OLR(1990) 37 (5) 419 signatures in stratus clouds show that in the ship tracks the droplet sizes were reduced and total concentrations of both droplets and particles were substantially increased from those in adjacent clouds, ln-situ measurements of the upwelling radiance within the ship tracks was significantly enhanced at visible wavelengths, whereas radiance at 2.2/tm was significantly reduced. Cloud reflectivity along the tracks was enhanced at 0.63 and 3.7 Fm. Observations support the contention that ship track signatures in clouds are produced primarily by particles emitted from ships. by AAAS. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY C10. Apparatus and methods 90:2703 Axner, Ore and Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop, 1989. Invited review: topics in laser spectroscopy. Laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry in flames---a powerful and versatile technique for ultra-sensitive trace element analysis. Spectro- chim. Acta, 44B(9):835-866. Analytical applications of LEI spectrometry in flames are reviewed. Theoretical expressions are given for the signal strength for both one- and two-step excitation LEI as well as for signal enhancement caused by the two-step excitation. A detailed description of interference phenomena that are present in the method as well as an estimate of their influence on the analytical performance of the method are described. Dept. of Phys., Chalmers Univ. of Tech. and Univ. of Goteborg, S-41296 Goteborg, Sweden. 90:2704 Bakowska, Elzbieta, K.K. Falkner, R.M. Barnes and J.M. Edmond, 1989. Sample handling of gold at low concentration in limited-volume solutions preconcentrated from seawater for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. AppL Spectrosc, 43(7):1283-1287. Barnes: Univ. of Mass., Dept. of Chem., GRC Towers, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA. 90:2705 Beauehemin, Diane and S.S. Berman, 1989. Deter- ruination of trace metals in reference water standards by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with on-line preconcentration. Analyt. Chem, 61(17):1857-1862. Dept. of Chem., Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. 90:2706 Capit~n-Vallvey, LF., M.C. Valencia and I. de Orbe, 1989. Determination of titanium in sea- water by ion-exchange spectrophotometry. Micro- chem. d, 40(2):166-174. Dept. of Analytical Chem., Univ. of Granada, Spain. 90:2707 Catoggio, J.A. and A.A. Porta, 1989. Concentration of differently charged heavy metals species from natural waters. Part I. Coppor(ll). J. high Reso- lution Chromatog. and Chromatog. Communs, 12:495-497. A foam fractionation procedure was successfully used to concentrate Cu(II) from water. A number of surfactants were tested for 7 mM and 512 mM (seawater strength) NaCI solutions, a 512 mM NaNO3 solution and natural estuarine water (from Rio Santiago). Cu(II) recoveries were greatest (72.1%) from the 512 mM NaCI solution using the surfactant CTABr. CIMA, Fac. de Cienc. Exactas, Univ. Nac. de La Plata, Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata (C.P. 1900), Argentina. (gsb) 9t):2708 De Veaux, R.D. and Michael Szelewski, 1989. Optimizing automatic splitless injection param- eters for gas chromatographic environmental analysis. J. chromatog. Sei., 27(12):513-518. School of Engng and Appl. Sci., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
Transcript
OLR (1990) 37 (5) 419
signatures in stratus clouds show that in the ship tracks the droplet sizes were reduced and total concentrations of both droplets and particles were substantially increased from those in adjacent clouds, ln-situ measurements of the upwelling radiance within the ship tracks was significantly enhanced at visible wavelengths, whereas radiance at
2.2/tm was significantly reduced. Cloud reflectivity along the tracks was enhanced at 0.63 and 3.7 Fm. Observations support the contention that ship track signatures in clouds are produced primarily by particles emitted from ships. �9 by AAAS. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
C10. Apparatus and methods
90:2703 Axner, Ore and Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop, 1989.
Invited review: topics in laser spectroscopy. Laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry in flames---a powerful and versatile technique for ultra-sensitive trace element analysis. Spectro- chim. Acta, 44B(9):835-866.
Analytical applications of LEI spectrometry in flames are reviewed. Theoretical expressions are given for the signal strength for both one- and two-step excitation LEI as well as for signal enhancement caused by the two-step excitation. A detailed description of interference phenomena that are present in the method as well as an estimate of their influence on the analytical performance of the method are described. Dept. of Phys., Chalmers Univ. of Tech. and Univ. of Goteborg, S-41296 Goteborg, Sweden.
90:2704 Bakowska, Elzbieta, K.K. Falkner, R.M. Barnes and
J.M. Edmond, 1989. Sample handling of gold at low concentration in limited-volume solutions preconcentrated from seawater for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. AppL Spectrosc, 43(7):1283-1287. Barnes: Univ. of Mass., Dept. of Chem., GRC Towers, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA.
90:2705 Beauehemin, Diane and S.S. Berman, 1989. Deter-
ruination of trace metals in reference water standards by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with on-line preconcentration.
Analyt. Chem, 61(17):1857-1862. Dept. of Chem., Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
90:2706 Capit~n-Vallvey, LF., M.C. Valencia and I. de
Orbe, 1989. Determination of titanium in sea- water by ion-exchange spectrophotometry. Micro- chem. d, 40(2):166-174. Dept. of Analytical Chem., Univ. of Granada, Spain.
90:2707 Catoggio, J.A. and A.A. Porta, 1989. Concentration
of differently charged heavy metals species from natural waters. Part I. Coppor(ll). J. high Reso- lution Chromatog. and Chromatog. Communs, 12:495-497.
