598

tainty is now comparable to modelling error asso­ciated with today's best operational models, and thatshort-range forecasts of explosive cyclogenesis arefar more sensitive to initial errors than are those forordinary flows. Dept. of Atmos., Oceanic and SpaceSci., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143,USA. (emm)

OLR (1990) 37 (7)

90:3843Peak, J.E. and P.M. Tag, 1989. An expert system

approach for prediction of maritime visibilityobscuration. Mon. Weath. Rev., 117(12):2641­2653. Martin Marietta Data Syst., c/o NavalEnviron. Prediction Res. Facility, Monterey, CA93943·5006, USA.

C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

CIO. Apparatus and methods

90:3844Chappell, B.W. and J.M. Hergt, 1989. The use of

known Fe content as a flux monitor in neutronactivation analysis. Chern. Geol; 78(2):151-158.Dept. of Geol., Australian Natl. Univ., Can­berra, ACT 2601, Australia.

90:3845Haddad, P.R. and N.H. Velthorst (guest editors),

1989. Special issue. 6th symposium on Ionchromatography. Sils-Maria (Switzerland), April9-12, 1989. J. Chromatog., 482(2):266-422; 17papers.

Developments in the methodology of ion chroma­tography such as sample clean-up, on-line precon­centration, injection peaks, detection technology(e.g., chemiluminescence), impurity and matrixeffects, and stationary phase selection are consid­ered. There are several papers on specific appli­cations (e.g., atmospheric analysis and separationand determination of trace metals and organicacids). (gsb)

90:3846Heumann, K.G. and Manfred Wachsmann, 1989.

Negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry ofselenium. Part 4. Selenium trace determination insediments and related samples. Z. analyt, Chem;335(7):755-758. Inst. fur Anorganische Chem.der Univ. Regensburg, Univ. 31, 0-8400 Re­gensburg, FRG.

90:3847Kane, 1.S., 1.R. Evans and r.c, Jackson, 1989.

Comparison of several analytical methods for the

determination of tin in geochemical samples as afunction of tin speciation. Chem. Geo/., 78(1):1­14.

Three Sn analysis methods were evaluated: graphitefurnace atomic absorption spectrometry followingiodide extraction, inductively coupled plasma atomicemission spectrometry (lep-OES), and energy­dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrome­try. Results showed that similar accuracy wasachieved from all methods for unmineralized sam­pies containing no known Sn-bearing phase. Formineralized samples containing Sn-bearing minerals(either cassiterite or stannous sulfides), only EDXRFand fusion ICP-OES methods provided acceptableaccuracy. USGS, Mail Stop 923, Reston, VA 22092,USA.

90:3848Karger, B.L. (guest editor), 1989. Special volume.

First international symposium on high-perform­ance capillary electrophoresis. Boston, April10-12, 1989. J. Chromatog., 480:435pp; 37papers.

90:3849Krahn, M.M. et al., 1989. High-performance liquid

chromatographic method for Isolating coprostanolfrom sediment extracts. J. Chromatog; 481:263­273.

We report a rapid, largely automated method, whichuses an HPLC column packed with alkylnitrile­substituted secondary alkylamine bonded phase, toisolate coprostanol from interfering compounds insediment extracts. Coprostanol is then quantitated,as the trimethylsilyl ether, by gas chromatographywith flame ionization detection. Results using the

OLR (1990)37 (7) C. Chemical Oceanography 599

method were statistically comparable to a previouslyused gravity-flow column method. We also reportthe coprostanol concentrations in sediment samplesfrom the California coast which reflec t a range ofsewage contamination. Environ. Conserv. Div.,NWFC, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East , Seattle,WA 98112, USA.

90:3850Li, Jinxia, 1989. A study on sample pretreatment of

analysis of Cd, Ph and Zn in seawater by IDMS(isotope dilution mass spectrometry). Actaoceanol. sin. (English version), 8(3);401-408.Third Inst. of Oceanogr., State Oceanic Admin.,Xiarnen, People's Republic of China.

90:3851Lister, AX. et al., 1989. Direct detection of organic

compounds in water at parts-per-billion levelsusing a simple membrane probe and a quadrupoleion trap. Biomed. environ. mass Spectrom.,18(12):1063·1070. Dept. of Chern ., PurdueUniv ., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.

