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Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering
Introduction
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
INSTRUCTORSAlexandre Yokochi
315 Gleeson Hall
Office hours T/Th 16:00 – 17:00
Ms. Meena Rajachidambaram
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
From the Course Description• Provide an overview of current and possible
alternative energy systems• Equip you with an understanding of fundamentals of
energy conversion• Focus on how fundamental technologies operate• Survey of current conventional and renewable
systems• Analysis of alternative energy systems• As appropriate, examine economic and societal
issues
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
TEXTAlternative Energy Systems and Applications; B. K. Hodge
ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES:Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation; Francis Vanek and
Louis Albright
Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility; Christopher A. Simon;
Energy Systems and Sustainability; Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett , Janet Ramage
Energy Science: Principles, Technologies, and Impacts; John Andrews and Nick Jelley
Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options by Jefferson W. Tester, Elisabeth M. Drake, Michael J. Driscoll, Michael W. Golay, William A. Peters
Sustainable Energy - Without the Hot Air; David JC MacKay
available online for free at http://www.withouthotair.com/
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Proposed Grading Scheme• Homework: About 40%
– 1-2 problems per week.– Will use engineering core-course concepts to
examine energy-related problems
• Mid-Term: About 30%
• Final: About 30%– One sheet of notes (8½” x 11”) to be used as a
reference during the course of the exam.
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Approximate course outline1 Course Introduction (Week 1)
Forms of Energy, Energy and Power, Units and Nomenclature, Energy/Power Supply and Demand, Energy and Societal Development, Climate Change and Energy
2 Generating Electricity in Conventional Fossil Energy Systems and Brief Review of Relevant Thermodynamics (Weeks 1.5 - 3)
Where Does the Energy Come From?, How Does Conversion Occur?, the Carnot Limit, Rankine, Brayton and Combined Cycles, Combined Heat and Power, Emissions and Emissions Controls, Electric Generators, Transmission and Distribution, Real and Reactive Power
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
3 Electricity From Low Carbon Sources: Hydroelectric, Wind (and Nuclear?) (Weeks 4 - 5)
Brief Overview of Nuclear Generation (Current and Next Generation Nuclear Reactors); Hydroelectric Generation; Wind Generation, the Betz Limit, the Variability of Wind, Energy Storage as Critical Technology
4 Midterm (planned for beginning of week 6 – that would be Tuesday 2/8 – unless there’s a need for a change)
5 Emerging Processes: Solar, Ocean, Geothermal (Weeks 7, 8)
Solar Thermal, Photovoltaics , Thermochemical Processes, Other Solar Applications, Wave power generation, geothermal energy, heat pumps
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
6 Electrochemical Processes (Weeks 8 - 10)
Basic Electrochemistry, Fuel Cells Survey, Can Fuel Cells Be More Efficient Than Combustion?, Batteries For Energy Storage
7 Final (currently scheduled for Monday 3/14 at 12:00)
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Discussion?
Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering
Let’s get things going
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Energy vs. Power• Why did Dr. Y use Energy/Power in course
outline?
• Energy: “capacity to do work”– Work: “quantity of energy transferred by system
to another” (yes, a bit circular definition)
• Power: “rate at which energy is converted or work is performed”
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Energy“Energy is the capacity to do work”
– Definition (look it up in physics book)(or wikipedia, for that matter…)
Units:– Joule (J): energy exerted by a force of 1 N whilst moving
an object by 1m
1N.m = 1 (kg.m.s-2).m = 1 kg.m2.s-2
also 1J = 1 V.C
(Joule’s the guy you heard about in physics that showed the equivalence between mechanical and thermal energy)
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
What forms of energy do you know?
