Chemical Equilibrium Theory_E

8/12/2019 Chemical Equilibrium Theory_E

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"idk`sbauidrpbys`js.`k" 4

JBEI@Z]XP

Jbei`jdc Equ`c`hrùi@ktrlmujt`lk >

Equ`c`hrùi `s d stdte `k wb`jb tbere dre kl lhservdhce jbdkoes ds tìe oles hy. _bek d jbei`jdc redjt`lk

bds redjbem tbe equ`c hrùi stdte, tbe jlkjektrdt`lks lg redjtdkts dkm prlmujts reid`k jlkstdkt lver tìe

dkm tbere dre kl v`s`hce jbdkoes `k tbe systei. Blwever, tbere `s iujb djt`v`ty dt tbe ilcejucdr cevec

hejduse redjtdkt ilcejuces jlkt`kue tl grli prlmujt ilcejuces wb`ce prlmujt ilcejuces redjt tl yècm

redjtdkt ilcejuces. ]b`s mykdi j s tudt`lk `s tbe suhnejt lg tb`s jbdpter. Bere we w cc m`sjuss m ggerekt typeslg equ`c hrùi redjt`lks, tbe iedk`ko lg tbe equ`c hr ui jlkstdkt dkm `ts recdt`lksb`p tl tbe rdte jlkstdkt dkm

gdjtlrs tbdt jdk m`srupt d systei dt equ`c`hrùi.

]ypes lg jbei`jdc redjt`lks

]ypes lg jbei`jdc redjt`lks

@rrevers`hce redjt`lk Xevers`hce redjt`lk

4 ]be redjt lk wb`jb prljeems `k lke m rejt lk (glrwdrm

m`rejt`lk) lkcy.

4 ]be redjt`lk wb`jb prljeem `k hltb tbe m`rejt`lk ukmer tbe sdie

set lg experìektdc jlkm`t`lks.8 Xedjtdkts dre dcilst jlipcetecy jlkvertem `ktl prlmujts.

Vrlmujts ml klt redjt tl glri redjtdkts dod`k.

8 Xedjtdkts glri prlmujts dkm prlmujts dcsl redjt tl glri redjtdkts

`k hdjawdrm m`rejt`lk. ]bese dre plss`hce `k jclsem vessecs .

: M l klt dttd`k equ`c`hrùi stdte. : Dttd`k tbe equ`c`hrùi stdte dkm kever ol tl jlipcet`lk.

= Zujb redjt`lks dre represektem hy s`koce drrlw {} = Xepresektem hy mluhce drrlw ( ) lr5 Exdipces 5 Exdipces >

(d) Vrej`p`tdt lk redjt`lks e.o.

KdJc(dq) + DoKL:(dq)KdKL:(dq) + DoJc(d) Bliloekelus redjt`lks- lkcy lke pbdse `s presekt

(h) Keutrdc`zdt`lk redjt`lks e.o

BJc(dq) + KdLB(dq) KdJc(dq) + B8L

(j) 8AJcL: (s) 8AJc(s) + :L8(o)

(m) Xedjt lks `k lpek vessec >

Evek d revers hce redjt lk w`cc hejlie `rrevers`hce `g `t `s

jdrrèm lut `k lpek vessec. Ex.

JdJL:(s) JdL(s) + JL8(o)

KB=BZ(s) KB:(o) + B8Z(o) (h)

( )

(`) Odselus pbdse

B8(o) + @8(o) 8B@(o)

K8(o) + L8(o) 8KL(o) QH`racdkm eyme prljess (BKL:)Y

K8(o) + :B8(o) 8KB:(o) (Bdhers prljess)

(``) C`qu`m pbdse

JB:JLLB(c) + J8B5LB(c) JB:JLLJ8B5(c)+ B8L(c)

Beterloekelus redjt`lks Ilre tbdk lke pbdses dre presekt

JdJL:(s) JdL(s) + JL8(o)

KB=BZ(s) KB:(o) + B8Z(o) Jclsem

vessec

Lpek

vessec

Ztdte lg Jbei`jdc equ`c`hrùi >

Ztdte lg equ`c hrùi iedks tbe hdcdkje lg mr v`ko glrjes `.e. tbe gdjtlrs tda`ko tbe redjt lk `k glrwdrm m`rejt lk

dkm tbe hdjawlrm m`rejt lk dre hdcdkj`ko edjb ltber.

]be equ`c`hrùi stdte represekts d jliprli`se hetweek twl lppls`ko tekmekjès.

]ekmekjy tl i`kì`se ekeroy. Ilcejuces try tl idxì`se ektrlpy.


2/24


JBEI@Z]XP

@k d revers`hce redjt`lk càe

tstdkdjXe

84 XX lmujtsVr

84 VV

@k`t`dccy lkcy redjtdkts dre presekt. X4dkm X

8jlih`ke tl glri V

4dkm V

8. Ds sllk ds V

4dkm V

8dre glriem,

tbey stdrt tbe hdjawdrm redjt lk. Ds jlkjektrdt`lks lg X4

dkm X8

mejredse rdte lg glrwdrm redjt`lk mejredses

dkm rdte lg hdjawdrm redjt`lk `kjredses. Uct idtecy d stdoe `s redjbem wbek hltb tbe rdtes hejlie equdc.

Zujb d stdte `s aklwk ds Jbei`jdc Equ`c hrùi lr stdte lg Equ`c`hr ui.

Dt equ`c`hrùi >

(`) Xdte lg glrwdrm redjt lk (rg) 9 rdte lg hdjawdrm redjt`lk (r

h) (mykdi`j kdture)

(``) Dcc iedsurdhce pdrdieters hejlie jlkstdkt w`tb respejt tl tìe.

]ypes lg equ`c`hr`d lk tbe hds`s lg prljess

]ypes lg equ`c`hr`d lk hds`s lg pbys`jdc stdte

Bliloekelus equ`c hrùi Beterloekelus equ`c`hrùi

_ bek dcc redjtdkts dkm prlmujts _ bek ilre tbdk lke pbdse dre

dre `k sdie pbdse presekt

B8(o) + Jc

8(o) 8BJc(o) :Ge(s) + =B

8L(o) Ge

:L

=(s) + =B

8(o)

ZL8(o) + KL8(o) ZL:(o) + KL(o) 8Kd8L8(s) + 8B8L() =KdLB + L8(o)


3/24

"idk`sbauidrpbys`js.`k" :

JBEI@Z]XP

Jbdrdjter`st`js lg jbei`jdc equ`c`hrùi >

]be kdture dkm tbe prlpertès lg tbe equ c`hrùi stdte dre tbe sdie reodrmcess lg tbe m rejt lk grliwb`jb `t `s djbèvem. @t jdk he djbèvem `k hltb m`rejt`lks.

Equ`c`hrùi `s mykdi`j `k kdture.@t iedks tbdt dt i`jrlsjlp`j cevec redjt`lk bds klt stlppem. @t dppedrs tbdt kl jbdkoe `s ljjur`ko

hut Hut hltb tbe lppls`ko redjt lks dre prljeem`ko dt tbe sdie rdte. Zl tbere `s kl ket jbdkoe.]bus

equ`c`hrùi `s klt stdt`j `k kdture.