C80. Physical chemistry in seawater

90:3852Chien , Y.-H. and Y.-H. Chou , 1989. Combined

effects of temperature and salinity on chlorinedecay in seawater-a modelling approach. Actaoceanogr. taiwan., 22:33-42. Dept. of Aquacul­ture, Nat!. Taiwan CoIl. of Mar. Sci. and Tech.,Keelung, Taiwan.

90:3853Goyet, Catherine and Alain Poisson, 1989. New

determination of carbonic acid dissociation con­stants in seawater as a function of temperatureand salinity. Deep-Sea Res; 36(llA)1635-1654.

The apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid(K, ., K 2· ) were determined by potentiometrictitrations in artificial seawater. The aim was toacquire data over a large temperature and salinityrange to resolve the small differences in pK,·sobtained in the studies of Mehrback et al. (1973) andHansson (1973). It is also of cons iderable interest toknow these constants at low temperature in order tobe able to study the CO/carbonate system in coldwaters. Dept. of Chem., WHOI, Woods Hole, MA02543, USA.

90:3854Vazquez G., Felipe, l-z. Zhang and FJ. Millero,

1989. Effect of metals on the rate of the oxidation

of HzS in seawater. Geophys, Res . Letts, 16(12):1363-1366.

Recent measurements in the Black Sea yielded H2Soxidation rates ten times faster than expected. Todetermine if this was due to trace metals, meas­urements were made of H2S oxidation in seawaterwith added Mn2 + , NiH, C0 2+ , ce--, Fe!+, Fe3 + ,

Pb2+ , Zo2+ and CdH • Below 100 nM, only Fe2+

affects the oxidation rate. At higher concentrationsthe rates increase for all the metals except Zn2+ . Inst.de Cienc. del Mar y Limnol.-UNAM, Apdo. 70-305,Mexico 04510, D.F. Mexico.

CllO. Radioactivity, radioisotopes

90:3855Canuel, E.A ., C.S . Martens and L.K. Benninger,

1990. Seasonal variations in 'Be activity in thesediments of Cape Lookout Bight, North Caro­lina. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 54(1):237-245.Curriculum in Mar. Sci., Univ. of North Caro­lina , Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

90:3856Hamilton, E.!., 1989. Radionuclides and large par­

ticles in estuarine sediments. Mar. Pollut, Bull;20(12) :603-607.

Radionuclides released into the northeast Irish Seafrom the uranium reprocessing plant at Sellafield,UK, and which are present in sed iments of the EskEstuary, are initially associated with large particles,whose surfaces are coated with a patina of Fe andMn oxides with which the radionuclides are asso­ciated. Concentration factors for Pu, Am, and otherradionuclides, together with various stable elementsin the patina are orders of magnitude greater thanthose found in bulk sediments. Some implicationsconcerning the radionuclide content of organolithsare discussed in relation to geochemical process,pollution studies and the requirements of radiolog­ical protection. Phoenix Res. Lab., 'Penglebe',Dunterton, Milton Abbot, Tavistock, Devon PLl9OQJ, UK.

90:3857Malcolm, S.J. et al., 1990. The interstitial water

chemistry of 239,.z.1OPu and 141Am in the sedimentsof the northeast Irish Sea. Geochim , cosmochim.Acta, 54(1):29-35. MAFF, Dir. of Fish. Res. ,Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 OHT, UK.

90:3858Tsai, S.W. and Y. Chung, 1989. Ph-2lO in the

sediments of Taiwan Strait. Acta oceanogr.

600 C. Chemical Oceanography OLR (1990) 37 (7)

taiwan; 22:1-13. lnst. of Mar. Geol., Natl. SunYat-sen Univ., Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

C120. Dissolved gases

90:3859Rahm, L. and V. Svensson, 1989. On the mass

transfer properties of tbe benthic boundary layerwitb an application to oxygen fluxes. Neth, J. SeaRes ; 24(1):27-35.

