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Chemical Bonds and Chemical Bonds and ReactionsReactions
Two kinds of bonds Two kinds of bonds
• Ionic
• Covalent
• Chemical Bonds and Reactions
Ionic bonds Ionic bonds
• Ions of opposite charge join together
• Na+ and Cl- = NaCl Chemical Bonds and Reactions
Covalent Bonds Covalent Bonds
• Electrons are shared when elements join together
• water - H20 Chemical Bonds and Reactions
Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions
• Reactants are changed into a new substance, products.
• HCl + NaOH --> NaCl +H2O Chemical Bonds and ReactionsEnergy Changes
Endothermic reactions Endothermic reactions
- energy is used to make something Chemical Bonds and Reactions.
Exothermic reaction –Exothermic reaction –
- energy is given off.
-MIXTURESMIXTURES
- Combination of substances that are not chemically bonded For example sand and water, or air MIXTURES
Solution Solution
• a uniform mixture of two or more substance.
MIXTURESMIXTURES
• 2 parts of a mixture
• Solute - the dissolved substance
• Solvent - the dissolving substance
MIXTURESMIXTURES
• Kool-aid
• What is needed to make it?
• What is the solvent and what is the solute?
Common Types of SolutionsCommon Types of Solutions
• Gas-gas air
• Liquid-gas moist air
• Gas-liquid soda water
• Liquid-liquid vinegar
Common Types of SolutionsCommon Types of Solutions
• Solid-liquid brine
• Solid-solid sterling sliver
• Water H2O
Water H2OWater H2O
• Essential part of living things
• 65-95 % the human body
• You can live 60 days without food
• you can only live 6 days without water.
Water - H2OWater - H2O
• Two Hydrogen and One oxygen
Covalent Bond Covalent Bond
• Water is the universal solvent.
• Hydrogen bond is unique
• Makes blood circulation possible
Acids, Bases, and SaltsAcids, Bases, and Salts
• Acids - compounds that release hydrogen ions (H+)
• Bases - compounds that release hydroxide ions (OH-)
Acids, Bases, and SaltsAcids, Bases, and Salts
– Salts • compounds that release ions other than hydrogen
or hydroxide ions • Neither a acid nor a base.
– Salts dissolve in water are • electrolytes because they conduct an electrical
current • Sports drinks are mixtures of electrolytes that are
used to replace salts excreted in sweat when a person exercises. pH
ScaleScale
• A standard measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
ScaleScale
• 0 to 14 pH Scale
• Basic 13 bleach
• 11 ammonia
• 9 baking soda
ScaleScale
• 8 egg whites pH Scale
• Neutral
• 7.5 Blood
• 7 Water pH Scale
• Acid 5 coffee
• 4 tomato juice
• 3 vinegar
• 2 lemon juice
• .5 battery acid