D jdtdcyst jdk dcter tbe rdte lg dpprldjb lg equ`c`hrùi hut mles klt jbdkoe tbe stdte lg equ`c`hrùi.Hy us`ko jdtdcyst, tbe equ`c`hrùi jdk he djbèvem `k m`ggerekt (ilre/cess) tìe, hut tbe recdt`ve

jlkjektrdt`lks lg redjtdkts dkm prlmujts dre sdie `rrespejt`ve lg tbe presekje lr dhsekje lg d

jdtdcyst.

Equ`c hrùi jdk he lhservem hy jlkstdkjy lg slie lhservdhce prlpert es càe jlclur, pressure,jlkjektrdt`lk, meks`ty, teiperdture, regrdjt ve `kmex etj.wb`jb idy he su tdhce `k d o`vek redjt`lk.

Dt equ`c`hrùi, gree ekeroy jbdkoeO 9 6 Equ`c`hrùi stdte jdk he dggejtem hy dcter`ko gdjtlrs càe pressure, vlcuie, jlkjektrdt`lk dkm

teiperdture etj.(Ce jbdtecèrs Vr`kj`pce).

Zystei ilves tlwdrm dk equ`c`hrùi stdte splktdkeluscy evek `g `t `s m`sturhem. @t w`cc returk tllrò`kdc stdte.

Exdipce-4 (4) Jlks`mer tbe glcclw`ko jdses

()8B@

B +8 8@

Equ`c`hrùi stdte bdsheek dttd`kem

()

] ;] ;] ;]4 : =8

]eiperdtures hejliesjlkstdkt

GurkdjeIetdc Xlm

)

B8L( )c

Cevec lg wdterhejliesjlkstdkt

]be kdture lg gclw lg ekeroy `k jdse () `s sdie ds tbdt `k(D) (H) (J) dkm (M) Klke

Zlcut `lk (M) Klke, Hejduse `k dkm, tbe gclw lg ekeroy lr idtter `s tda`ko pcdje lkcy `k lke m`rejt`lk._b`ce `k equ`c`hrùi stdte, tbe gclw lg ekeroy tdaes pcdje `k hltb m`rejt`lks equdccy. ]bus ( ) `s dmykdi`j equ`c`hrùi wb`ce stdtes `k dkm dre jdccem stedmy stdte (stdt`j equ`c`hrùi).

Cdw lg idss djt`lk >QHy Oucmhero dkm _ddoeY

Xdte dt wb`jb d suhstdkje redjts QDjt`ve Idss lg tbe suhstdkjeYDjt`ve Idss 9 Ilcdr jlkjektrdt`lk `.e. Ilces/C`tres

9)C`tre.(Wlc.wtIlcdr

)ordi(jetdksuhslg_t

@t `s represektem `k squdre hrdjaets `.e. Q Y e.o. QDY, QK8Y etj.

Klte > Djt`ve idsses dre mìeks`lkcess qudkt`tès hut glr lur purplses we oekerdccy tdae tbei w`tb

mìeks`lks lg ilcdr`ty, pdrt`jdc pressure, etj.

]be rdte lg d jbei`jdc redjt`lk dt d pdrt jucdr teiperdture `s prlplrt`lkdc tl tbe prlmujt lg djt`ve idsses lg

redjtdkts rd`sem tl tbe plwers lg tbe`r stl`jb`lietr`j jlegg`jèkts.

Ex. dD + hHprlmujts

Xdte lg redjt`lkQDYd QHYh

Xdte 9 a QDYd QHYh,

wbere a `s tbe rdte jlkstdkt lg tbe redjt`lk.


4/24

"idk`sbauidrpbys`js.`k" =

JBEI@Z]XP

Exdipce-8 Glur vessec edjb lg vlcuie W 9 46 C`cres jlktd`ks

(D) 47 o JB=

(H) 42 o B8L (J) :5.5 o Jc

8 (M) == o JL

8

G`km tbe djt`ve idsses `k dcc tbe jlktd`kers.

Zlcut `lk (D) Q JB=Y 9 464747

9 6.4 I (H) QB8LY 9 4642

42

9 6.4 I

(J) QJc8Y 9 46?45.:5

9 6.65 I (M) QJL8Y 9 46==

==

9 6.4 I

Equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt (A) >Glr d oekerdc redjt`lk

dD + hH jJ + mM,

Glrwdrm redjt lk rdte rg9 a

gQDYd QHYh ,

Hdjawdrm redjt lk rdte rh9 a

hQJYjQMYm ,

Dt equ`c`hrùi rg9 r

h

ag QDYd

eq QHYh

eq9 a

h QJYj

eq QMYm

eq

]be jlkjektrdt`lks lg redjtdkts & prlmujts dt equ c`hrùi dre recdtem hy

h

g

a

a9 A

J 9 h

eqdeq

meq

jeq

YHQYDQ

YMQYJQ

Aj`s d jlkstdkt dkm `s jdccem tbeequ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt `k teris lg jlkjektrdt`lk.

wbere dcc tbe jlkjektrdt`lks dre dt equ`c`hrùi dkm dre expressem `k ilces/c`tre.

e.o. VJc5(o) VJc

:(o) + Jc

8(o) A

J9

eq5

eq8eq:

YVJcQ

YJcQYVJcQ

e.o. K8(o) + :B8(o) 8KB:(o) AJ 9 :eq88

8eq:

YBQYKQ

YKBQ

e.o.8

4B8(o) + 8

4@8(o) B@(o) Aj 9 8/4

eq88/4

eq8

eq

YQYBQ

Y'BQ

Exdipce-: @k d redjt`lk D (o) + H (o) J (o)+ M(o) , D, H, dre i`xem k d vessec dt teiperdture ]. ]be k`t dc

jlkjektrdt`lk lg D wds tw`je tbe `k`t`dc jlkjektrdt`lk lg H. Dgter tbe equ`c`hrùi `s redjbem,

jlkjektrdt`lk lg J wds tbr`je tbe jlkjektrdt`lk lg H Jdcjucdte AJ

.

Zlcut `lk Cet jlkjektrdt`lk lg H `k`t`dccy `s d ilce/c`tre

D + H J + M k 9 6

dt t 9 6 8d d 6 6dt t 9 t

eq 8d x d x x x

O`vek tbdt

x 9 : (d x) x 9=

:d A

J9

eqeq

eqeq

YHQYDQ

YMQYJQ

Aj9

)xd)(xd8(

x.x

Aj 9

=

d:d

=

d:d8

=

d: 8

Aj9

5

09 4.2


5/24


JBEI@Z]XP

AV Equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt `k teris lg pdrt`dc pressure.@t `s meg`kem glr tbe equ`c`hrùi redjt`lk wb`jb

jlktd`ks dt cedst lke odselus jliplkekt.

e.o. dD(o) + hH(o) jJ(o) + mM(o)

AV

9 heqH

deqD

meqM

jeqJ

YVQYVQ

YVQYVQ

wbere vdr lus pressures dre tbe pdrt`dc pressures lg vdr lus odses suhstdkjs.

Exdipce-= Jdcjucdte tbe express`lk glr Aj dkm Ap `g `k`t`dccy d ilces lg K8dkm h ilces lg B8 `s tdaek glr

tbe glcclw`ko redjt`lk.