A mathematical model includes a two-equationturbulence model for the major part of the benthicboundary layer and the interior, while a low­Reynolds-number one-equation turbulence modelwith prescribed length scale is applied to the viscoussublayer in order to resolve the latter layer. Fluxrates are calculated by use of a diffusion equationwhere the vertical dependence of exchange coef­ficient is determined by the two turbulence models.Predicted flux rates are in good agreement withindependent estimates of scalar fluxes from bound­aries for both low and high Prandtl/Schmidt num­bers. The time-dependent model also yields detailedconcentration and velocity profiles together withturbulence parameters. Swedish Meteorol. andHydrol. Inst., S-601, 76 Norrkoping, Sweden.

90:3860Yoshida, Naohiro et aI., 1989. Nitrification rates and

15N abundances of NzO and NOl - in the westernNortb Pacific. Nature, Lond; 342(6252):895-897.

We report simultaneous measurements of the nitrifi­cation rates and N isotope data for NzO and NO)­produced in the western North Pacific. The amountof N20 produced by nitrification is much lower thanthat expected from the production of N03- . The Npin the oxygen-deficient layer is more enriched in ISNthan N03- . These results imply that the contributionof nitrification to the production of Np is lowerthan previously thought and that denitrification isprimarily responsible for the production of N20 .Dept. of Earth Sci., Toyama Univ., Gofuku, Toyama930, Japan.

C130. Organic compounds

90:3861Legendre, Louis and Michel Gosselin, 1989. New

production and export of organic matter to thedeep ocean: consequences of some recent dis­coveries. Limnol. Oceanogr ; 34(7):1374-1380.

New production, as defined by Eppley and Petersonin 1979, is equal to the export of POM to the deepocean, which is readily quantifiable with sedimenttraps. Some recent studies call into question some ofthe basic assumptions of this model: that the organicmatter which finds its way to deep waters is mostlyparticulate, that euphotic zone N fixation is negli­gible (in the case where N tracers are used), and thatthe relevant production and export processes are alloccurring on similar time scales. The new datasuggest that the expression 'new production = POMexport' be changed to 'new production = POMexport + DOM export'; and this would only holdtrue over large temporal and spatial scales. Dept. deBiol., Univ, Laval, Quebec, PQ GIK 7P4, Canada.(gsb)

90:3862Shanmukhappa, H. and Kusuma Neelakantan, 1989.

Concentration of humicacids in mangrovehabitatof Karwar, west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci;18(4):284-285. Dept. of Mar. Biol., KarnatakUniv., PG Ctr., Kodibag, Karwar 581303, India.

90:3863Wakeham, S.G., 1989. Reductionof stenols to stanols

in particulate matter at oxic-anoxic boundaries inseawater. Nature, Lond; 342(6251):787-790.

Increased 5a(H)-stanol/~5-stenol ratios in particu­late matter at the oxic-anoxic interfaces in the watercolumns of the Cariaco Trench and Black Sea arereported and attributed to in-situ microbial conver­sion of stenol to stanol. The extent of conversionvaries with water-column redox potential: littlestanol generation occurs under oxic conditions,whereas there is substantial conversion in anoxicwaters. These results imply that anoxic waters,particularly near oxic-anoxic interfaces, are impor­tant sites of intense alteration of organic matter.Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687,Savannah, GA 31416, USA.

C140. Nutrients

90:3864Altabet, M.A., 1989. A time-series study of the

vertical structure of nitrogen and particle dynam­ics in the Sargasso Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr;34(7):1185-1201.

A time-series study of N and particle dynamics at asite near Bermuda was made with natural N isotopicratios as an in-situ tracer. Vertical structure in 615Nvalues and other quantities varied both seasonallyand interannually. Persistently higher particle flux. at

OLR (1990) 37 (7) C. Chemical Oceanography 601

50 vs. 100 m contrasts with the findings of theVERTEX study for the NE Pacific; the upper half ofthe euphotic zone in the Sargasso Sea appeared to besubstantially less efficient at recycling nutrients thanthe euphotic zone as a whole. Destruction of sinkingparticles within the euphotic zone was critical fordetermining both the overall efficiency of nutrientrecycling and the vertical variations obser ved.WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

90:3865Hinga, KR., 1989. Alteration of phosphorus dynam­

ics during experimental eutrophication of en­closed marine ecosystems. Mar. Pol/ut. Bull.,20(12):624-628.