A foam fractionation procedure was successfully used to concentrate Cu(II) from water. A number of surfactants were tested for 7 mM and 512 mM (seawater strength) NaCI solutions, a 512 mM NaNO3 solution and natural estuarine water (from Rio Santiago). Cu(II) recoveries were greatest (72.1%) from the 512 mM NaCI solution using the surfactant CTABr. CIMA, Fac. de Cienc. Exactas, Univ. Nac. de La Plata, Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata (C.P. 1900), Argentina. (gsb)
9t):2708 De Veaux, R.D. and Michael Szelewski, 1989.
Optimizing automatic splitless injection param- eters for gas chromatographic environmental analysis. J. chromatog. Sei., 27(12):513-518. School of Engng and Appl. Sci., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
420 c. Chemical Oceanography OLR (1990) 37 (5)
90:2709 Frei, R.W. and J. van der Greef (guest editors), 1989.
Special issue. Fifth (Montreux) symposium on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, su- percritieal fluid chromatography-mass spectrom- etry and tandem mass spectrometry. Freiburg, November 2-4, 1988. J. Chromatog, 474(1): 343pp; 30 papers.
Design, optimization, and applications of these hyphenated analytical methods are considered. Continuous flow fast atom bombardment, thermo- spray MS and thermospray LC-MS methods dom- inate the collection. Applications include trace compounds, thermo-labile compounds, amino acid derivatives, pesticides, herbicides, and high molec- ular weight biopolymers, among others. (gsb)
90:2710 Freimann, Peter and Diether Schmidt, 1989. Appli-
cation of total reflection x-ray fluorescence analysis for the determination of trace metals in the North Sea. Spectrochim. Acta, 44B(5):505- 510. Deutsches Hydrogr. Inst., Lab. Sulldorf, Wustland 2, 2000 Hamburg 55, FRG.
90:2711 Hsieh, Y.P. and C.H. Yang, 1989. Diffusion methods
for the determination of reduced inorganic sullur species in sediments. LimnoL Oceanogr, 34(6): 1126-1130. Wetland Ecol. Prog., Div. of Agric. Sci., Florida A&M Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
90:2712 Kubala, S.W. et al., 1989. Determination of total
inorganic carbon in aqueous samples with a flame infrared emission detector. Analyt. Chem. 61(17): 1841-1846. Dept. of Chem., Baylor Univ., Waco, TX 76798, USA.
90:2713 Li, Hong and C.M.G. Van Den Berg, 1989. Deter-
mination of titanium in seawater using adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry. Analytica chim. Acta, 221(2):269-277. Van Den Berg: Oceanogr. Lab., Earth Sci. Dept., Univ. of Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
90:2714 Novruzi, B. and J. TOlgyessy, 1989. Determination of
zinc in environmental water by displacement substoichiometric isotope dilution analysis (DSIDA). J. radioanalyt, nucl. Chem., (Letts)135(2):147-156. Inst. of Nuclear Phys., Tirana, Albania.
90:2715 Taylor, L.T. (guest editor), 1989. Special issue.
Supercritical fluid chromatography, Part I. J. chromatog. Sci, 27(6):273-337; 8 papers.
90:2716 Valkovir, Vlado and Giuliano Moschini, 1989.
The use of charged-particle accelerators in envi- ronmental trace element analysis is discussed. Methods and combinations of methods are de- scribed for particular environmental applications (air, water, sediments); experimental examples are presented; and directions for future work are proposed. Ruder Bo~kovi6 Inst., POB 1016, 41001 Zagreb, Yugoslavia. (gsb)
90:2717 Virtsavs, M.V., A.R. Pelne and L.L. Demina, 1989.
Concentrating trace heavy metals with thiooxine and their atomic-absorption determination. Geo- chem. int. (a translation of Geokhimiya), 26(2): 114-119. Inst. of Inorganic Chem., Latvian Acad. of Sci., Riga, USSR.
90:2718 Yoshimura, Kazuhisa, Shiro Matsuoka and Hirohiko
Waki, 1989. Determination of molybdenum (VI) in natural water and rock by ion-exchange absorptiometry combined with flow analysis. Analytica chim. Acta, 225(2):313-321. Chem. Lab., Coll. of Genl. Ed., Kyushu Univ., Roppon- matsu, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810, Japan.
90:2719 Yuzhu, H., A. Peeters, G. Musch and D.L. Massart
et al., I989. Special issue. Chemometrics in analytical chemistry. Proceedings, Fourth Inter- national Conference, Amsterdam, The Nether- lands, May 18-20, 1988. Ana~tica chim. Acta, 223(1):297pp; 24 papers.
A broad spectrum of chemometrie techniques and applications are described. Analyses incorporating near-IR spectroscopy, gas and liquid chromatog- raphy, lac NMR, mass spectrometry and immu- noassay are included, and applications in materials science and food, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental analysis are reported. Several papers describe expert systems for chemometric analysis. (gsb)
OLR (1990) 37 (5) C. Chemical Oceanography 421
C80. Physical chemistry in seawater
90:2720 Kirchman, D.L., D.L. Henry and S.C. Dexter, 1989.
Adsorption of proteins to surfaces in seawater. Mar. Chem~ 27(3-4):201-217.