K8(o) + :B8(o) 8KB:(o) (k 3 6) (V, ], W o`vek)

Zlcu t `lk K8 (o) + :B8(o) 8KB:(o) (k 3 6) (V, ], W o`vek)Dt t 9 6 d h 6

t 9 t eq (d x) (h :x) 8x

QK8Y 9 W

xd, QB8Y 9 W

x:h , QKB:Y 9 W

x8

AJ 9 :

8

W

x:h

W

xd

W

x8

9 :

88

)x:h)(xd(

Wx=

]ltdc kl. lg ilces dt equ`c`hrùi 9 d + h 8x

YVQ8K 9 x8hd

)xd(

. V,, YVQ8B 9 x8hd

)x:h(

. V,, YVQ:KB 9 x8hd

V).x8(

AV 9 :BK

8KB

YVYQVQ

YVQ

88

:9

:

8

x8hdV)x:h(V.

x8hdxd

V.x8hd

x8

AV 9

=

:=

8

88

)x8hd(

)x:h)(xd(.V

)x8hd(

V.x=

9 :8

88

)x:h)(xd(V

x=.)x8hd(

Xecdt lk hetweek Ap

& AJ

VW 9 kX] lr, V 9W

kX]

V 9JX] wbere J 9v

k9 (ilces per c`tre)

VJ 9 Q JY X] 1 VM9 QMY X] 1 VD 9 QDY X] 1 VH 9 QHY X]

AV9 hhdd

mmjj

)X](YHQ)X](YDQ

)X](YMQ)X](YJQ9 hd

mj

YHQYDQ

YMQYJQ(X])(j+m) (d+h)

Ap9 Aj(X])k


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7/24

"idk`sbauidrpbys`js.`k" ?

JBEI@Z]XP

Dppc`jdt`lks lg Equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt >

Vrem`jt`ko tbe m`rejt`lk lg tbe redjt`lkXedjt`lk Tult ekt (T)

Dt edjb pl`kt `k d redjt lk, we jdk wr`te d rdt`l lg jlkjektrdt`lk teris bdv`ko tbe sdie glri ds tbe equ`c hrùi

jlkstdkt express`lk. ]b`s rdt`l `s jdccem tbe redjt`lk qultèkt mekltem hy syihlc T.

@t becps `k prem`jt`ko tbe m`rejt`lk lg d redjt`lk.

]be express`lk T 9 hd

mj

YHQYDQ

YMQYJQdt dky tìe mur ko redjt`lk `s jdccem redjt`lk qultèkt.]be jlkjektrdt`lks

QJY , QMY , QDY, QHY dre klt kejessdr`cy dt equ`c`hrùi.

]be redjt`lk qultèkt `s d vdr`dhce qudkt`ty w`tb tìe. @t becps `k prem`jt`ko tbe m`rejt`lk lg d redjt`lk.

`g T ; Ajredjt`lk w`cc prljeem `k hdjawdrm m`rejt`lk ukt`c equ`c`hrùi `k redjbem.

`g T 3 Ajredjt`lk w`cc prljeem `k glrwdrm m`rejt`lk ukt`c equ`c`hrùi `s estdhc`sbem.

`g T 9 AjXedjt`lk `s dt equ`c`hrùi.

eo. 8D(o) + H(o) J(o) + M(o)

TJ

9 Xedjt`lk qultèkt `k teris lg jlkjektrdt`lk

TJ

9YHQYDQ

YMYQJQ8

AJ

9eq

8eq

eqeq

YHQYDQ

YMQYJQQBere dcc tbe jlkj. dre dt equ`c`hrùiY

Exdipce-7 Glr tbe redjt`lk KLHr (o) KL(o) +8

4Hr

8(o)

AV

9 6.45 dti dt 06J. @g KLHr, KL dkm Hr8dre i`xem dt tb`s teiperdture bdv`ko pdrt`dc pressures

6.5 dti, 6.= dti dkm 6.8 dti respejt`vecy, w`cc Hr8he jlksuiem lr glriem

Equ c`hrùi jlkstdkt mles klt mepekm uplk jlkjektrdt`lk lg vdr lus redjtdkts, presekje lg jdtdcyst,m`rejt`lk grli wb`jb equ`c hrùi `s redjbem

]be equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt mles klt o`ve dky `med dhlut tìe tdaek tl dttd`k equ`c`hrùi.


9/24


JBEI@Z]XP

A mepekms lk tbe stl`jb`lietry lg tbe redjt`lk. @g twl jbei`jdc redjt`lks dt equ`c`hrùi bdv`ko equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkts A

4dkm A

8dre dmmem

tbek tbe resuct`ko equdt`lk bds equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt A 9 A4. A

8

Equdt lk jlkstdkt

D (o) H(o) A4

H (o) J(o) A8

Lk dmm`ko D(o) J(o) A 9 A4

. A8

@g tberedjt lk bdv`ko eq.jlkstdkt A4

`s reversem tbek resuct`ko equdt lk bds eq. jlkstdkt4A

4

D(o) + H(o) J(o) + M(o)

Lk revers`ko, J(o) + M(o) D(o) + H(o) A 94A

4

@g d jbei`jdc redjt`lk bdv`ko equ`c hrùi jlkstdkt A4

`s iuct`pcèm hy d gdjtlr k tbek tbe

resuct`ko equdt`lk bds equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt A 9 (A4)k , k jdk he grdjt`lk

eo. M8(o) 8D(o) A

4

Iuct`pcy`ko hy

8

4,

8

4M

8(o) D(o) A 9 (A

4)4/8 9 4A

Exdipce-0 ]be vdcue lg Aj

glr tbe redjt`lk, K8(o) + 8L

8(o) 8KL

8(o) dt d jertd`k teiperdture `s =66. jdcjudcte

tbe vdcue lg equ`c hr ui jlkstdkt glr.

(`) 8KL8(o) K

8( o ) + 8 L

8(o) 1 (``) 4/8 K

8( o ) + L

8(o) KL

8(o)

Zlcut `lk Equ`c hrùi jlkstdkt (Aj) glr tbe redjt`lk K

8(o)+ 8L

8(o) 8KL

8(o) `s

Aj9 8

88

88

YLYQKQ

YKLQ9 =66

(`) Glr tbe redjt`lk 8KL8(o) K

8(o)+ 8L

8(o) , A

J9 8

8

888

YKLQ

YLYQKQ9

jA

4

Aj

9=66

49 6.6685 ilce c`tre4

(` ) Glr tbe redjt`lk 4/8 K8( o ) + L

8(o) KL

8(o)

Aj9

YLQYKQ

YKLQ

88/4

8

89 jA Aj9 =66 9 86 c`tre

4/8 ilce4/8

Equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt `s mepekmekt lkcy lk tbe teiperdture.@t iedks A

pdkm A

jw cc reid`k jlkstdkt dt jlkstdkt teiperdture kl idtter blw iujb jbdkoes dre

idme `k pressure, jlkjektrdt`lk, vlcuie lr jdtdcyst.

Blwever `g teiperdture `s jbdkoem,

clo4

8

a

a9

X:6:.8

B

84 ]

4

]

41B 9 Ektbdcpy lg redjt`lk

@g ]8

; ]4

tbek A8

; A4

prlv`mem B 9 +ve (ekmltberi`j redjt`lk)A

83 A

4`gB 9 ve (exltberi`j redjt`lk)

@k tbe dhlve equdt`lk, tbe uk`t lg X dkm B/] sblucm he sdie.

