Chemical Carcinogens 1

8/10/2019 Chemical Carcinogens 1

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CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS


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What is a carcinogen?

Any substance that is capable of causing cancer.

Cancer is the abnormal or uncontrolled growth of new cells

in any part of the body, characterized by cells that tend to

invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to new body

sites.

Carcinogens are chronic toxins. They cause damage after

repeated or long-duration exposure. They may have not

immediate apparent harmful effects, with cancer

developing only after a long latency period.


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What are reproductive toxins?

Mutagenscause damage to chromo-

somes by introducingchanges to DNA.

Mutagens have adverse

effects on fertility and

general reproductive

performance.

Mutagens are chronic

toxins

Teratogensact during pregnancy to

cause adverse effects onthe embryo or fetus

including malformations,

retarded growth and post-

natal deficiencies.

Reproductive toxins can

affect both men and

women.


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What materials are carcinogens?

Asbestos

Certain chemicals

Coal tars and coke oven emissions

Hardwood sawdust (certain species)

Ionizing radiationNatural products (progesterone, safrole)

Tobacco smoke

Ultraviolet radiation


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What is a chemical carcinogen?

Any discrete chemical compound which has

been shown to cause cancer in human or

animal studies.

Hundreds of individual compounds have

been shown to induce cancers. Many

thousands of additional compounds aresuspect carcinogens.

Many are commonly used in laboratory

operations, shops and art studios.


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How is chemical carcinogenicity determined?

Epidemiological studies determine the relationship

between a cancer suspect chemical and a human

population over a long period of time.

Animal studies directly induce cancer in test animals using

a large sample of animals, usually of two or more species

with varying dose and time parameters.

Experiments with animals are based on the premise that

chemicals that produce cancer in animals will have similar

effects on human cells. Most known human carcinogens

produce cancer in experimental animals.


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What is an OSHA select carcinogen?

Any substance that is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen.

It is listed under the category know to be carcinogens in

the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the

National Toxicology Program (NTP).

It is listed under Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) by

the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

It is listed in either Group 2A (limited evidence of

carcinogenicity from human studies) or 2B (sufficient

evidence of carcinogenicity from animal studies) by

IARC or under the category reasonably anticipated to be

carcinogens by NTP. (A specified dose range is given.)


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Which classes of chemicals tend to be carcinogens?

Epoxides:Ethylene oxide

Propylene oxide

Organohalogen comp.: Vinyl chloride

Carbon tetrachloride

Chloroform

Hexachlorobenzene

Trichloroethylene

Hydrazines:

Hydrazine (and salts)

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine

N-Nitroso compounds: N-Nitrosodimethylamine

Aromatic Amines:BenzidineAniline

o-Anisidine

o-Toluidine

Aromatic hydrocarbons:

BenzeneBenz[a]anthracene

Benzo[a]pyrene


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Classes of carcinogens (cont.)

Misc. organic compounds:

FormaldehydeAcetaldehyde

1,4-DioxaneEthyl carbamate

2-Nitropropane

Styrene

Thiourea

Thioacetamide

Misc. inorganic comp.:

Arsenic and compounds Chromium and comp.

Thorium dioxideBeryllium and compounds

Cadmium and compounds

Lead and compounds

Nickel and compounds

Selenium sulfide


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How do carcinogens enter the body?

Skin absorption. Many solvents and other

chemicals go directly through the skin.

Ingestion. Swallowing of a carcinogen.

Inhalation. Breathing gases, fumes and

vapors is the most common form of

exposure.


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What organs to carcinogens attack?

Lungs

Liver

Kidney

Reproductive system

SkinMany other organs and tissues


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What factors influence the development of cancer?

Dose--amount and length of exposure. The lower

the dose the least likely you are to develop cancer

or related diseases.Environmental or lifestyle factors.

Cigarette smoking (co-carcinogen)

Alcohol consumption (co-carcinogen)

Diet--high fat consumption, natural antioxidants

Geographic location--industrial areas, UV light

Therapeutic drugs--some are known carcinogens

Inherited conditions


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How do I reduce my exposure to carcinogens?

Engineering controls--exhaust ventilation and equipment

Personal protective equipment

Personal hygiene Labeling and storage of containers

Housekeeping and maintenance

Regulated areas

Decontamination and emergency procedures Monitoring

Administrative controls


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Engineering controls--exhaust ventilation and equipment

General room ventilation--10 or more changes of air per

hour. Designed to reduce exposures below the permissible

exposure limit (PEL). Many carcinogens have a very low

exposure limit. Use an ALARA policy.

Fume hoods--full open face velocity of 8o to 100 l.f.p.m..

combined with a dry ice capture test.

Local ventilation--exhaust (sometimes supply) at the point

of use of a chemical. Elephant trunk or slot hood.

Carcinogen glove box or environmental chamber.

Biosafety cabinet--used for anticancer drugs, viruses.

No benchtop work in a laboratory setting.


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Personal protective equipment

Respiratory protection--dust masks, respirators.

Respirators are primarily for use in non-lab areas, except

for emergency response (spill cleanup)--shops, floor

stripping, construction operations (painting).

Eye protection--safety glasses, splash goggles, face

shields.