A 28 00.0 eutrophication experiment was conductedin marine mesocosms. Each mesocosm contained 13mJ of seawater and a layer of benthic sedimentstransferred from adjacent Narragansett Bay. N, P,and silica were added daily. The net exchanges of Pbetween benthic sediments and water column wereexamined . At Low loading rates the annual pattern ofphosphate concentrations is still evident but itsamplitude is magnified. At higher loading rates theannual pattern is lost and the effectiveness of thesediments to 'b uffer' water column concentrations isreduced. In some cases, nutrient loading caused arelease of P from the sediments. Grad. School ofOceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI02882, USA.

90:3866Longhurst, A.R. et aI., 1989. NFLUX : a test of

vertical nitrogen flux by diel migrant biota.Deep-Sea Res., 36(IlA): 1705-1719.

At a station (NFLUX) in the northern Sargasso Sea,we assembled data over 10 days to test the hypoth­esis that diel migrant biota in the open ocean inducea downward flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen thatis significant in relation to the passive flux undergravity of particulate organic nitrogen at the base ofthe photic zone. NH4+ excretion rates by day atdepths below the photic zone were -8% of partic­ulate N flux obtained by a sediment trap array at thesame depth. This figure is in the lower part of therange of values calculated previously for 10 pub­lished station data sets; we attribute this to the highrate of passive flux relative to primary production atthe station. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box:1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.

90:3867Tomiyama, Yoshisuke, 1989. Seasonal variation of

chemical elements on the East China Sea (pNline). Umi to Sora, 64(Extra No.) :27S-283. (In

Japanese, English abstract.) Nagasaki Mar.Observ., Nagasaki, Japan.

C150. Particulate matter

90:3868Beverage, J .P. and D.T. Williams, 1989. Comparison:

US P~1 andDelft sediment samplers. J. hydraul.Engng, Am. Soc. civ, Engrs, 115(12): 1702-1706.Hydro., USGS, Fed. Interagcy. SedimentationProj ., Minneapolis, MN 55414-2196, USA.

90:3869Kumari, L.K., J.P. Royan and Sumitra Vijayaragha­

van, 1989. Energy values of suspended detritus inAndaman Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci; 18(4):282-283.Natl, Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India.

90:3870Reeves, A.D. and M.R. Preston, 1989. The compo­

sition of lignin in estuarine suspended particulatesand the distribution of particulate lignin inestuaries as determined by capillary gas chro­matography of cupric oxide oxidation products.Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci; 29(6):583-599.

The contribution of lignin to the estuarine suspendedparticulate fraction is described in terms of itsdistribution over a spring and a neap tide in theTamar Estuary and the Mersey Estuary, SW andNW England. The sources and compositionalchanges of the lignin are identified. Comparison ofthe lignin concentrations in the suspended materialwith those in the underlying sediment reveals thatlignin is preferentially enriched in the suspendedmaterial. Preston: Earth Sci. Dept., Univ. of Liv­erpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.

C180. Geochemistry, biogeochemistry(see also D-SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEO­

PHYSICS)

90:3871Brumsack, H.-J ., 1989. Geochemistry of recent

TOC·rich sediments from the Gulf of Californiaand the Black Sea. Geologische Rdsch., 78(3) :851-882.

Major and minor elements were determined inrecent sed iments from the Gulf of Californiaupwelling area and Black Sea sapropels. The chem­istry of Gulf of California sediments reflects regen­eration processes in the water column. Anoxic

602 C. Chemical Oceanography OLR (1990) 37 (7)

conditions in the water column trap a number ofredox sensitive and/or stable sulfide forming ele­ments. A simple trace metal balance calculationshows that the chemical composition of Black Seasapropels is controlled by fluvial and Mediterraneaninput and the accumulation rate of terrigenousdetrital material. Brumsack: Geocherr . Inst. derUniv, Gottingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 0-3400 Got­tingen, FRG.

90:3872Cai, Fulong et aI., 1989. The behaviour of 59Fe in

marine microhabitat. Acta oceano!' sin. (Englishversion), 8(3):423-429.