Chemical, Thermal, Kinetic, Radiant, Mechanical, Electrical, Gravitational
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
“Primary energy”• Energy content of original resource
Coal, Natural gas, Petroleum, Hydro, Wind, Solar
Direct use of sunlight for building use (illumination, passive solar heating) not included
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Power“rate at which energy is converted”
Units:– Watt (W): 1 J.s-1 = 1N.m.s-1 = 1 kg.m2.s-2
also 1W = 1 V.A (=1 V.C.s-1)
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Other customary units, Energy:Calorie (cal): energy required to heat 1g water by 1oC
(=4.184J, we’ll probably never see cals in this course)
Kilowatt.hour (kWh) = 1 kW x 3,600s = 3.6 MJ
(when discussing energy systems we may use kWh a lot)
(while we’re at it, what is a watt per hour?)
British Thermal Unit (BTU): energy required to heat 1 lb water by 1oF
(=1,055 J, depending on Cp of water…)
MBTU = 1,000 BTU (*not* 106 BTU); 106 BTU = MMBTU
“QUAD” = 1015BTU (useful unit to discuss energy at a national/global level)
Exajoule (EJ) = 1018J (also a handy unit, 1 Quad = 1.055 EJ ≈ 1 EJ)
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Placing things in perspective: energy• 1J = energy stored in capacitor for flash of cheap camera
• 1kJ = using a 10W flashlight for 1.5 minutes
• 1MJ = 1 candy bar…
• 6GJ = 1barrel of oil equivalent (bboe)
• 0.3 TJ= Average US electricity use in 1 year
• 14EJ = US electrical consumption in US
• 100EJ = 100Quads = approximate US energy consumption in one year
Too large to understand: that is 325GJ/person or 90,000 kWh/person
• 440 EJ = World energy consumption in one year
Or 65 GJ/person, or 18,000 kWh/person
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Placing things in perspective: power• 1W = human heart
• 100W = light bulb (how much of that is heat?)
• 1kW = draft horse
• 100kW = automobile
• 2.5 MW = large wind turbine (ca. 50m radius rotor)
• 250 MW = Boeing 747 at cruise
• 1GW = coal fired power plant
• 13.5 TW = World average power generation
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Other customary units, Power:Horsepower (hp, or PS (Ger.) or cv (Fra.)): 1hp = 745.7W
(we’ll probably never use hp in this class)
BTU per hour (BTU/h) = 1 BTU / 3600s = 0.293W
(we’ll not use this unit either)
Terawatt (TW) = 1012W
(a handy unit to discuss power at global levels, world = 16TW)
(I’ll assume you get the kilo, mega, giga, tera, peta, exa prefixes)
What’s the difference between Thermal and Electrical watts? (MWt and MWe ?)
Ex. A nuclear power plant generates 2000 MWt which in turn generates 650 MWe.
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Primary energy supply and demand
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
US historical energy
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
World
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
What do we use that energy for?
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
“Human Development Index”• United Nations compiled statistics on
– population and demographic trends• life expectancy, nutrition, and health• mortality rates
– Income/poverty – education – access to safe water and sanitation
• Value from 0 to 1• High = Norway (0.965); Low=Niger (0.311)• US = 0.948
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
So how much energy do we need by 2050?
Currently world uses about 450 “Quads”For illustration: 1 Quad = 36,000,000 tons of coal
World at US levels: 6000 Quads
World at EU levels: 1800 Quads
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Variations of Earth’s temperature
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Global climate models (GCMs)• Mathematical formulations of the processes that comprise
the climate system
• Uses:– to understand past observations– make projections about future climate– knowledge gained can contribute to policy decisions regarding
climate change.
• Unable to resolve features smaller than about 50 miles by 50 miles– number of cells square of mesh size…– as computing power increases models are improved
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Computation model results
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy LabCBEE
For the rest of the term:• Generating Electricity in Conventional Fossil Energy Systems – what we
do right now
• Electricity From Low Carbon Sources: Hydroelectric, Wind (and Nuclear?) – what we could do more of
• Emerging Processes: Solar, Wave, Geothermal – what may also help in the long term
• Electrochemical Processes – because AY thinks combustion based conversion could be really improved upon, and energy storage is *essential*