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Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

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Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineer Introduction
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Page 1: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering

Introduction

Page 2: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

INSTRUCTORSAlexandre Yokochi

315 Gleeson Hall

[email protected]

Office hours T/Th 16:00 – 17:00

 

Ms. Meena Rajachidambaram

[email protected]

Page 3: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

From the Course Description• Provide an overview of current and possible

alternative energy systems• Equip you with an understanding of fundamentals of

energy conversion• Focus on how fundamental technologies operate• Survey of current conventional and renewable

systems• Analysis of alternative energy systems• As appropriate, examine economic and societal

issues

Page 4: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

TEXTAlternative Energy Systems and Applications; B. K. Hodge

ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES:Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation; Francis Vanek and

Louis Albright

Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility; Christopher A. Simon;

Energy Systems and Sustainability; Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett , Janet Ramage

Energy Science: Principles, Technologies, and Impacts; John Andrews and Nick Jelley

Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options by Jefferson W. Tester, Elisabeth M. Drake, Michael J. Driscoll, Michael W. Golay, William A. Peters

Sustainable Energy - Without the Hot Air; David JC MacKay

available online for free at http://www.withouthotair.com/

Page 5: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Proposed Grading Scheme• Homework: About 40%

– 1-2 problems per week.– Will use engineering core-course concepts to

examine energy-related problems

• Mid-Term: About 30%

• Final: About 30%– One sheet of notes (8½” x 11”) to be used as a

reference during the course of the exam.

Page 6: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Approximate course outline1 Course Introduction (Week 1)

Forms of Energy, Energy and Power, Units and Nomenclature, Energy/Power Supply and Demand, Energy and Societal Development, Climate Change and Energy

 

2 Generating Electricity in Conventional Fossil Energy Systems and Brief Review of Relevant Thermodynamics (Weeks 1.5 - 3)

Where Does the Energy Come From?, How Does Conversion Occur?, the Carnot Limit, Rankine, Brayton and Combined Cycles, Combined Heat and Power, Emissions and Emissions Controls, Electric Generators, Transmission and Distribution, Real and Reactive Power

Page 7: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

3 Electricity From Low Carbon Sources: Hydroelectric, Wind (and Nuclear?) (Weeks 4 - 5)

Brief Overview of Nuclear Generation (Current and Next Generation Nuclear Reactors); Hydroelectric Generation; Wind Generation, the Betz Limit, the Variability of Wind, Energy Storage as Critical Technology

 

4 Midterm (planned for beginning of week 6 – that would be Tuesday 2/8 – unless there’s a need for a change)

5 Emerging Processes: Solar, Ocean, Geothermal (Weeks 7, 8)

Solar Thermal, Photovoltaics , Thermochemical Processes, Other Solar Applications, Wave power generation, geothermal energy, heat pumps

 

Page 8: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

6 Electrochemical Processes (Weeks 8 - 10)

Basic Electrochemistry, Fuel Cells Survey, Can Fuel Cells Be More Efficient Than Combustion?, Batteries For Energy Storage

 

7 Final (currently scheduled for Monday 3/14 at 12:00)

Page 9: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Discussion?

Page 10: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering

Let’s get things going

Page 11: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Energy vs. Power• Why did Dr. Y use Energy/Power in course

outline?

• Energy: “capacity to do work”– Work: “quantity of energy transferred by system

to another” (yes, a bit circular definition)

• Power: “rate at which energy is converted or work is performed”

Page 12: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Energy“Energy is the capacity to do work”

– Definition (look it up in physics book)(or wikipedia, for that matter…)

Units:– Joule (J): energy exerted by a force of 1 N whilst moving

an object by 1m

1N.m = 1 (kg.m.s-2).m = 1 kg.m2.s-2

also 1J = 1 V.C

(Joule’s the guy you heard about in physics that showed the equivalence between mechanical and thermal energy)

Page 13: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

What forms of energy do you know?