Hand protection--gloves, protective sleeves.

Protective clothing--lab coats, aprons, Tyvek garments.

OSHA standards for personal protective equipment

supersede other OSHA standards.


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Personal hygiene

No smoking, eating, drinking or application of cosmetics is

permitted in areas where carcinogens are in use (or in any

lab area!). No mouth pipetting!

Wash hands and any exposed skin if potentially

contaminated--face, neck, forearms, etc.

No shorts or open toed shoes.

Remove lab coat or other potentially contaminated

protective clothing before leaving the work area. Lab

coats need to be cleaned regularly; special washing

instructions may be needed. Contaminated disposable

clothing should be treated as hazardous waste


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Labeling of containers

All containers of chemical carcinogens need to have a

warning label affixed to them. A Right-to-Know (RTK)

style label must be on any container of material that is

repackaged or made into a solution more than 0.1%.

All areas where carcinogens may be used, present or stored

should have prominently displayed warning signs or labels

both in the areas and access to them.. Some warning signs

and labels are described by specific standards.

DANGER--Contains ___________

CANCER HAZARD


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Storage of containers

Carcinogens must be stored separately from other

materials.

Separated by shelving system or secondary containment.

Secondary containment means placing chemical containers

in an outer container to prevent the release of a chemical in

the event that its container breaks or ruptures.

Desiccators, plastic boxes, bottle-in-can are acceptable

secondary containment.

Storage areas must be labeled Danger--Carcinogens

Stored Here.


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Housekeeping and maintenance

Keep all work surfaces and equipment clean.

Dry sweeping or compressed air cleaning of floors or work

surfaces is prohibited.

Dry cleaning of surfaces and equipment must be done by

vacuum systems with high-efficiency filters.

All contaminated floor sweepings, debris (paper towels,

Kimwipes, plasticware), discarded filters from respirators

or vacuums must be bagged, properly labeled and sent out

for incineration.


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Regulated areas

Establish regulated or designated areas for the use of

carcinogens. (Required in Lab Standard.)

Locations where entry and exit or use of an area is

restricted to the use of carcinogens.

Only authorized persons trained in the use of the

carcinogens present may use these areas when such

materials are in use.

Regulated areas are usually under negative pressure (fume

hood) to contain carcinogens in the hood or room.


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Decontamination and emergency procedures

Safety shower and eyewash station nearby.

Special solutions or solvents on hand if required for

decontamination of skin, eyes.

Spill mixtures and cleanup materials for spills on hand.

All used spill cleanup materials must be treated as

hazardous waste.

Respirator may be needed for spill cleanup.

Any incidental spill may be cleaned up by the lab staff;

larger spills may require a emergency response (5-1111).

Fire extinguisher at hand as required. Training needed.

Written emergency response plan. Training required.


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Monitoring

If there is reason to believe that a PEL may be exceeded

then personal exposure monitoring is required. This may

be done by EH&S staff. Personnel monitoring with sample

pumps or badges.

Area monitoring may be required in some cases.

Medical monitoring may be required if it is anticipated that

PELs may be exceeded. Examination by a physician,

blood tests, etc.Required whenever there is a spill or otheremergency.

Results of monitoring must be supplied to the employee.

Records of exposures,. monitoring, and medical exams

must be kept for 30 years.


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Administrative controls

Material Safety Data Sheets and other information.

Training--all employees using carcinogens must be trained

in the recognition of the physical and health hazards

associated with the carcinogens they are working with,

methods to detect the presence or release of a carcinogen

and ways to protect themselves from exposure to the

carcinogens with which they are working.

Specialized training may be required for specificcarcinogens.

Written exposure control plans, if required.

Limitations on the duration of exposure.


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How do I dispose of waste carcinogens?

With very few exceptions (dilute formaldehyde solutions)

carcinogens may never be discharged to the sanitary sewer.

Carcinogens may never be disposed of in the ordinary

trash.

Waste bottles must be properly labeled, tightly capped at

all times (except when adding or removing waste) and they

must have secondary containment. See section 7.9-11 of

the CHP for waste bottle labeling instructions. CheckPoison on the waste label.

Dry wastes must be incinerated or shipped out as regulated

medical waste (chemotheraputic agents).


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How do I reduce my inventory and level of waste generation?

Plan the use of carcinogens carefully. Do not make more

stock solutions than are required.

Substitute less hazardous materials for carcinogens

whenever possible; toluene instead of benzene.

Purchase carcinogens in the smallest possible quantities.

Do not allow inventories to accumulate. Place no longer

needed materials in a recycling program or dispose of as

waste.

Detoxify carcinogens as part of your research protocols.

Formaldehyde is easily detoxified by NH4OH, for

example.


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The Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) relevant to safety

and health considerations need to be developed when

carcinogens are in use. An SOP may be developed for an

individual carcinogen, a process or a class of chemicals.

An SOP must contain the following: The name and

location of the chemical, purchasing and usage authoriza-

tion, training requirements, location of use, PPE required,

methods of waste disposal, decontamination, first aidmeasures, spill control, emergency phone numbers and any

other relevant information.

Employees must be trained in the content of the SOP.


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The End

There are old researchers and there are bold

researchers, but there are no old, bold

researchers!Anon.

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