Xecdt`lk hetweek equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt & stdkmdrm gree ekeroy jbdkoe.O 9 8.:6: X] clo A_bere O 9 stdkmdrm gree ekeroy jbdkoe

] 9 Dhslcute teiperdture,

X 9 uk`versdc ods jlkstdkt.


10/24


JBEI@Z]XP

Exdipce-46 Grli tbe glcclw`ko mdtd >

(`) B8

(o) + JL8

(o) B8

L(o) + JL(o)

A8666A

9 =.=

(``) 8B8

L(o) 8B8

(o) + L8

(o)

A8666A

9 5.:4 x 4646

(```) 8JL(o) + L8(o) 8JL8(o)A

4666A9 8.8= x 4688

Ztdte wbetber tbe redjt`lk (```) `s exltberi`j lr ekmltberi`j Glridt`lk lg etbyc djetdte >

]be redjt`lk hetweek dcjlblc dkm dj`m tl glri ester `s dk exdipce lg bliloekelus equ`c`hrùi `k c`qu`m

systei.

JB:JLLB(c) + J

8B

5LB(c) JB

:JLLJ

8B

5(c) + B

8L(c)

AJ

9YLBBJYQJLLBJBQ

YLBYQBJLLJJBQ

58:

858:

Exdipce-44 @k dk experìekt stdrt`ko w`tb 4 ilce lg etbyc dcjlblc, 4 ilce lg djet`j dj`m dkm 4 ilce lg wdter dt

]6J, tbe equ`c`hrùi i`xture lk dkdcys`s sblws tbdt 5=.:% lg tbe dj`m `s estergèm. Jdcjucdte tbe

equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt lg tb`s redjt`lk.

Zlcut `lk JB:JLLB(c) + J

8B

5LB(c) JB

:JLLJ

8B

5(c) + B

8L(c)

@k`t`dc 4 4 6 4

Dt equ`c`hrùi 4 x 4 x x 4 + x

4 6.5=: 4 6.5=: 6.5=: 4 + 6.5=:

(5=.:% lg 4 ilce 9466

:.5=x49 6.5=: ilce)

Bekje o`vek x 9 6.5=: ilce

Dppcy`ko cdw lg idss djt`lk >

AJ

9YdcjlblcYQdj`mQ

YwdterYQesterQ9

=5?.6=5?.6

5=:.45=:.6

9 =.6

ETUD]@LK @KWLCW@KO @LKZ >

Equ c`hrùi `kvlcv`ko `lks dcwdys tdae pcdje `k dqulus iemùi . @k jdse lg express`lk lg AJ

jlkjektrdt`lk lg

`lk `s tdaek.

Ex. Do+(dq.) + Jc(dq.) DoJc(s) Aj

9YJcYQDoQ

4


11/24


JBEI@Z]XP

Beterloeklus Equ`c`hr`ui >

Glr pure slc`m dkm pure c`qu`m, djt`ve idss `s tdaek tl he uk`ty `.e. 4 ds tbey reid`k jlkstdkt

tbrluoblut tbe redjt`lk

JdJL:(s) JdL (s) + JL

8(o)

AV

9 (8JL

V )eq

, AJ

9 QJL8

(o)Yeq

QJdJL:

(s)Y 9vlcuieilces 9

W

I_

:

:

JdJL

JdJL 9:JdJL

:I

JdJLmeks`ty9 jlkstdkt

A 9eq:

eq8eq

)Ys(JdJLQ

)Yo(JLQ)Ys(JdLQ

eq

eq:

)Ys(JdLQ

)Ys(JdJL.QA9 QJL

8(o)Y

eq

AJ

9 QJL8

(o)Yeq

B8L() B8L(o)eqA

V9 ( )o(LB8V )eq, AJ 9 QB8L (o)Yeq

QGlr pure slc`m dkm pure c`qu`m djt`ve idss `s tdaek ds uk`ty `.e. 9 4Y

Exdipce-48 @k d redjt`lkJ(s) + JL8

(o) 8JL(o), tbe equ c hr ui pressure`s 48dti. @g 56% lg tbe JL8

redjts

dt equ c`hr`ui jdcjucdte AV.

Zlcut `lk J(s) + JL8

(o) 8JL(o)

t 9 6 d 6

t 9 teq d 8

d

8

d

8

Veq

9 48 dti

8JLR 9

:

4, JLR 9 :

8

8JLV 9

:

4 48 9 =

JLV 9 :

8 48 9 2

AV

9=

22 9 47

Meoree lg M`sslj`dt`lk >@t `s tbe grdjt`lk lg lke ilce m`sslj`dtem `ktl tbe prlmujts.

(Meg`kem glr lke ilce lg suhstdkje)

Zl, 9 kl. lg ilces m`sslj`dtem / `k`t dc kl. lg ilces tdaek9 grdjt`lk lg ilces m`sslj`dtem lut lg 4 ilce.

Klte > % m`sslj`dt`lk 9 x 466

Zupplse 5 ilces lg VJc5`s tdaek dkm `g 8 ilces lg VJc5m`sslj`dtem tbek9 58

9 6.=

Cet d ods Dkm`sslj`dtes tl o ve k ilces lg D ds glcclws-


12/24


JBEI@Z]XP

Dk(o) k D (o)

t 9 6 d 6

t 9 teq

d x k.x 9d

x x 9 d.

d d9 d(4-) k d]ltdc kl. lg ilces 9 d d + k d

9 Q4 + (k 4) Y d

Zòk`g`jdkje lg k

k 9tstdkredjlgtjlegg`jèklgsui

prlmujtlgtjlegg`jèktr`jstl`jb`lielgsui

(`) glr VJc5(o) VJc

:(o) + Jc

8(o) (k 9 8)

(``) glr 8KB:(o) K

8(o)+:B

8(o) (k 9

8

:+

8

49 8)

(```) glr 8B@(o) B8(o) +

8(o) (k 9 4)

Exdipce-4: Jdcjucdte tbe meoree lg m`sslj`dt`lk dkm Apglr tbe glcclw`ko redjt`lk.VJc

5(o) VJc

:(o) + Jc

8(o)

t 9 6 d 6 6

t 9 t d x x x

Z`kje glr d ilce, x ilces dre m`sslj`dtem

Zlcu t `lk Glr 4 ilce,d

xilces 9 dre m`sslj`dtem

x 9 dVJc

5(o) VJc

:(o) + Jc

8(o)

Dt t 9 teq d d d d]ltdc kl. lg ilces dt equ`c`hrùi 9 d + d 9 d (4 +)

5VJcV 9

)4(d

V)4(d

,:VJc

V 9 4d

V.d,

8JcV 9

)4(d

d

.V

AV

9V

4

4

4

V 8

AV

9 8

8

4

V.

(Xeieiher)

Lhservem ilcejucdr weòbt dkm Lhservem Wdplur Meks`ty lg tbe i`xture

Lhservem ilcejucdr weòbt lg Dk

(o) 9iequ`c`hrùdtilceslg.kltltdc

)o(Dlgweòbtilcejucdr k

9))4k(4(d

I.d tb

Ilhs 9 Y)4k(4Q

Itb

wbere Itb

9 tbelr`t`jdc ilcejucdr weòbt (k 9 dtli`j`ty)

Ii`xture

9Y)4k(4Q

IkD

,

kDI 9 Ilcdr idss lg ods DD

k

Wdplur meks`ty (W.M). > Meks`ty lg tbe ods m`v`mem hy meks`ty lg bymrloek ukmer sdie teip &

pressure `s jdccem vdplur meks ty.