Adsorption of two proteins, bovine serum albumin and RuBPcase, onto a variety of surfaces was examined. Protein adsorption was rapid, but was irreversible in seawater only when bulk protein concentrations were low ( < 10#g mL-t). Adsorption was consistently higher onto Parafilm (a surface with a low work of adhesion and high hydrophobicity) than onto glass (high work of adhesion and low hydrophobicity). There was a significant negative relationship between RuBPcase adsorption and work of adhesion. For all surfaces, adsorption was higher in seawater than in low ionic strength buffer. The relationship between work of adhesion and adsorp- tion indicates that hydrophobic interactions are important in determining protein adsorption, espe- cially at high salinities. Coll. of Mar. Studies, Univ. of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA.
90:2721 Legovi~, T., N. Limi6 and B. Sekuli~, 1989. Recon-
struction of a concentration field in a coastal sea. Estuar, coast. Shelf Sci~ 29(3):217-231.
Based on measurements of currents and concen- trations of a chemical species (nutrient, pollutant), two control problems are solved in order to estimate the turbulent dispersion coefficient, extinction co- efficient and background concentration. A concen- tration field is reconstructed for a coastal sea (Rijeka Bay on the northeastern coast of the Adriatic). Parameters are estimated for summer and winter seasons. The reliability of the estimation procedures and of estimated values are discussed. Rudjer Boskovic Inst., P.O.B. 1016, 41001 Zagreb, Yugo- slavia.
90:2722 Li, Jiliang and R.M. Pytkowicz, 1988. Precipitation
of calcium carbonate from seawater. Chinese J. OceanoL Limnol, 6(4):358-366.
Slight perturbations of oceanic DOC by addition of oxalic acid, tryptophan, and sodium humate did not affect the magnesium content of spontaneously precipitated Mg-calcites. However, the presence of both spontaneously precipitated aragonite and Mg- calcite as a function of initial supersaturation was changed by the dissolved organic matter. Times of nucleation for carbonates were affected by organic matter at low (due to coating) and high (due to
complexation) concentrations. Ocean Univ. of Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
90:2723 Savenko, V.S., 1989. Anomalously high volatility of
strong electrol)les. DokL Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of DokL Akad. Nauk SSSR), 298(I- 6):224-227. Moscow Univ., Moscow, USSR.
C90. Salinity, chlorinity, conductivity 90:2724
Krumgalz, B.S. and F.J. Millero, 1989. Halite solubility in Dead Sea waters. Mar. Chem~ 27(3-4):219-233. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Israel Oceanogr. and Limnol. Res., TeI-Shikmona, P.O.B. 8030, Haifa 31080, Israel.
C100. Alkalinity, acidity, pH
90:2725 Urban, N.R., L.A. Baker (comment), C.A. Kelly and
J.W.M. Rudd (reply), 1989. [Discussion ofl Alkalinity generation associated with the for- mation of ester sulfates. LimnoL Oceanogr~ 34(6):1144-1148.
Urban and Baker contend that previous assertions that either no alkalinity or one equivalent of alkalinity is produced per mole SO4 z- removed from lake water columns during ester sulfate (ES) for- mation are incorrect and unproven, respectively. According to their calculations, the assumption that one equivalent is generated can lead to errors in "the calculation of alkalinity production from ion budg- ets and in estimation of the level of ES formation relative to dissimilatory sulfate reduction. In their reply, Kelly and Rudd state reasons, based on ion budgets and the importance of ES formation, why errors should not arise from the assumption of one alkalinity equivalent produced per mole SO42- re- moved. (gsb)
Cll0. Radioactivity, radioisotopes 90:2726
Bacon, M.P., C.-A. tluh and R.M. Moore, 1989. Vertical profiles of some natural radionuclides over the Alpha Ridge, Arctic Ocean. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 95(1-2):15-22.
Concentration profiles of 228Ra, 234Th, 2X~Th, 232Th, 228Th, and 23~pa were measured in the CESAR Ice
422 c. Chemical Oceanography OLR (1990) 37 (5)
Camp water column. Th isotopes were determined in both dissolved and particulate forms. Results show that rates of scavenging of the reactive nuclides are unusually low, even in comparison with other oligotrophie oceans. Application of a reversible exchange model to the Th isotope data suggests that Th cycling is measurably faster in surface water than at depth. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
90:2727 Hunt, G.J., 1989. Radioactivity in surface and coastal
waters of the British Isles, 1988. Aquat. Environ. monit. Rept, 21:69pp.
Results are presented of the 1988 program of the Directorate of Fisheries Research (MAFF, U.K.) to monitor the discharge of radioactive wastes into British waters and the resultant public radiation exposure. Following overviews of waste sources and the methodology used in the preparation of the report, data from individual waste generators are presented. Freshwater monitoring for Chernobyl- associated radioactivity is included. DFR, MAFF, Lowestoft, UK. (gsb)
90:2728 Ishikawa, Y., N. Sato and K. Yoshihara, 1989. 2~
and other fallout nuclides in sea sediments in relation to ignition loss of samples. J. radioanalyt. nucL Chem, (Letts)137(l):67-74.
Measurements of 2~ and other fallout radiouu- elides (137Cs, ~Co) from Miyagi, Japan coastal sediments were compared to sample weight loss upon ignition. Ignition loss, which is highly de- pendent on the organic content of the sediment, correlated well with the radioactivity of each radionuclide measured. A sedimentation mechanism is proposed based on the data. Environ. Radioac- tivity Res. Inst. of Miyagi, 12-7, Ise, Onagawa-cho, Oshika-gun, Miyagi, 986-22 Japan. (gsb)
Branch, Natl. Water Res. Inst., Canada Ctr. for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.