In the presence of 137.134CS, 65Zn, 60CO and 54Mn, thebehaviour of 59Fe-its morphology in seawater,concentration in sediment and phytoplankton, anddistribution and metabolism in marine animaltissues were studied. Third Inst. of Oceanogr., StateOceanic Admin., Xiamen, People's Republic ofChina.

90:3873Dean, W.E., J.V. Gardner and Eileen Hemphill­

Haley, 1989. Changes in redox conditions indeep-sea sediments of the subarctic North PacificOcean: possible evidence for the presence ofNorth Pacific Deep Water. Paleoceanography,4(6):639-653.

Cores of upper Quaternary and Holocene sedimentfrom the subarctic North Pacific contain layers ofoxidized brown sediment interbedded within pre­dominantly reduced green sediment. The brownlayers are enriched in several trace elements, espe­cially Mn, Mo, Ni, and Co, relative to the greenlayers. The oxidized layers represent a change inredox conditions between the North Pacific red clayprovince and subarctic biosiliceous green clayprovince, possibly caused by an increase in supply ofdissolved oxygen to bottom waters during glacial­interglacial transitions as the result of the periodicformation of a seasonal bottom water mass in thenortheastern Pacific Ocean. USGS, Denver, CO,USA.

90:3874Fossing, Henrik and B.B. Jergensen, 1989. Meas­

urement of bacterial sulfate reduction in sedi­ments: evaluation of a single-step chromiumreduction method. Biogeochem., 8(3):205-222.

A simplified one-step distillation procedure formeasuring reduced 3SS in sediments is described.Total reduced inorganic sulfur is measured in asingle step yielding 4-50% higher sulfate reduction

rates than the traditional two-step procedure in­volving consecutive distillations of acid volatilesulfide and chromium reducible sulfur. Results ofseparation and recovery experiments (FeS, So, FeS2)

under varying distillation conditions are reported.Inst. of Ecol. and Genetics, Univ. of Aarhus NyMunkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. (gsb)

90:3875Hillman, K., G.W. Gooday and J.I. Prosser, 1989.

The mineralization of chitin in the sediments ofthe Ythan Estuary, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 29(6):601-612. RowettRes. Inst., Greenburn Rd., Bucksburn, Aber­deen AB2 9SB, UK.

90:3876Hydes, D.J., 1989. Seasonal variation in dissolved

aluminium concentrations in coastal waters andbiological limitation of the export of the riverineinput of aluminium to the deep sea. Continent.Shelf Res., 9(10):919-929.

Three surveys in the English Channel between 0°and 5°30'W in November 1985 and May andAugust 1986 show that AI concentrations vary withthe seasonal cycle in dissolved nutrient concentra­tions. Lowest levels were measured in August andhighest in November. In winter, Al distribution isdetermined by the mixing of low Al surface NEAtlantic water with high Al river water. In summer,AI concentrations are lower above the thermocline.The ratio Al to Si removed during the spring bloomis similar to that observed in diatom cultureexperiments. A continued decrease in Al afterdiatom production has ceased suggests that AIremoval may be linked to primary production. Themechanism of removal is unclear. Profiles of AIagainst depth from deep-water stations in the NEAtlantic, north of the area of Saharan dust inputs,are very similar to those for Si above the mainthermocline. A biologically mediated removalprocess maintains low concentrations of AI in theseand coastal waters, limiting the export of riverine Alinto the deep sea. lost. of Oceanogr. ScL, DeaconLab., Brook Rd., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU85UB, UK.

90:3877Kiene, R.P., K.D. Malloy and B.F. Taylor, 1990.

Sulfur-containing amino acids as precursors ofthiols in anoxic coastal sediments. Appl. environ.Microbiol., 56(1): 156-161. Taylor: RSMAS,Univ. of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy.,Miami, FL 33149-1098, USA.

OLR (1990) 37 (7) C. ChemicalOceanography 603

90:3878King, G.M., R.G. Carlton and T.E. Sawyer, 1990.

Anaerobic metabolism and oxygen distribution inthe carbonate sediments of a submarine canyon.Mar. Ecol-Prog. Ser., 58(3):275-285.

