

recovered at 67oC which resembles as same as

MG (Table 2 and Figure 5), While that of 5%

HSD is recovered earlier at 66oC of negative

variation 1oC.

Figure 5. Recovery of 20%.

30% Volume Recovery

30% volume recovered at 75oC for MG (100%),

the blend of MG with 5% SK and 10% SK is

recovered at 77oC & 780Cof variation 2oC and

3oC respectively. The blend of MG with 1%

HSD and 2% HSD is recovered at 75oC which

resembles as same as MG (Table 2 and Figure

6),While that of 5% HSD is recovered at 77oC

of variation 2oC.

Figure 6. Recovery of 30%.

40% Volume Recovery

40% volume recovered at 84oC for MG

(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and 10%

SK is recovered at 88oC & 90oC of variation

4oC and 6oC respectively(Table2 and Figure

7).The blend of MG with 1% HSD &2% HSD

is recovered at 85oC and 86oCof variation 1oC

and 2oC respectively. While that of 5% HSD is

J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011) 79

recovered at 91oC of variation 7oC.

Figure7.Recovery of 40%.

50% Volume Recovery

50% volume recovered at 98oC for MG

(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and 10%

SK is recovered at 100oC &103oC of variation

2oC and 5oC respectively (Table 2 and Figure

8).The blend of MG with 1% HSD & 2% HSD

is recovered at 97oC and 98oC of variation -1oC

and 2oC respectively. While that of 5% HSD is

recovered at 106oC of variation 8oC.

Figure8. Recovery of 50%.

60%Volume Recovery

60% volume recovered at 108oC for MG

(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and

10% SK is recovered at 112oC & 116oC of

variation 4oC and 8oC respectively (Table 2

and Figure 9). The blend of MG with 1% HSD

is recovered at 108oC the same as MG & 2%

HSD is recovered at 110oC of variation 2oC.

While that of 5% HSD is recovered at 120oC

of variation 12oC.

Figure9.Recovery of 60%.

70%Volume Recovery

70% volume recovered at 121oC for MG

(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and

10% SK is recovered at 125oC & 128oC of

variation 4oC and 7oC respectively (Table2 and

Figure 10).The blend of MG with 1% HSD

is recovered at earlier at 120oC of variation

-1oC& 2% HSD is recovered at 121oC the same

as MG.While that of 5% HSD is recovered at

133oC of variation 12oC.

Figure10. Recovery of 70%.

80%Volume Recovery

80% volume recovered at 133oC for MG

(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and

10% SK is recovered at 136oC & 142oC of

variation 3oC and 11oC respectively (Table 2

and Figure 11).The blend of MG with 1% HSD

is recovered at earlier at 132o Cof variation

-1oC& 2% HSD is recovered at 134oC. While

that of 5% HSD is recovered at 151oC of

variation 18oC.

J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011)80

Figure11. Recovery of 80%.

90% Volume Recovery

90% volume recovered at 148oC for MG

(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and

10% SK is recovered at 154oC & 161oC of

variation 6oC and 13oC respectively (Table2

and Figure 12).The blend of MG with 1% HSD

is recovered at earlier at 146oCof variation

-2oC& 2% HSD is recovered at 148oC the same

as MG. While that of 5% HSD is recovered at

250oC of variation by big difference 112oC.

Figure12.Comparison of 90% & 95% recovery.

95%Volume Recovery

95% volume recovered at 162oC for MG

(100%), the blend of MG with 5% SK and

10% SK is recovered at 170oC & 185oC of

variation 8oC and 23oC respectively. The blend

of MG with 1% HSD is recovered at earlier at

156oC of negative variation -6oC& 2% HSD is

recovered at 164oC variation 2oC. While that

of 5% HSD is recovered at 270oC of variation

by big difference 102oC (Table 2).

Final Boiling Point (FBP)oC

The FBP(oC)of MG was foundto be 178oC.

The blend of MG with 5% SK and 10% SK

is found to be 218oC and 233oC of variation

40oC and 55oC respectively. The FBP oC blend

of MG with 1% HSD found to be 195oC of

variation 17oC & 2% HSD is found to be

250oC variation 72oC. While that of 5% HSD

found to be more than 300oC of variation by

big difference more than 120oC (Table 2).

Recovery at 70oC

25% of MG (100%) is recovered at 70oC, The

blend of MG with 5% SK and 10% Superior

Kerosene is shows that 22% recovery and

21% recovery respectively. The blend of MG

with SK shows that 3% & 4% less recovery

when compared to the MG (100%).The blend

of MG with of both 1% HSD and 5% HSD

shows 24% recovery which is 1% less than

MG (100%).while of 2% HSD shows 23%

recovery which is 2% less that MG(100%)

(Table 2, Figure 13).

Recovery at 100oC

52% of MG (100%) is recovered at 100oC,the

blend of MG with 5% SK and 10% SK is shows

50% recovery and 48% recovery respectively.

The blend of MG with SK shows that 2% &

4% less recovery when compared to the MG

(100%).The blend of MG with of 1% HSD

shows 53% recovery which is 1% less than

MG (100%) and 2% HSD shows 52% recovery

J.Balakrishnan et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 17, 75-82 (2011) 81

which is as same as that of MG (100%), while

of 5% HSD shows 45% recovery which is 7%

less that MG (100%) which is big difference

(Table 2, Figure 13).

Recovery at 150oC

91% of MG (100%) is recovered at 150oC. The

blend of MG with 5% SK and 10% SK is shows

88% recovery and 84% recovery respectively.

The blend of MG with SK shows that 3%

&7% less recovery when compared to the MG

(100%) which is big difference(Table 2, Figure

13).The blend of MG with of 1% HSD shows

92% recovery which is 1% more than MG

(100%), 2% HSD shows 91% recovery which

is as same as that of MG (100%), while of 5%

HSD shows 79% recovery which is 12% less

that MG (100%)which is big difference.

Figure13. Comparison of Recovery at 70oC,at100oC & at150oC.

Conclusion

It is possible to adulterate the motor gasoline

with up to 4% of SK and 1% HSD. The

Density of Motor gasoline blended with 5%,

10% of SK and 1%, 2%, 5% of HSD fulfilled

the specification. The density parameters are

within the range of EURO-III-specification.

The parameter recovery at 80%, 90% 95%

and FBP shows that the motor gasoline is

adulterate with other substance, but this

parameter is not included in the specification.

The distillation parameter, recovery at 70oC, at

100oC & at 150oC having wide range of limit,

all the blend of MG with SK & HSD is well

within the limit of the specification. Therefore

the sample motor gasoline is adulterated, but

the specification has to be modified to control

adulteration. Volumeshould be included in the

specification with modification; this parameter

shall be useful of detection for adulteration.

Acknowledgement

The authors express their gratitude and thank

for the support and encouragement extended

by Mr.R.Balasubramanian and Mr.J.Janakiram

for petroleum instrumental analysis.

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