90:2730 Kuroda, R. et al., 1989. Anion-exchange enrichment
and spectrophotometric determination of traces of uranium in seawater. Z. analyt. Chem, 335:404- 405. Lab. for Analytical Chem., Faculty of Engng, Univ. of Chiba, Chiba 260, Japan.
90:2731 Narita, Hisashi, Koh Harada and W.C. Burnett et
al., 1989. Determination of 21~ 2X~ and 2'~ in natural waters and other materials by elec- trochemical separation. Talanta, 36(9):925-929. Burnett: Dept. of Oceanogr., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
90:2732 Olsen, C.R. et al., 1989. Plutonium, lead-210, and
carbon isotopes in the Savannah Estuary: river- borne versus marine sources. Environ. Sci. Technol., 23(12): 1475-1481.
Pu-238 from the Savannah River Plant labels riverborne particles, providing a unique opportunity for tracing river-ocean exchange processes. Results indicate that Pu and Pb-210 are enriched on estuarine particles and that inputs of Pu from oceanic sources greatly exceed inputs from river- borne or drainage-basin sources as far upstream as 30 km in the Savannah River Estuary. Since estuaries, bays, and intertidal areas serve as effective traps for fine particles and associated substances, this landward transport from the ocean has impor- tant implications concerning the disposal of chem- ically reactive substances in oceanic waters off coastlines affected by a rising sea level. Environ. Sci. Div. and Environ. Compliance and Health Prot. Div., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
90:2729 Joshi, S.R., 1989. Common analytical errors in the
radiodating of recent sediments. Environ. GeoL Wat. Sci, 14(3):203-207.
Four possible sources of analytical error in the measurement of unsupported 2~~ and/or nuclear fallout radionnclide profiles in sediment cores are pointed out. Each of these errors, if present, can significantly alter the true profile of the radionuelide under consideration. Simple procedural modifica- tions can substantially improve the quality of analytical data that are subsequently used to develop intricate mathematical models to aid the interpre- tation of observed radionuclide profiles. Lakes Res.
90:2733 Vogel, J.S., D.E. Nelson and J.R. Southon, 1989.
Accuracy and precision in dating microgram carbon samples. Radiocarbon, 31(2): 145-149.
The accuracy of AMS radiocarbon determinations on very small samples has been tested by measuring a suite of microgram-sized samples of a known-age material. Measurement precision for the smallest sample (50ttg) was ---3% and precision improved with larger sample size. The accuracies of the measurements were within the measurement pre- cisions. Dept. of Archaeology, Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada.
OLR (1990) 37 (5) C. Chemical Oceanography 423
90:2734 Wunderly, S.W., 1989. Solid scintillation counting: a
new technique for measuring radiolabeled com- pounds. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instn~m. (Part A, Appl. Radiat. Isotopes), 40(7):569-573. Beckman Instruments, Inc., Sci. Instruments Div., 2500 Harbor Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92634, USA.
C130. Organic compounds
90:2735 Artem'yev, V.Ye. and A.I. Danyushevskaya, 1989.
Suspensate and bottom-sediment organic matter in the Amazon Basin and Estuary. Geochem. int. (a translation of Geokhimiya), 26(2):98-114.
There is a geochemical relationship between the organic matter distribution in soils, suspensates, and sediments of the Amazon Basin and Estuary. Seventy to 8070 of the fiver suspended organic matter is transported into the estuaries. Sediment organic matter in the bottom sediments consists of three genetic types: planktonogenic, that formed by higher plants, and mixed. Analysis of the n-alkane distri- butions in sediments in the fiver-ocean mixing zone shows genetic changes in going from fiver to ocean and indicates the limit of distribution of terrigenous organic material. The types of sedimentational transformation occurring are the same, but the rates of organic-matter loss during sedimentation are much higher in the basin and estuary than in the ocean. Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.
90:2736 Faganeli, J. et al., 1989. Pelagic organic matter in the
Adriatic Sea in relation to winter hydrographic conditiods. J. Plankt. Res, 11(6):1129-1141.
Spatial distribution of POC, PON and net zoo- plankton ash-free dry weight and C and N contents showed similarities over the major part of the Adriatic, while higher chl a values were restricted to the northwestern Adriatic (separated by a pro- nounced thermal front), and high POC was found in the center of the south Adriatic gyre and in the Jabuka Pit. The observed spatial distribution pattern of pelagic organic matter suggests that this distri- bution is mostly influenced by hydrographic con- ditions and that the assumption of permanent productivity zones in the Adriatic is not applicable to the winter situation. Mar. Biol. Sta., 66330 Piran, Yugoslavia.
90:2737 Milne, P.J. and R.G. Zika, 1989. Luminescence
quenching of dissolved organic matter in sea- water. Mar. Chem, 27(3-4):147-164.
Steady state and time-resolved measurements of the luminescence quenching of a number of samples of marine dissolved organic matter with known quenchers, such as iodide, acrylamide and methyl viologen, were compared. The results showed that different samples are quenched to differing extents by the quenchers studied, that ionic strength alters the quenching constants, and that both static and diffusional quenching mechanisms may operate. Although excess energy of the singlet state may be readily transferred to another chemical species, the combination of competing physical deactivation paths and the low concentrations of efficient quenchers in the oceans serves to lessen the direct chemical impact of this process. RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, FL 33149, USA.