Microelectrodes were used in-situ to measure oxygendistribution in the organic-poor carbonate sedimentsof a tropical submarine canyon and in sedimentsfrom a shallow organic-enriched bay. Oxygen pen­etration was generally limited to depths of 5-10 mm.Oxygen supersaturation at the sediment-water in­terface or at depths of a few millimeters indicatedthat benthic photosynthesis contributed to thecontrols of oxygen distribution. Highest rates ofsulfate reduction were usually at I and 3 em depths.Rates of sulfate reduction were higher in bay thancanyon sediments, consistent with differences inorganic content. There was also a correlationbetween integrated rates of reduction and thepresence of surface algal films . Trends similar tothose for sulfate reduction were observed for thedistribution of solid-phase reduced sulfur speciesand for acetylene reduction. Dept. of Ecol. andGenetics, Univ. of Arhus, Ny Munkegade Bldg. 550,DK-80G0 Arhus C, Denmark.

90:3879Moldowan, J.M. et al., 1990. Sedimentary 24­

n-propylcholestanes, molecular fossils diagnosticof marine algae. Science, 247(4940):309-312.

Certain CJO-steranes have been used for identifyingsedimentary rocks and crude oils derived fromorganic matter deposited in marine environments.Analysis of a sterane from Prudhoe Bay oil indicatesthat these CJo·steranes apparently are derived fromprecursor sterols biochemically synthesized in mod­em oceans by members of an order (Sarcinochry­sidales) of chrysophyte algae. These data thus implythat CJO-sterane biomarkers in sedimentary rocksand crude oils have a marine origin. Screening of afew organic-rich sedimentary rocks and oils fromthroughout the Phanerozoic suggests that theseCJo·steranes first appeared and, therefore, theirsource algae evolved between Early Ordovician andDevonian. ®1990 by AAAS. Chevron Oil Field Res.Co ., P.O. Box 1627, Richmond, CA 94802, USA.

90:3880Nicol, S. and M. Stolp, 1989. Sinking rates of cast

exoskeletons of Antarctic krill (Euphausiasuperba Dana) and their role in the vertical flux ofparticulate matter and fluoride in the SouthernOcean. Deep-Sea Res; 36(11A): 1753-1762.

The dry weight of cast exoskeletons of E. superbawas log-linearly related to the dry weight of the

post-moult animal. The moult was an average of7.5%of the animal's post-moult dry weight, twice theestimate of other authors. The moults sank at ratesranging from 0.06 to US em 5-1; sinking rate was afunction of the moult weight and surface area.Freshly shed exoskeletons had a mean C:N ratio of5.6 and a mean organic content of 73.2% of the highdry weight. Fluoride levels in the cast exoskeletonwere high and fluoride leached out following ecdysis.Rate of fluoride loss was most rapid in the first 2days following moulting and slowed markedly in thefollowing 3 days. The effect of these processes onorga nic matter and fluoride transport from Antarcticsurface waters is discussed. Australian AntarcticDiv., Channel Hwy., Kingston, Tas. 7050, Australia.

C2IO. Pollution (see also B350-Atmosphericpollution, C110-Radioactivi ty, radioiso­topes , E300-Effects of pollution, F250­Waste disposal)

90:3881Cripps , G.C., 1989. Problems in the identification of

anthropogenic hydrocarbons against natural back­ground levels in the Antarctic. Antarct, Sci;1(4):307-312.

Results obtained in the Antarctic show that acceptedmethods of distinguishing biogenic from contami­nating hydrocarbons are inconsistent. Samples takenfrom South Georgia in the vicinity of derelictwhaling stations had odd-to-even carbon numberratios in the range 0.8-1.0. The pristane-to-phytaneratio varied between 0.4 and 1.4 and contradictedthe interpretation of the odd-to-even rat io at severaLsites. A value of less that 1.0for these ratios has beentaken to indicate anthropogenic origin . A number ofPAHs were detected at all sites, but the concen­tration gradient did not correspond with that of then-alkanes. It is therefore recommended that rec­ognition of anthropogenic input is based on quan­tification of all compounds against a well-definedbaseline. The source of the pollution can then beestimated from the distribution patterns of thehydrocarbons. British Antarctic Survey, NERC,High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 OET,UK.