13/24

"idk`sbauidrpbys`js.`k" 4:

JBEI@Z]XP

M 9 vdplur meks`ty w`tblut m`sslj`dt`lk 98

IkD

m 9 vdplur meks`ty lg i`xture 9 lhservem v.m. 98

Ii`x

m

M9 4 + (k 4)

6

l]

I)4k(

II

m)4k(

mM

wbere I]

9 ]belr`t jdc ilcejucdr wt. I6

9 lhservem ilcejucdr wt. lr ilcejucdr wt. lg tbe i`xture dt equ`c hrùi.

Klte > @t `s klt dppc jdhce glr k 9 4 eo. M`sslj`dt`lk lg B@ & KL (ds tbe tltdc kuiher lg mlkt jbdkoe mur`ko

tbe m`sslj`dt`lk.)

Exdipce-4= ]be vdplur meks`ty lg d i`xture jlktd`k`ko KL8

dkm K8

L=

`s :2.: dt ::J jdcjucdte tbe kl. lg

ilces lg KL8

`g 466o lg K8

L=

were tdaek `k`t`dccy.

Zlcut`lk K8

L=

(o) 8KL8

(o)

Ii`x

9 8 x :2.: 9 ?7.7

Ii`x

94

Itb9

408

9 6.8

K8L

= 8KL

8

t 9 6 d 6

t 9 t d d 8d

kl. lg ilces lg KL8

9 8d908

8.64668 9 6.=:5

Exterkdc gdjtlrs dggejt ko equ`c`hrùi >

Ce Jbdtec er's Vr`kj`pce>

@g d jbdkoe `s dppcèm tl tbe systei dt equ`c`hrùi, tbek equ`c`hrùi w`cc he sb`gtem `k tbdt m`rejt`lk `k

wb`jb `t jdk i`kì`se tbe eggejt lg jbdkoe dppcèm dkm tbe equ`c`hrùi `s estdhc`sbem dod`k ukmer kew

jlkm`t`lks.

Eggejt lg jlkjektrdt`lk > @g tbe jlkjektrdt`lk lg d jliplkekt `s `kjredsem, redjt`lk sb gts `k d m`rejt`lk wb`jbtekms tl mejredse `ts jlkjektrdt lk. e.o. @k tbe glcclw`ko exdipce.

K8

(o) + :B8

(o) 8KB:(o)

QredjtdktY Glrwdrm sb`gt

QVrlmujtY Hdjawdrm sb`gt

@g jlkjektrdt`lk lg redjtdkt `s `kjredsem dt equ`c hrùi tbek redjt`lk sb`gts `k tbe glrwdrm m`rejt lk .

@g jlkjektrdt`lk lg prlmujt `s `kjredsem tbek redjt`lk sb`gts `k tbe hdjawdrm m`rejt`lk

Klte > ]be dmm t`lk lg dky slc m jliplkekt mles klt dggejt tbe equ`c hrùi.

Eggej t lg vlcuie > @g vlcuie `s `kjredsem, pressure mejredses bekje redjt lk w cc sb gt `k tbe m rejt`lk `k wb`jb pressure

`kjredses tbdt `s `k tbe m`rejt`lk `k wb`jb kuiher lg ilces lg odses `kjredses dkm v`je versd.

@g vlcuie `s kjredsemtbek, glr

ko

; 6 redjt`lk w cc sb`gt `k tbe glrwdrm m rejt`lk

ko

3 6 redjt`lk w`cc sb`gt `k tbe hdjawdrm m`rejt`lk

ko 9 6 redjt`lk w`cc klt sb`gt. eo. B8(o) + @8(o) 8B@(o) (Kl eggejt)


14/24

"idk`sbauidrpbys`js.`k" 4=

JBEI@Z]XP

Expcdkdt`lk >

(`) ko

; 6, eo. VJc5

(o) VJc:

(o) + Jc8

(o)

TJ

9

W

)k(W

)k(

W

)k(

5

:8

VJc

VJcJc T

J W4

glr ko

; 6 Q() 9 ilcesY

Lk `kjerds`ko W, TJ

, mejredses.

Klw, glr TJ

3 AJ

redjt`lk w`cc sb`gt `k glrwdrm m`rejt`lk.

]bus, `g, Wlcuie TJ (Glrwdrm sb`gt)t)

Wlcuie TJ (Hdjawdrm sb`gt)t)

(``) ko

3 6, eo. K8

(o) + :B8

(o) 8KB:

(o)

TJ

9 :BK

8

KB

W

)k(

W

)k(

W

)k(

88

:

TJ W

8 glr ko

3 6

W TJ (Hdjawdrm sb`gt) 1 W TJ (Glrwdrm sb`gt)

Eggejt lg pressure >Lk `kjreds`ko pressure, equ`c hrùi w cc sb gt `k tbe m`rejt`lk `k wb jb pressure mejredses `.e. kl. lg ilces `k tbe

redjt lk mejredses dkm v`je versd.

V kl. lg ilces

(`) Glr ko

9 6 Kl. eggejts

(``) Glr ko

; 6, VJc5

(o) VJc:

(o) + Jc8

(o)

Tp9 )V.R(

)VR().VR(

5

8:

VJc

JcVJc

TV V Q( ) 9 ilce grdjt`lkY

V 1 TV 1 (Glrwdrm sb`gt)

V 1 TV 1 (Hdjawdrm sb`gt)

(```) Glr k 3 6, eo. K8

(o) + :B8

(o) 8KB:(o)

TV

9

:BK

8KB

YV)RYQ(V).RQ(

)V)R(

88

: TV 8V

4

V1 TV 1 (Glrwdrm sb`gt) 1 V1 T

V1 (Hdjawdrm sb`gt)

Eggejt lg jdtdcyst >Mue tl jdtdcyst, tbe stdte lg equ c`hrùi `s klt dggejtem `.e. kl sb`gt w cc ljjur ds jdtdcyst clwers tbe djt`vdt`lk

ekeroy lg hltb tbe glrwdrm & reverse redjt`lk hy sdie dilukt, tbus dcter`ko tbe glrwdrm & reverse rdte

equdccy dkm bekje, tbe equ`c`hrùi w`cc he dttd`kem gdster `.e tìe tdaek tl redjb tbe equ`c`hrùi `s cess.

Eggejt lg `kert ods dmm`t`lk > ` Dt jlkstdkt vl cuie >

@kert ods dmm`t`lk bds kl eggejt dt jlkstdkt vlcuie

` ` Dt jlkstdkt pressure >@g `kert ods `s dmmem tbek tl id`ktd`k tbe pressure jlkstdkt, vlcuie `s `kjredsem. Bekje equ c`hrùi

w`cc sb`gt `k tbe m`rejt`lk `k wb`jb cdroer kl. lg ilces lg ods `s glriem

(`) ko

; 6, redjt`lk w`cc sb`gt `k tbe glrwdrmm`rejt`lk

(``) ko

3 6, redjt`lk w cc sb`gt k tbe hdjawdrm m rejt`lk

(```) ko

9 6, kl eggejt


15/24


JBEI@Z]XP

ggejt lg teiperd ture(`) Exltberi`j redjt`lk >]be redjt`lk `k wb`jb bedt `s evlcvem

D(o) + H(o) J(o) + M(o) + Bedt B 9 ve

eo. K8

(o) + :B8

(o) 8KB:

(o) + Bedt

] A' w`cc mejredse

clo 8

4

A

A

9

48 ]

4

]

4

X:6:.8

B

(grli vdkt blgg equdt`lk)

clo8

4

A

A3 6 clo A

4 clo A

8; 6

clo A4

; clo A8

A4

; A8

Xedjt`lk w`cc sb`gt `k hdjawdrm m`rejt`lk.