C140. Nutrients
90:2738 Fan, Ande and Xisan Jin, 1989. Tidal effect on
nutrient exchange in Xiangshan Bay, China. Mar. Chem, 27(3-4):259-281. Div. of Mar. Chem., Second Inst. of Oceanogr., State Oceanic Admin., P.O. Box 507, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
90:2739 Fernex, Francois, 1989. Variations of nitrogen nutri-
ent concentrations in the sediment pore waters of the northwestern Mediterranean continental shelf. Continent. Shelf Res~ 9(9):767-794.
There is more temporal variation in concentrations in sediments just below the sediment-seawater boundary than in deeper deposits. Ammonia con- centrations increase regularly with sediment depth; nitrate profiles are frequently irregular. According to incubation experiments, nitrate production occurs at 15-20 cm, where oxygen is still present at ~ 1.0-1.5 mg L -~. Nitrate production rates were evaluated from a model based on Fick's Laws for diffusion. For areas far from fiver mouths, good agreement was obtained between derived and measured nitrate concentrations. Lab. Geodynamique Sous-Marine, 06230 Villefranche sur Met, France.
90:2740 Ffiligos, N., 1989. Nutrients status in a eutrophic
Mediterranean lagoon. Vie Milieu, 39(2):63-69. Natl. Ctr. for Mar. Res., GR 166 04 Hellinikon, Greece.
424 C. Chemical Oceanography OLR { 1990) 37 (5)
90:2741 Kudo, Isao and Katsuhiko Matsunaga, 1989. Behav-
ior of nutrients and heavy metals in a highly productive estuary [Yodo River Estuary, Japan]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Bull.japan. Soc. scient. Fish.), 55(6):957-962.
Nutrients in surface seawater of the estuary are supplied not only by fiver water but also by nutrient rich seawater just below the halocline. About 90% of the organic matter produced in the surface layer decomposes before reaching a depth of I0 m, causing higher mid-layer nutrient concentrations. Dissolved Mn in the surface layer is also assumed to be assimilated by phytoplankton and redissolves before reaching 10 m. Red tide outbreaks in the estuary would continue for long periods due to the supply of nutrients and metals from mid-layer seawater. Faculty of Fish., Hokkaido Univ., Mina- tocho Hakodate 041, Japan.
90:2742 Smith, S.V. and H.H. Veeh, 1989. Mass balance of
biogeochemically active materials (C, N, P) in a hypersaline gulf. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, 29(3): 195-215.
Material balance for nutrients and stoichiometric constraints among nutrients are used to interpret net biogeochemical reactions of a large embayment in South Australia (Spencer Gulf). Dissolved inorganic carbon is taken up by biogenic CaCO 3 precipitation and organic production. Input of C includes hydro- graphic processes and gas flux across the air-sea interface. Most of the C uptake is exported. The major N source appears to be the atmosphere, and dissolved organic N export exceeds dissolved inor- ganic N import. The supply of POa 3- largely controls characteristics of C and N flux. The controls postulated for P include CaCO 3 precipitation, CO 2 gas flux, Core production, and N fixation. Hawaii Inst. of Mar. Biol., Univ. of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Rd., Honolulu, HI 915822, USA.
C150. Particulate matter
90:2743 Arfidge, S. et al., 1989. Particle sizing in the Mie
scattering region: singular-value analysis. Inverse Problems, 5(5):671-689. Dept. of Med. Phys. and BioEngng, University College London, Shrop- shire House, 11-20 Capper St., London WCIE 6JA, UK.
90:2744 Bhosle, N.B. et al., 1989. Sedimentation of particulate
material in stratified and nonstratified water
columns in the Bombay High area of the Arabian Sea. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser, 57(3):225-236.
Diatom numbers and physical structure, especially thermal stratification, played an important role in controlling both magnitude of total flux and nature of sedimented material. Fairly fresh biogenic mate- rial settled during January-March when the water column was thermally stratified. Sedimentation of organic carbon was correlated with biogenic silica sedimentation, especially during January-March. Diatoms were the major source of total particulate carbohydrates (TCHO). High sedimentation of total particulate material was associated with high flux of organic C and TCHO. This may have a stimulatory effect on benthic organisms and may also enhance the chances of organic matter burial. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula 403 004, Goa, India.
90:2745 Costello, D.K. et al., 1989. ln-situ holographic
imaging of settling particles: applications for individual particle dynamics and oceanic flux measurements. Deep-Sea Rest 36(10A):1595- 1605.
A new dual-axis holographic imaging system pro- vides a means for estimating in-situ the sizes, shapes, settling rates and densities of individual particles and aggregates. The optical system is an integral part of a free-drifting sediment trap and can be programmed to collect as many as 500 far-field holographic records. Four free-drifting, holographically equipped sediment traps were utilized on three cruises to the North Pacific where repeated deployments were made between 37 and 907 m. While analysis of the >4000 holograms is incomplete, the holographically determined dynamic densities for individual parti- cles include high-density material of eolian origin and also lower density organic material. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of South Florida, 140 Seventh Ave. So., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
90:2746 Doerffer, R. et al., 1989. Analysis of thematic mapper
data for studying the suspended matter distri- bution in the coastal area of the German Bight (North Sea). Remote Sens. Environ~ 28:61-73.