90:3882Dirkx, W.M .R., W.E. Van Mol, R.J.A. Van Cleuven­

bergen and F.C. Adams, 1989. Speciation oforganotin compounds in water by gas chroma­tography/atomic absorption spectrometry. Z.analyt, Chem., 335(7):769-774. Adams: Dept. ofChem., Univ. of Antwerp (U .LA.) Univ. I,B-261O Wilrijk, Belgium.

604 C. Chemical Oceanography OLR (1990)37 (7)

90:3883Forsyth, D.S., 1989. Optimization of a gas chro­

matograpb-atomic absorption spectrometer sys­tem for organotin determination. Sci. total Envi­ronment, 89(3):299-304. Food Res. Div., Bur. ofChern. Safety, Food Directorate, Health Prot.Br., Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, ONKIA OL2, Canada.

90:3884Hamelin, B., F. Grousset and E.R. Sholkovitz, 1990.

Pb isotopes in surficial pelagic sediments from theNorth Atlantic. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta,54(1):37-47.

Ph isotopic composition and concentration in sed­iment samples close to the seawater interface in 6box cores from the NE Atlantic, 2 from the SargassoSea, and one from the U.S. continental shelf weremeasured. Anthropogenic Pb input to marine sed­iments due to increased Pb contamination over theocean during the last century can be identified in allthese cores. In regions under aeolian influence fromEurope, Pb pollution can be recognized using itsdistinctive unradiogenic composition; in contrast theAmerican Pb pollution has an isotopic compositionmuch closer to that of natural detrital Pb input andtherefore can be identified only in detailed concen­tration profiles. Pb excess inventories are in goodagreement with fluxes estimated from sediment-trapdata and with the time record of Pb contaminationincrease given by analyses in coral growth bands.Inventories of Pb contamination to the sediments ofthe American shelf are tenfold higher than those toHatteras and Bermuda abyssal plains. Lamont­Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA.

90:3885Hamouda, M.S. and J.G. Wilson, 1989. Levels of

heavy metals along the Libyan coastline. Mar.Pol/ut. Bull., 20(12):621-624. Wilson: Environ.Sci. Unit, Trinity Col1., Dublin, Ireland.

90:3886Kannan, Narayanan and Shinsuke Tanabe et aI.,

1989. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) io sed­iments in Hong Kong: a congener-specific ap­proach to the study of coplanar PCBs in aquaticecosystems. Environ. Pollut; 62(2-3):223-235.Tanabe: Dept. of Environ. Conserv., EhimeUniv., Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama 790, Japan.

90:3887Krumgalz, B.S., 1989. Unusual grain size effect 00

trace metals and organic matter in contaminatedsediments. Mar. Poi/ut. Bull., 20(12):608-61I.

Grain size effect on trace metals and total organiccontent distribution in various fractions of con­taminated sediment has been studied. Selectivepartitioning of the contaminants in sediment frac­tions was observed, with a minimum content in thefine sand fraction of grain size 0.125-0.250 mm.Anomalously high concentrations of trace metalsand organic matter content in the medium andcoarse sediment fractions were explained by theformation of large agglomerates during dryingprocedures. These large agglomerates have beenobserved in photographs of medium and coarsesediment fractions only, and consist of small par­ticles cemented either by dissolved organic matter orby sea salts present in the marine sediment; theirformation should be taken into consideration whenconducting metal contamination studies on sedi­ments. Nat!. Inst. of Oceanogr., Israel Oceanogr. andLimnol. Res., Tel-Shikmona, P.O.B. 8030, Haifa31080, Israel. .

90:3888Ohhira, Shuji and Hisao Matsui, 1990. Simultaneous

determination of triphenyltin and its metabolites,mono- and diphenyltin, in biological materials bycapillary gas chromatography. Bull. environ.Contamin, Toxicol; 44(2):294-301. Dept. ofHygiene, Dokkyo Univ, School of Med., Mibu­machi, Tochigi 321-02, Japan.

90:3889Preston, M.R. and L.A. AI-Omran, 1989. Phthalate

ester speciation in estuarine water, suspendedparticUlates aod sediments. Environ. Pollut.,62(2-3): 183-193. Oceanogr. Lab., LiverpoolUniv., PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.

C240. Corrosion

90:3890Bone, Lee III, 1989. Accelerated testing of atmos­

pheric coatings for offshore struemres, Mater.Perform., 28{l1):31-36. xaco Oil and Gas Co.,Res. and Tech. Serv., 2300 West Plano Parkway,Plano, TX 75075, USA.