Chemical, Thermal, Kinetic, Radiant, Mechanical, Electrical, Gravitational

Page 14: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

“Primary energy”• Energy content of original resource

Coal, Natural gas, Petroleum, Hydro, Wind, Solar

Direct use of sunlight for building use (illumination, passive solar heating) not included

Page 15: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Power“rate at which energy is converted”

Units:– Watt (W): 1 J.s-1 = 1N.m.s-1 = 1 kg.m2.s-2

also 1W = 1 V.A (=1 V.C.s-1)

Page 16: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Other customary units, Energy:Calorie (cal): energy required to heat 1g water by 1oC

(=4.184J, we’ll probably never see cals in this course)

Kilowatt.hour (kWh) = 1 kW x 3,600s = 3.6 MJ

(when discussing energy systems we may use kWh a lot)

(while we’re at it, what is a watt per hour?)

British Thermal Unit (BTU): energy required to heat 1 lb water by 1oF

(=1,055 J, depending on Cp of water…)

MBTU = 1,000 BTU (*not* 106 BTU); 106 BTU = MMBTU

“QUAD” = 1015BTU (useful unit to discuss energy at a national/global level)

Exajoule (EJ) = 1018J (also a handy unit, 1 Quad = 1.055 EJ ≈ 1 EJ)

Page 17: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Placing things in perspective: energy• 1J = energy stored in capacitor for flash of cheap camera

• 1kJ = using a 10W flashlight for 1.5 minutes

• 1MJ = 1 candy bar…

• 6GJ = 1barrel of oil equivalent (bboe)

• 0.3 TJ= Average US electricity use in 1 year

• 14EJ = US electrical consumption in US

• 100EJ = 100Quads = approximate US energy consumption in one year

Too large to understand: that is 325GJ/person or 90,000 kWh/person

• 440 EJ = World energy consumption in one year

Or 65 GJ/person, or 18,000 kWh/person

Page 18: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Placing things in perspective: power• 1W = human heart

• 100W = light bulb (how much of that is heat?)

• 1kW = draft horse

• 100kW = automobile

• 2.5 MW = large wind turbine (ca. 50m radius rotor)

• 250 MW = Boeing 747 at cruise

• 1GW = coal fired power plant

• 13.5 TW = World average power generation

Page 19: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Other customary units, Power:Horsepower (hp, or PS (Ger.) or cv (Fra.)): 1hp = 745.7W

(we’ll probably never use hp in this class)

BTU per hour (BTU/h) = 1 BTU / 3600s = 0.293W

(we’ll not use this unit either)

Terawatt (TW) = 1012W

(a handy unit to discuss power at global levels, world = 16TW)

(I’ll assume you get the kilo, mega, giga, tera, peta, exa prefixes)

What’s the difference between Thermal and Electrical watts? (MWt and MWe ?)

Ex. A nuclear power plant generates 2000 MWt which in turn generates 650 MWe.

Page 20: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Primary energy supply and demand

Page 21: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

US historical energy

Page 22: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

World

Page 23: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Page 24: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

What do we use that energy for?

Page 25: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

“Human Development Index”• United Nations compiled statistics on

– population and demographic trends• life expectancy, nutrition, and health• mortality rates

– Income/poverty – education – access to safe water and sanitation

• Value from 0 to 1• High = Norway (0.965); Low=Niger (0.311)• US = 0.948

Page 26: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Page 27: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Page 28: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

So how much energy do we need by 2050?

Currently world uses about 450 “Quads”For illustration: 1 Quad = 36,000,000 tons of coal

World at US levels: 6000 Quads

World at EU levels: 1800 Quads

Page 29: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Page 30: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Variations of Earth’s temperature

Page 31: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Global climate models (GCMs)• Mathematical formulations of the processes that comprise

the climate system

• Uses:– to understand past observations– make projections about future climate– knowledge gained can contribute to policy decisions regarding

climate change.

• Unable to resolve features smaller than about 50 miles by 50 miles– number of cells square of mesh size…– as computing power increases models are improved

Page 32: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Computation model results

Page 33: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Page 34: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Page 35: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Page 36: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Page 37: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

Page 38: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Introduction.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE

For the rest of the term:• Generating Electricity in Conventional Fossil Energy Systems – what we

do right now

• Electricity From Low Carbon Sources: Hydroelectric, Wind (and Nuclear?) – what we could do more of

• Emerging Processes: Solar, Wave, Geothermal – what may also help in the long term

• Electrochemical Processes – because AY thinks combustion based conversion could be really improved upon, and energy storage is *essential*


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