Ecological studies of the coastal areas of the North Sea are complicated by the complexity of the system and by the importance of small-scale processes. The applicability of Thematic Mapper (TM) data to the study of this system was assessed by means of radiative transfer model simulation and comparison of simultaneously gathered TM and ship-based data. Factor analyses of all seven TM channels yielded information orj suspended matter concentration,
OLR (1990) 37 (5) C. Chemical Oceanography 425
atmospheric scattering, and SST. Atmospheric cor- rection made assessment of aerosol properties over cloudless water surfaces possible. Suspended matter patchiness and its relationship to bottom topography were analyzed. GKSS-Forschungszentrum, 2054 Geesthacht, FRG. (gsb)
90:2747 Donoghue, J.F., O.P. Bricker and C.R. Olsen, 1989.
Particle-borne radionuclides as tracers for sed- iment in the Susquehanna River and Chesapeake Bay. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, 29(4):341-360. Dept. of Geol., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
90:2748 Gutel'makher, B.L. and S.V. Vostokov, 1989. Carbon
and phosphorus content and living and detrltal fractions in suspended organic matter in Peruvian and California upwellings. Dokl. biol. Sci. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 304(1- 6):65-68.
Samples of suspended material taken at various depths between the surface and 200 m in the Peruvian and California upwellings revealed that both carbon and phosphorus content and percent living material decreased with depth. The C and P content of the suspended organic matter was several-fold higher in the Peruvian upwelhng/ " than in the Californian waters; the proportion of living material was also higher. Zool. Inst., Acad. of Sci., Leningrad, USSR. (gsb)
90:2749 Jensen, John R. et al., 1989. Remote sensing and
numerical modeling of suspended sediment in Lnguna de Termlnos, Campeche, Mexico. Remote Sens. Environ, 28:33-44. Dept. of Geogr., Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
and implications for the maximum turbidity zone of the St. Lawrence upper estuary. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, 29(4):293-304. GEOTOP, Univ. du Quebec a Montreal, C.P. 8888, Suc. A, Mon- treal, PQ G3C 3P8, Canada.
90:2751 Marcus, W.A., 1989. Dilution mixing estimates of
trace metal concentrations in suspended sedi- ments. Environ. GeoL Brat. Sci, 14(3):213-219.
Results from Left Hand Creek, Colorado indicate that only under proper circumstances can dilution mixing models be used to estimate suspended
sediment metal concentrations in unmonitored chan- nels with any accuracy. Three general constraints must be met before making dilution mixing estimates of unmonitored concentrations: (1) estimated sed- iment discharges in an unmonitored tributary should be at least 30% of that in the main channel below the confluence; (2) there must be a significant difference between the estimated or monitored metal load in the channel below the confluence and the metal loads of the upstream channels; and (3) travel times between monitoring sites must be incorporated within the calculations. Dept. of Geogr., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-8225, USA.
90:2752 Tambiyev, S.B. et al., 1989. Composition of freely
settling matter collected with a sedimentation trap in deep waters of the Black Sea. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 298(1-6):213-216. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.
90:2753 Windom, II.L., R.G. Smith Jr. and Charles Rawlin-
son, 1989. Particulate trace metal composition and flux across the southeastern U.S. continental shelf. Mar. Cheat, 27(3-4):283-297.
The concentration and distribution of particulate trace metals in waters of the South Atlantic Bight are controlled by cross-shelf advection of continentally derived inorganic detritus from nearshore sources and in-situ biogenic particle production. Particulate trace metal flux across the outer continental shelf is mostly in organic particles. With the exception of Fe, the cross-shelf transport of trace metal in terrestrially derived particles is considerably less than the soluble transport of trace metals delivered to the South Atlantic Bight by rivers. The relative importance of particulate fluxes follows the order Fe ~> Mn > Pb > Co > Zn > Ni > Cd > Cu. Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, GA 31416, USA.
C180. Geochemistry, biogeochemistry (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEO- PIIYSICS)
cycle in Abu Kir Bay, east of Alexandria, Egypt. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 29(4):327-340. Oceanogr. Dept., Univ. of Alexandria, Egypt.
426 C. Chemical Oceanography OLR (1990)37 (5)
90:2755 Jahnke, R.A. et al., 1989. Benthic recycling of
bingenlc debris In the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 53(! 1):2947- 2960.
Distributions of pore water 02, NOr , NOr , NH4 § Si(OtI)4, PO4 r , Mn 2+, F-, and T.A. were determined at 15 stations in the eastern equatorial Atlantic. Profile shapes suggest that a deep reaction layer, rich in organic C, is present at many sites. Despite exposure to seawater SO42- concentrations for
I000 years, decomposition of the organic matter in the layer appears to be restricted to oxic and suboxic processes. These results suggest major differences in organic C decomposition and preservation under oxic/suboxic and anoxic conditions. Preliminary estimates suggest that the benthic respiration in the eastern % of the North Atlantic south of 20~ may account for >20% of the total deep North Atlantic respiration. Combining these results with estimates of organic C burial and deep water-column decom- position suggests that this region is a major location of organic C input into the deep sea. Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, G A 31416, USA.
90:2756 Lewis, B.L., M.O. Andreae and P.N. Froelich, 1989.
Sources and sinks of methylgerm,n|um in natural waters. Mar. Chern, 27(3-4):!79-200.