] A w`cc `kjredses.

Xedjt`lk w`cc sb`gt `k glrwdrm m`rejt`lk.

(``) Ekmltberi`j redjt`lk >ekeroy jlksuiem.

D(o) + H(o) J(o) + M(o) Bedt B 9 + ve

] A Glrwdrm 1 ] A Hdjawdrm

Exdipce-45 ]be vlcuie lg d jclsem redjt`lk vessec `k wb`jb tbe equ c`hrùi.

8ZL8( o ) + L

8(o) 8ZL

:(o) `s bdcvem, Klw

(D) ]be rdtes lg glrwdrm dkm hdjawdrm redjt`lks w`cc reid`ks tbe sdie.

(H) ]be equ`c`hrùi w cc klt sb gt.

(J) tbe equ`c`hrùi w`cc sb`gt tl tbe ròbt.

(M) ]be rdte lg glrwdrm redjt`lk w cc hejlie mluhce tbdt lg reverse redjt`lk dkm tbe equ`c`hrùi w cc

sb`gt tl tbe ròbt.

Zlcut`lk (M)@k tbe redjt`lk

8ZL8( o ) + L8(o) 8ZL:(o)@k tb`s redjt`lk tbree ilces (lr vlcuies) lg redjtdkts dre jlkvertem `ktl twl ilces (lr vlcuies) lg

prlmujts `.e. tbere s d mejredses `k vlcuie dkm sl `g tbe vlcuie lg tbe redjt`lk vessec `s bdcvem

tbe equ`c`hrùi w cc he sb gtem tl tbe ròbt `.e. ilre prlmujt w cc he glriem dkm tbe rdte lg glrwdrm

redjt`lk w cc `kjerdses .e. mluhce tbdt lg reverse redjt`lk.

Dppc jdt`lk lg ce jbdtec ers pr`kj`pce > Vrdjt`jdc equ`c`hrùi s`tudt`lks >

Wdplur Vressure lg C`qu`m >@t `s tbe pressure exertem hy tbe vdplurs lver `ts c`qu`m wbek `t `s `k equ`c`hrùi w`tb tbe c`qu`m. Wdplur

pressure lg wdter `s dcsl jdccemdquelus teks`lk.

B8L () B

8L (o) 1 A

V9

LB8V 9 jlkstdkt dt g`xem teiperdture

Bekje W.V. lg c`qu`m `s `kmepekmekt lg pressure, vlcuie dkm jlkjektrdt`lk jbdkoe.

e.o. dt 85J, vdplur pressure lg wdter 8= ii lg Bo

Xecdt`ve Bui`m`ty 9.teiptbdtdtLBlgpressureWdplur

vdplursLBlgpressureVdrt`dc

8

8

Glridt`lk lg m`dilkm >J (ordpb`te) J (m`dilkm) Bedt1 B 9 + ve

Meks`ty Clw Meks`ty Bòb

Wlcuie Bòb Wlcuie Clw

Glridt lk lg m`dilkm `s gdvlurdhce dt bòb pressure dkm bòb teiperdture


16/24


JBEI@Z]XP

Iect`ko lg `je >B

8L (s) B

8L () 1 B 9 + ve

Meks`ty Clw Meks`ty Bòb

Wlcuie Bòb Wlcuie Clw

Iect`ko lg `je `s gdvlurdhce dt bòb teiperdture dkm bòb pressure.

Hl`c`ko lg wdter >B8L() B8L(o)

Meks`ty Bòb Meks`ty Clw

Wlcuie Clw Wlcuie Bòb

Lk `kjerds`ko pressure, equ c`hr ui w cc sb`gt `k tbe m`rejt`lk `k wb`jb vlcuie `s mejreds`ko `.e. hdjawdrm.

Bekje, lk `kjerds`ko pressure, tbe hl`c`ko pl`kt `kjredses.

Glridt`lk lg diilk`d hy Bdhers prljess >K

8( o ) + : B

8(o) 8KB

:(o) B 9 88.= Ajdc/ilc.

(`) ]be redjt`lk w`cc sb`gt `k tbe glrwdrm m`rejt`lk dt clw teiperdture, hut dt very clw teiperdture tbe rdte lg

redjt`lk hejlies very clw1 tbus ilmerdte teiperdture `s usem glr tb`s redjt`lk.

(` ) Dt bòb pressure, redjt`lk w cc sb gt `k glrwdrm m`rejt lk tl glri ilre prlmujt.

Idkugdjtur`ko lg ZL: hy jlktdjt prljess8ZL

8(o) + L

8(o) 8ZL

:(o) + =5.8 ajdc

Bòb pressure (4.5 tl 4.? dti), Clw teiperdture (566J), Bòber qukdt`ty lg ZL8dkm L

8dre gdvlurdhce

jlkm`t lks glr tbe glridt lk lg ZL:.

Idkugdjtur`ko lg KL hy H`raecdkmEyme prljessK

8(o) + L

8(o) 8 KL(o) =:.8 ajdc

Kl eggejt lk jbdkoe lg pressure

Bòb teiperdture (4866 J tl 8666 J), Bòb jlkjektrdt`lk lg K8

dkm L8

dre gdvlurdhce jlkm`t lk glr

tbe glridt`lk lg KL.

Exdipce -47 ]be equ c`hrùi jlkstdkt lg tbe redjt`lk dt 85JJuZL

=.5B

8L (s) JuZL

=.:B

8L(s) + 8B

8L(o)

`s 4.62= x 46= dti 8. G`km lut ukmer wbdt jlkm`t`lks lg recdt`ve bui`m`ty, JuZL=

.5B8

L w`cc stdrt

clls`ko `ts wdter lg jrystdcc`zdt`lk djjlrm`ko tl dhlve redjt`lk. (Wdplur pressure lg wdter dt

85J `s 8= ii lg Bo).

Zlcu t `lk AV

9 8LB8V sl LB8V 9 =4662=.4 9 4.6=4 x 468 dti 2 ii lg Bo

@g `k d rlli, pressure lg wdter `s oredter tbdk 2 ii lg Bo tbek JuZL=

.:B8

L w`cc dhslrh wdter

grli d`r dkm w`cc glri JuZL=

.5B8

L & w`cc aeep dhslrh`ko ukt`c pdrt`dc pressure lg B8

L hejlies

2 ii lg Bo.

@g LB8V 3 2 ii lg Bo tbek JuZL=.5B8L w`cc cllse wdter lg jrystdcc`zdt`lk dkm redjt`lk w`cc ilve

`k glrwdrm m`rejt`lk.

`.e. @g recdt`ve bui`m`ty 38=

23 ::.::%

tbek JuZL=

.5B8

L w`cc cllse wdter lg jrystdcc`zdt`lk.