90:3891Leask, L.J., 1989. Cathodic protection survey of

deep-water structures and subsea installationsusing a remotely operated vehicle. Mater. Per­form; 28(11):21-24.

The successful and efficient cathodic protection (CP)survey of a deep water structure using an ROV hasremained an enigma to many corrosion engineers inoil companies. The location of the corrosion group

OLR (1990) 37 (7)

within the company structure often plays a majorrole in the success of the project. Some operatorslocate their corrosion departments in the off­shore/onshore operations and others in the designgroup. This location often has a bearing on the

60S

financial and operational approach to the project. Asuccessful CP survey is both achievable and exciting,with experienced preplanning and selection of thecorrect equipment. Oceans Tech., Inc. 3836 SpencerSt., Harvey, LA 70058, USA.

D. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

DIO. Apparatus and methods

90:3892Aitchison, John (comment) and D.P . Watson

(reply), 1990. (Discussion ol] 'Measures of vari­ability for geological data,' by D.F. Watson andG.M. Philip. Mathl Geol., 22(2):223-231.

90:3893Bardossy, A., 1. Bogardi and W.E. Kelly , 1990.

Kriging with imprecise (fuzzy) variograms. I.Theory. Mathl Geol., 22(1):63-79. Inst. forHydro!. and Water Resour. , Univ. of Karlsruhe,Kaiserstr. 12, D-7500 Karlsruhe, FRO.

90:3894Bardossy, A., I. Bogardi and W.E. Kelly, 1990.

Kriging with Imprecise (fuzzy) variograms. n.Application. Mathl Geol; 22(1):81-94. Inst. forHyro!. and Water Resour., Univ. of Karlsruhe,Kaiserstr. 12, D-7500, Karlsruhe, FRO.

90:3895Bosence, Dan and Dave Waltham, 1990. Computer

modeling the internal architecture of carbonateplatfonns. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 18(1):26-30.

A numerical computer model is presented whichgenerates cross-sections of surfaces developed on acarbonate platform at -IOO-yr intervals undervarying values of carbonate production, subaerialand submarine erosion, sediment redeposition, andsea-level changes; results are displayed in 10 kaincrements . The program produces prograding anddown lapping platform geometries in associationwith stillstand and transgressive sea levels, lagoondevelopment with transgressive sea levels, anddownlapping clinoforms and erosional upper sur­faces with regressive sea levels. Dept, of Geol ., RoyalHolloway and Bedford New Coli., Univ. of London ,Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK. (hbf)

90:3896Cedhagen, Tomas, 1989. A method for disaggregating

clay concretions and eliminating formalin smell inthe processing of sediment samples. Sarsia,74(3):22]-222 . Dept. of Zoo1., Univ. of Gote­borg, P.O. Box 25059, 8-400 31 Ooteborg,Sweden.

90:3897Cox, N.J., 1990. A note on John Playfair and the

statistics of directional data. Mathl Geol; 22(2):211-212.

It was John Playfair who, in 1802, first recognizedthat the average of any set of bearings was mean­ingless if it was taken to be their arithmetic mean.(The arithmetic mean of headings of I D and 359°,each just shy of due north, is 180°, due south.)Instead, it must be the arctangent of the ratio of thesum of the sines and the sum of the cosines of thebearings. (Playfair's brother Will iam invented thebar chart, the pie chart and the circle graph.) Dept.of Geogr., Univ. of Durham, DHI 3LE, UK. (fcs)

90:3898Dunstan, S.P. and A.J.B. Mill, 1989. Spatial indexing

of geological models using linear ectrees. Com­puters, Geosciences, 15(8);1291-1301.

Recent developments in the field of solid modeling,most notably that of octree encoding, offer greatpotential for computer-aided design applications ingeological modeling. The ability of the octreeencoding technique to index spatially attributabledata as blocks of variable levels of resolutionenhances the manipulative properties of a geologicaldatabase and reduces computational overheads. Inaddition , variable-sized blocks are better suited tothe representation of complex geological structuresand boundary features. This paper outlines thefundamentals of oetree encoding and presents two