Polluted rivers have monomethy lgermanium (MMGe) and dimethylgermanium (DMGe) concen- trations 3-100 times higher than pristine rivers, suggesting an anthropogenic methylgermanium source as a result of the synergistic effects of sewage treatment and coal-ash derived inorganic germa- nium contamination. A new MMGe and DMGe profile in the Sargasso Sea shows conservative behavior with no vertical gradients. Ilowever, ma- rine anoxic basins have both inorganic germanium enrichment and,methylgermanium dePletion. The results suggest that MGe is produced on the continents, is unreaetive in the open ocean, and is destroyed in marine anoxic environments. Dept. of Oceanogr., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
90:2757 Lomstein, B.Aa., T.H. Blackburn and Kaj Henrik-
sen, 1989. Aspects of nitrogen and carbon cycling in the northern Bering Shelf sediment. I. The significance of urea turnover in the mineralization of NH4 +. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. 57(3):237-247.
The impact of macrofauna on N and C mineral- ization was investigated in shallow water shelf
sediments of the Bering Sea, focusing on the probable role of macrofauna in the production of urea and significance of urea turnover in the production of NH4 +. Maerofaunal biomass was regulated by the quality and quantity of organic N available for degradation. A high macrofaunal biomass was correlated with high rates of urea gross production, high concentrations of urea and NH4 +, and high sediment-water exchange rates of urea and NH4 +. Based on a conceptual model of N miner- alization in the Bering Shelf/Anadyr sediment, it was suggested that urea hydrolysis could be re- sponsible for up to 80'70 of the gross production of NH4 § and that 44% of the NH4 § produced could have been cycled within the sediment. Dept. of Ecol. and Genetics, Univ. of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
90:2758 Luther, G.W. III and Elizabeth Tsamakis, 1989.
Concentration and form of dissolved sulfide in the oxic water column of the ocean. Mar. Chem. 27(3-4): 165-177.
Cathodic stripping square wave voltammetry meas- urements show a consistent profile of 2 nM in the Mediterranean Sea, except for increases at the oxygen maximum in the photic zone and above the hypersaline anoxic brine of Bannock Basin. Atlantic Ocean measurements are lower and more variable as a result of different source waters. Sulfide increases are noted near the surface and in cold pool waters along the U.S. east coast. Experimental manipu- lation of seawater samples suggests that the sulfide is bound covalently to a metal. The kinetic stability of sulfide-metal complexes is proposed to be the primary control on sulfide distribution and reactivity in the oxic water column of the ocean, rather than thermodynamic considerations alone. Coll. of Mar. Studies, Univ. of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA.
90:2759 Staudigel, I tubert ct al., 1989. Cretaceous ocean crust
at DSDP sites 417 and 418: carbon uptake from weathering versus loss by magmatic outgassing. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 53(11):3091-3094.
Ocean crustal carbon uptake during seafloor alter- ation at these sites exceeds the estimated loss of carbon during magmatie ridge outgassing. If these sites are representative, 2.2-2.9 • 10 ~2 moles of carbon are removed from the oceans per year as a net flux of carbon between the oceanic crust and seawater. Although most of this carbon occurs as calcium carbonate, this ocean crustal carbonate probably cannot be considered part of the marine calcium carbonate sink since much of the Ca in these carbonates must be derived from basalt alteration
OLR (1990) 37 (5) C. Chemical Oceanography 427
that is not balanced by a concomitant uptake of seawater Mg. Results indicate that the formation of ocean crust provides a significant sink for carbon that should be included in models of the global cycling of carbon. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
90:2760 Sun, Jiashi and Shuhui Zheng, 1989. O- and
C-isotope characteristics of modern organism skeletons in surficial sediments of the Yellow Sea. Mar. Geol. Quat. Geol, 9(1):29-42. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Inst. of Mar. Geol., Ministry of Geol. and Min. Resour., Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
90:2761 ten Haven, H.L. et al., 1989. Tetrahymanol, the most
likely precursor of gammacerane, occurs ubiq- uitously in marine sediments. Geochim. cos- mochim. Acta, 53(11):3073-3079.
Tetrahymanol has been identified in several sedi- ment samples from different depositional environ- ments. Together with literature data this shows that tetrahymanol is likely to be widespread, which is in accordance with the ubiquitous occurrence of its presumed diagenetic product, gammacerane, in more mature sediments and crude oils. The identification of tetrahymanol in marine sediments indicates either that protozoa of the genus Tetrahymena are widely distributed or that tetrahymanol is also a natural product of organisms other than Tetrahymena. Inst. of Petroleum and Organic Geochem., KFA Julich, P.O. Box 1913, D-5170 Julich, FRG.
C210. Pollution (see also B350-Atmospher ic pollut ion, C l l 0 - R a d i o a c t i v i t y , radioiso- topes, E300-Effec ts of pollution, F 2 5 0 - Waste disposal)
90:2763 Albani, A.D. et al., 1989. The geochemical anomalies
in sediments on the shelf near the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. Mar. Pollut. Bull, 20(9):438-442. Dept. of Appl. Geol., Univ. of Hew South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia.
90:2764 AI-Saad, H.T. and A.A. Al-Timari, 1989. Distri-
bution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marsh sediments, Iraq. Bull. environ. Contamin. Toxicol, 43(6):864-869. Environ. Mar. Chem. Dept., Mar. Sci. Ctr., Univ. of Basrah, lraq.
90:2765 Awad, Hassan, 1989. Oil contamination in the Red
Sea environment. Wat. Air Soil Pollut, 45(3- 4):235-242.