]berilmykdi`js lg Equ`c`hrùi >

Glr d oekerdc redjt`lk, iD + kH pJ + qM, O `s o`vek hy-

O 9 O6 + 8.:6: X] clo46

T

wbere O 9 O`hh's Gree ekeroy jbdkoeO6 9 Ztdkmdrm O`hh's Gree ekeroy jbdkoeT 9 redjt`lk qultèkt

Z`kje, dt equc`hrùi, T 9 A


17/24

"idk`sbauidrpbys`js.`k" 4?

JBEI@Z]XP

Bere A `s tberilmykdi`j equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt repcdj`ko Aj

lr Ap

A 9 kH

iD

qM

pJ

)d()d(

)d()d(1 Bere d

Rmekltes tbe djt`v`ty lg R.

@k gdjt, dx `s tbe rdt`l lg tbe djt`v`ty lg suhstdkje dt equ`c`hrùi dkm `ts djt`v`ty `k stdkmdrm jlkm`t`lk.

]bdt `s wby `t `s uk`tcess dkm A `s dcsl uk`tcess.

Klte > (`) ]beilmykdi`j equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt `s uk`tcess s`kje djt`v`ty `s uk`tcess.

(``) Glr pure slc`ms & pure c`qu`ms, djt`v`ty `s uk`ty.(```) Glr odses (`medc hebdv`lur), tbe djt`v`ty `s `ts pdrt`dc pressure (`k dti).

(`v) Glr jliplkekts `k slcut`lk, djt`v`ty `s ilcdr jlkjektrdt`lk.

Dt equ` c`hr ùi,O 9 6 O6 9 8.:6: X] clo

46A

Klw s`kje, O6 9B6 ]Z6

wbere B6 9 Ztdkmdrm ektbdcpy jbdkoe lg tbe redjt`lkZ Ztdkmdrm ektrlpy jbdkoe

8.:6: X] clo46A 9B6 ]Z6

clo46A 9 :6:.8

B6

. X]

4

+ X:6:.8

Z6

@g pclt lg ck a vs]

4`s pclttem tbek `t `s d strdòbt c`ke w`tb sclpe 9

X

B, dkm `kterjept 9

X

Z

6 ] 4

clo

A

lr 4/] 6 ] 4

clo

A

lr 4/]

Ekmltberi`j redjt`lk Exltberi`j r edjt`lk

Zclpe 9X:6:.8

B69 tdk y `kterjept 9 X:6:.8

Z6

@g dt teiperdture ]4

, equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt `s A4

dkm dt ]8

, `t `s A8

tbek 1

clo46

A4

9X:6:.8

B6.

4]

4+

X:6:.8

Z6........... (`)

clo46

A8

9X:6:.8

B6.

8]

4+

X:6:.8

Z6........... (``)

QDssui`ko B6 dkm Z6 reid`ks jlkstdkt `k tb`s teiperdture rdkoe.YZuhtrdjt eq. (``) grli (`) we oet Wdkt Blgg equdt`lk-

clo

8

4

A

A9

X:6:.8

B6

48 ]

4

]

4


18/24


19/24


JBEI@Z]XP

Zìuctdkelus Equ`c`hrùi >

@g `k dky jlktd`ker tbere dre twl lr ilre equ`c`hr`d ex`st`ko sìuctdkeluscy `kvlcv`ko lke lr ilre tbdk lke

jliilk spejès. ]bek `k hltb/dcc equ`c hrùi tbe jlkjektrdt lk lg jliilk spej es `s tbe tltdc jlkjektrdt lk

lg tbdt spejès mue tl dcc tbe equ`c`hr`d ukmer jlks`merdt`lk.

e.o. D(s) R(o) + P(o)

t 9 6 d 6 6

t 9 teq

d t t t + u

H(s) ^(o) + P(o)

h 6 6

h u u u + t

AJ

49 t (u + t)

AJ

89 (u + t) u

Exdipce-42 468 o lg slc`m KB=BZ `s tdaek `k tbe 8C evdjudtem gcdsa dt 5?J. Glcclw`ko twl equ`c`hrùi ex`st

sìuctdkeluscy

KB=BZ (s) KB

:( o ) + B

8Z (o)

KB:

(o)84 K

8(o) +

8: B

8(o)

lke ilce lg tbe slc`m mejliplses tl id`ktd`k hltb tbe equ c`hrùi dkm 6.?5 ilce lg B8

wds glukm dt

tbe equ`c hrùi tbek g`km tbe equ`c hrùi jlkjektrdt`lk lg dcc tbe spejès dkm AJ

glr hltb tbe redjt`lk.

Zlcut `lk Ilces lg KB=BZ 9

54

4689 8

KB=BZ (s) KB

:( o ) + B

8Z (o)

4JA

8 6 6

4 4 x 4

KB:

(o)84 K

8(o) +

8: B

8(o)

8JA

4 x8

x

8

x:

O`vek tbdt ilces lg B89

8

x:9 6.?5 x 9

8

4

AJ

49

2

4

8

)x4(

8

4

QZ`kje W 9 8 CY

AJ

89

8

x4

=

x

=

x: 8/:

9

=

4

2

4

2

: 8/:

947

):(

4

=

7=

4):(

8/:8/:


20/24


JBEI@Z]XP

Zuiidry

Jbei`jdc equ`c hrùi `s d mykdi j stdte `k wb jb tbe jlkjektrdt lk lg redjtdkts dkm prlmujts reid`k jlkstdkt

hejduse tbe rdtes lg tbe glrwdrm dkm tbe reverse redjt`lk dre equdc. Glr tbe oekerdc redjt`lk

d D(o) + h H (o) j J(o) + m M(o)

jlkjektrdt`lks `k tbe equ c`hrùi i`xture dre recdtem hy tbe equ c`hrùi equdt`lk >

AJ

9 heq

deq

meq

jeq

YHQYDQ

YMQYJQ

]be rdt`l lk tbe ròbt s`me lg tbe equdt`lk `s jdccem tbe equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt express`lk. ]be equ`c`hrùi

jlkstdkt Aj

`s tbe kuiher lhtd`kem wbek equ`c`hrùi jlkjektrdt`lks (`k ilc/C) dre suhst`tutem `ktl tbe

equ`c hrùi jlkstdkt express`lk. ]be vdcue lg Aj vdr es w`tb teiperdture dkm mepekms uplk tbe glri lg tbe

hdcdkjem jbei`jdc equdt`lk.

]be equ`c hrùi jlkstdkt Ap

jdk he usem glr ods pbdse redjt`lks. @t `s meg`kem `k tbe sdie wdy ds Aj

exjept

tbdt tbe equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt express`lk jlktd`ks pdrt`dc pressures (`k dtilspberes) `kstedm lg ilcdr

jlkjektrdt`lks. ]be jlkstdkts Apdkm A

jdre recdtem hy tbe equdt`lk,

Ap9 A

j(X])ko, wberek

o9 (j + m) (d + h).

Bliloekelus equ`c hrùi dre tblse `k wb jb dcc redjtdkts dkm prlmujts dre `k d s`koce pbdse1 beterloekelus

equ`c`hr`d dre tblse `k wb`jb redjtdkts dkm prlmujts glr beterloekelus equ`c`hrùi mles klt `kjcume

jlkjektrdt`lks lg pure slc`ms lr pure c`qu`ms.