The Red Sea is highly contaminated with oil, due in part to recent increases in production and transport of oil products and to the semi-enclosed nature of the basin. Chronic oil contamination sources are surveyed, and relative contributions are assessed. "Each square kilometer of the Red Sea receives > 1.5 times the total oil input and ~13 times the refinery input received by each km ~ of the World Ocean. Dept. of Oceanogr., Faculty of Sci. Moharram Bek, Alexandria, Egypt. (gsb)
90:2762 Venkatesan, M.I., 1989. Tetrahymanoh its wide-
spread occurrence and geochemical significance. Geochim.' cosmochim. Acta, 53(11):3095-3101.
The occurrence of tetrahymanol (gammaceran- 3/3-ol) in sediments from various marine depositional environments, as well as in bacterial/algal mats, suggests that tetrahymanol occurs ubiquitously in marine samples. Tetrahymanol is the only known likely biological precursor of gammacerane, which is found in many petroleums and shales. The common occurrence of tetrahymanol implies that primitive organisms similar to Tetrahymena, or organisms other than Tetrahymena, are also likely to contain this compound. Its isomer, diplopterol, has also been detected in several sediment sections. Inst. of Geophys. and Planetary Phys., Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1567, USA.
90:2766 Krone, C.A. et al., 1989. Baseline. Butyltins in
sediment from marinas and waterways in Puget Sound, Wadbinoo~on State, USA. Mar. Pollut. Bull, 20(10):528-531. Environ. Conserv. Div., NWFC, NMFS, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
90:2767 Kusuda, Kousuke, Kaneto Shiraki and Toshio
Miwa, 1989. Analyses of traces of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by adsorption on cobalt phthalocyanine and barium salts of sulphophthalo- cyanlnes followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography. Ana~,tica ehim. A cta, 224(I): 1- 1 I. Res. Inst. for Atomic Energy, Osaka City Univ., 459 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558, Japan.
428 OLR (1990) 37 (5)
90:2768 Lindsey, A.S., J.J. Belliardo and P.J. Wagstaffe,
1989. Review. Utilisation of certified reference materials in monitoring common environmental pollutants (PAils, Nitro-PAHs, PCBs). Z. analyt. Chem, 333(6):599-606. Wagstaffe: Community Bureau of Ref., Commission of the European Communities, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brus- sels, Belgium.
pounds in surface waters of the western Pacific Ocean. Oceanology (a translation of Okeano- logiia), 28(5):p.600.
F_.xtractable organic compounds (EOC) were ana- lyzed in 159 water samples and 109 suspended matter samples from the surface waters of the Bering Sea, Sea of Japan, Philippine Sea, and the north- western Pacific. Analysis of EOC components indicated that oil pollution assessment using only hydrocarbon concentrations may be inadequate. Highest EOC concentrations occurred on the Bering Sea shelf, in Tsugaru Strait, and in the eastern Philippine Sea. The EOC content of the suspended matter was higher than that of the dissolved phase at most stations. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. (gsb)
90:2770 Onuska, F.I. and K.A. Terry, 1989. Identification and
quantitative analysis of nitrogen-containing poly- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. J. high Resolution Chromatog. and Chromalog. Com- muns, 12(6):362-363. Natl. Water Res. Inst., 876 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.
90:2771 Rostad, C.E. and W.E. Pereira, 1989. Analysis of
chlorinated organic compounds in estuarine biota and sediments by chemical ionization tandem
mass spectrometry. Biomed. environ, mass Spectrom~ 18(7):464-470. USGS, PO Box 25046, Mail Stop 408, Denver Federal Ctr., Denver, CO 80225, USA.
90:2772 Sauer, T.C. Jr. et al., 1989. Concentrations of
chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in mlcrolayer and seawater samples collected in open-ocean waters off the U.S. east coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Chem, 27(3-4):235-257.
Of 27 microlayer samples collected, only one contained pesticides or individual PCB congeners above method detection limits ranging from 0.1-1.0 ng L -n. Most PCB congeners and pesticides were not detected in any of the 24 open-ocean surface seawater samples, even at method detection limits of 0.5-3.0 pg L -I, which were achieved by processing 900 L of seawater. Lindane was detected at 0.01-0.15 ng L -n in nearly every seawater filtrate sample taken off the southeast coast and the Gulf of Mexico. Chlordane was the other pesticide found predom- inantly in gulf samples at 0.004-0.034 ng L -~. Only a few samples contained very low concentrations of DDTs and their degradation products. No more than four to five PCB congeners were detected in any seawater sample; none possessed an Aroclor pattern. Concentrations of PCBs and DDT iden- tified in earlier studies were significantly higher than their concentrations in the current (1985 and 1987) surveys, reflecting either an actual decl ine or improved analytical methods. Mar. Sci. Unit, Arthur D. Little Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
of seawater.] Oceanis, 15:!42pp. (In French.) Lab. de Phys. et Chim. Mar., Univ. P. et M. Curie, Paris, France.
D. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
DI0. Apparatus and methods
90:2774 Barstow, No6l, G.H. Sutton and J.A. Carter, 1989.
Particle motion and pressure relationships of ocean bottom noise: 3900 m depth; 0.003 to 5 Hz. Geophys. Res. Letts, 16(10):i185-1188.
Samples 0-f ocean bottom noise in the frequency band 0.003 to 5 Hz are analyzed for coherency and amplitude and phase relationships among pressure and the three components of particle motion. Data from the Columbia-Point Arena station (38"09.2"N, 124~ provide examples of different noise conditions. Coherent energy peaks near 0.14, and