]be vdcue lg tbe equ`c hr ui jlkstdkt glr d redjt`lk idaes `t plss`hce tl numoe tbe extekt lg redjt`lk, prem`jt

tbe m`rejt`lk lg redjt`lk, dkm jdcjucdte equ c`hrùi jlkjektrdt`lks (lr pdrt dc pressures) grli `k t`dc jlkjektrdt`lk

(lr pdrt`dc pressures) . ]be gdrtber tbe redjt lk prljeem tlwdrms jlipcet`lk, tbe cdroer tbe vdcue lg Aj. ]be

m`rejt lk lg d redjt`lk klt dt equ`c hrùi mepekms lk tbe recdt`ve vdcues lg Ajdkm tbe redjt`lk qultèkt T

j

wb`jb `s meg`kem `k tbe sdie wdy dsAj

exjept tbdt tbe jlkjektrdt`lks `k tbe equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt express`lk

dre klt kejessdr`cy equ`c`hrùi jlkjektrdt`lks. @g Tj

3 Aj, ket redjt`lk oles grli cegt tl ròbt tl dttd`k

equ`c hrùi 1 `g Tj9 A

j, tbe systei `s dt equ`c`hrùi.

]be jlipls t lk lg dk equ`c hrùi i`xture jdk he dcterem hy jbdkoes `k jlkjektrdt`lk, pressure (vlcuie), lr

teiperdture. ]be qudc tdt ve eggejt lg tbese jbdkoes `s prem`jtem hy Ce Jbdtec er's pr`kj`pce, wb jb sdys tbdt

`g d stress `s dppc em tl d redjt`lk i`xture dt equ c`hrùi, ket redjt`lk ljjurs k tbe m rejt`lk tbdt rec eves tbe

stress. ]eiperdture jbdkoes dggejt equ`c`hrùi jlkjektrdt`lks hejduse Aj`s teiperdture-mepekmekt. Ds

tbe teiperdture `kjredses, Ajglr dk exltberi`j redjt`lk mejredses, dkm A

jglr dk ekmltberi`j redjt`lk

`kjredses .

D jdtdcyst `kjredses tbe rdte dt wb`jb jbei`jdc equ`c`hrùi `s redjbem , hut `t mles klt dggejt tbe equ`c`hrùi

jlkstdkt lr tbe equ c`hrùi jlkjektrdt`lk. ]be equ`c hrùi jlkstdkt glr d s`koce-step redjt`lk equdcs tbe rdt l

lg tbe rdte jlkstdkts glr tbe glrwdrm dkm reverse redjt`lks > Aj9 a

g/ a

h.


21/24


JBEI@Z]XP

9


22/24


JBEI@Z]XP

I@ZJECCDKELUZ ZLCWEM VXLHCEIZ (IZVs)

4. Dk exdipce lg d revers`hce redjt`lk `s >

(D) Vh(KL:)

8(dq) + 8Kd@(dq) Vh@

8(s) + 8KdKL

:(dq)

(H)DoKL:(dq) + BJc(dq) DoJc(s)+ BKL

:(dq)

(J) 8Kd(s) + B8L() 8KdLB (dq) + B

8(o)

(M) AKL:(dq) + KdJc(dq) AJc(dq) + KdKL

:(dq)

Dks. (M)

Zlc. Vrej`p`tdt`lk redjt`lks, dj`m hdse redjt`lks dkm redjt`lks `k wb`jb odses dre c`herdtem dkm dre tda`ko pcdje

`k lpek jlktd`ker w cc he `rrevers`hce redjt`lks.

8. Glr tbe redjt`lk, D + H :J, `g 'd' ilc/c`tre lg edjb 'D' & 'H' dre tdaek `k`t`dccy tbek dt equ c`hrùi tbe

`kjlrrejt recdt`lk `s >

(D) QDY QHY 9 6 (H) : QHY + QJY 9 : d (J) : QDY + QJY 9 : d (M) QDY + QHY 9 : Q JY

Dks. (M)

Zlc. Dt equ`c`hrùi >

QDY 9 QHY

QDY +:

4QJY 9 d

:. ]be equ`c`hrùi jlkstdkt glr tbe mejlipls`t lk lg wdter B8L(o) B

8(o) +

8

4L

8(o) `s o`vekhy > ( 9 meoree

lg m`sslj`dt`lk lg B8L (o) 1 p 9 ]ltdc equ`c`hrùi pressure )

(D) A 9 8/4

8/48

)8)(4(

p

(H) A 9 8/4

8/48/:

)8)(4(

p

(J) A 98

p 8/4:(M) A 9 8/4

8/::

)8)(4(

p

Dks. (H)

Zlc > B8L(o) B8(o)+ 8

4 L8(o)

4 6 6

4 /8]ltdc ilces dt equ`c`hrùi 9 4 ++/8 9 4 +/8Cet tbe tltdc pressure dt equ`c`hrùi he 9 p

Zl, pB8L

9 p8/4

4

pB8

9 p8/4

pL8

9 p8/4

8/

Zl Ap

9)p(

)p()p(

LB

B8/4

L

8

88

=. ]be redjt`lk qultèkt T glr > K8(o) + :B

8(o) 8KB

:(o)

`s o`vek hy T 9 :88

8:

YBYQKQ

YKBQ. ]be redjt`lk w`cc prljeem `k hdjawdrm m`rejt`lk, wbek>

(D) T 9 Aj

(H) T 3 Aj

(J) T ; Aj

(M) T 9 6

Dks. (J)Zlc. _bek T ; A, redjt`lk w cc gdvlur hdjawdrm m`rejt lk dkm wbek T 3 A, `t w cc gdvlur glrwdrm m`rejt lk.


23/24

"idk`sbauidrpbys`js.`k" 8:

JBEI@Z]XP

5. @k tbe glcclw`ko redjt`lk stdrtem lkcy w`tb D2

,

8D2

(o) 8 DD:

(o) + : D8

(o) + D=

(o)

ilce grdjt lk lg D8

`s glukm tl 6.:7 dt d tltdc pressure lg 466 dti dt equ c`hrùi. ]be ilce grdjt`lk lg D2(o) dt

equ`c`hrùi `s >

(D) 6.82 (H) 6.?8 (J) 6.42 (M) Klke lg tbese

Dks. (D)

Zlc. 8D2

8 D:

+ : D8

+ D=

t 9 6 8 6 6 6

t 9 teq 8 8 8 : k]

9 8 + =o`vek ilce grdjt`lk lg D

8`s 9 6.:7

6.:7 9

=8

:1 9 6.=7

Ilce grdjt`lk lg D29

=8

889

=7.6=8

=7.688

9 6.82

7. 6.07 o lg B@ were bedtem tl dttd`k equ c`hrùi 8B@(o) B8(o) + @

8(o). ]be redjt`lk i`xture lk t`trdt`lk

requ`res 45.? iC lg K/46 bypl slcut`lk. Jdcjucdte meoree lg m`sslj`dt`lk lg B@.

Dks. 86.0%

Zlc. ieq lg @89 48?

w8@

4666 9 4.5?

8@w 9

4666

5?.448? 8@

k 98666

5?.4

8B@(o) B8

( o ) + @8(o)

d d8

d8

d857

07.6 9

8666

5?.4

9 6.860 Dks.

?. _lucm 4% JL8`k d`r he sugg`jèkt tl prevekt dky clss `k weòbt wbek I

8JL

:`s bedtem dt 486lJ

Date post:	03-Jun-2018
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Chemical Equilibrium Theory_E

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