1078 OLR(1988) 35 (12)

Lecture. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 43(6):395-401. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

The author reviews his work and other recent studies concerning mineral aerosol (dust) particles in the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean. Consecutive measurements of atmospheric dust concentrations and total deposition fluxes at 13 Pacific island stations revealed a strong seasonal transport pattern of dust particles (high in spring) at most stations. There was a latitudinal gradient in both atmospheric dust concentration and flux, with highest values at midlatitudes. Observations of Asian dust storms and isentropic trajectory analysis indicated that the dust over the central North Pacific was transported by upper westerly winds from arid desert regions in central and eastern Asia, with 1-2 wk transport times. Center for Atmos. Chem. Studies, Univ. of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.

B350. Pollution (see also C210--Chemical pollution, E300-Effects of pollution, F250-

Waste disposal)

88:6864 Masclet, P. et al., 1988. Long range transport and

gas/particle distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a remote site in the Mediter- ranean Sea. Atmos. Environ., 22(4):639-650. Lab. de Physico-Chimie de rAtmos., Univ. Paris VII, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France.

B450. Miscellaneous

88:6865 Tsonis, A.A. and J,B. Eisner, 1988. The weather

attractor over very short timescales. Nature, Lond., 333(6173):545-547.

Recent work has used ideas from the theory of dynamical system~ in the study of climate and weather over timescales ranging from decades to hundreds of thousands of years. In this study, similar ideas are applied to weather observations over a time interval of 11 hours. Results suggest the existence of a low-dimensional strange attractor. Dept. of Geosci., Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wl 53201, USA.

C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

C10. Apparatus and methods

88:6866 Asher, W.E., G.S. Frysinger and G.M. Korenowski,

1988. Reflected optical second-harmonic gener- ation in the study of naturally occurring organic films at the ocean surface. J. geophys. Res., 93(C6):6955-6957.

The nonlinear spectroscopic technique of second- harmonic generation was used to study the surface properties of bulk and microlayer seawater samples. The majority of the surface active components present in the seawater were present in the micro- layer sample. Increases in film pressure correlated with increases in the second-harmonic generation signal for the microlayer samples studied. This indicates that the second-harmonic generation tech- nique may be used to noninvasively study and determine the surface properties of seawater. Kore-

nowski: Dept. of Chem., Rensselaer Polytech. Inst., Troy, NY 12180, USA.

88:6867 Bullister, J.L. and R.F. Weiss, 1988. Determination

of CCI3F and CCI2F 2 in seawater and air. Deep-Sea Res., 35(5A):839-853.

An improved analytical technique was developed for rapid, accurate shipboard measurement of these two chlorofluorocarbons. Total analysis time is ~10 min, allowing detailed vertical profiles of concen- trations in the water column and overlying atmos- phere to be determined within a few hours of the completion of a hydrographic station. Typical relative standard deviations for CCI3F and CC12F 2 analyses in near-surface seawater containing equi- librium levels of these compounds are ~1%. Limits

OLR (1988) 35 (12) C. Chemical Oceanography 1079

of detection for both compounds in 30 cm 3 seawater samples are ~0.005 × 10 -~2 mol kg -t. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

88:6868 de Ruck, Ann, Carlo Vandecasteele and Richard

Dams, 1987. Determination of thallium in natural waters by electrothermal atomic absorption spec- trometry. Mikrochim. Acta, 11(4-6): 187-193. Vandecasteele: Inst. for Nuclear Sci., Rijksuniv. Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

88:6869 G6mez-Belinch6n, J.I., J.O. Grimalt and Joan

Albalg6s, 1988. lntercomparison study of liquid- liquid extraction and adsorption on polyurethane and Amberlite XAD-2 for the analysis of hydro- carbons, polychlorobiphenyls, and fatty acids dissolved in seawater. Environ. Sci. Technol., 22(6):677-685.

The application of these methods sampling in parallel the same body of water has resulted in significant differences related to the proportion of HMW components in the complex mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. These occur irrespective of the operating conditions and are attributed to selective interactions of these hydro- phobic species with macromolecular organic matter such as fulvic and humic acids and to the resulting effects on adsorbent properties. In contrast, the quantitative results for most hydrocarbons and fatty acids depend on the total sampled volume, resulting in major losses when volumes larger than 300-400 L are collected with the adsorption systems. This parameter is, however, of small importance for polychlorobiphenyls and does not influence the observed concentrations of unsubstituted PAHs. Dept. of Environ. Chem., Jorge Girona Salgado, 18, 08034-Barcelona, Spain.

88:6870 Rabenstein, D.L. and Guo Wei et al., 1988. '88

fundamental reviews. Analyt. Chem., 60(12): IR- 435R; 25 papers.

Twenty-five individual reviews of subfields in ana- lytical chemistry, averaging about 15 pages each, are presented, with some topic overlap. There are three papers each on spectroscopy and chromatography, and two on microscopy. Spectrometric methods are well represented, with papers on x-ray, mass, UV and light absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, AA, and flame emission spec- trometry. The mass spectrometry paper is especiall~ extensive (48 pages). Other methods reviewed in- elude nuclear and radiochemical, organic elemental, functional group, thermal and surface analysis;

chemical sensors and ion-selective electrodes; elec- trochemistry; kinetics; and chemometrics. (gsb)

CII0. Radioactivity, radioisotopes 88:6871

Erlenkeuser, Helmut and Wolfgang Balzer, 1988. Rapid appearance of Chernobyl radiocesium in the deep Norwegian Sea sediments. Oceanologica Acta, 11(1):101-106.

Two deep-sea box cores, collected two months after the Chernobyl accident from the slope off mid Norway at 967 m water depth and from the Voring Plateau (1426 m), were analysed for ~34Cs and t37Cs and revealed a total of Chernobyl radiocesium of 220 and 330 Bq/m 2, respectively. The reactor cesium was essentially confined to the uppermost centimeter of the cores. The depth distribution of the nuclides gives a minimum value for the biological mixing coefficient of 1100 and 300 cm2/ka respectively, for the two stations studied. Inst. fur Reine und Angewandte Kernphysik der Univ. Kiel, Olshau- senstr. 40, D-2300 Kiel, FRG.

88:6872 Nagaya, Yutaka and Kiyoshi Nakamura, 1987.

Artificial radionuclides in the western northwest Pacific. II. t37Cs and z~9,U°Pu inventories in water and sediment columns observed from 1980 to 1986. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 43(6):345-355.

The 239,24°pu/137Cs activity ratio in the water column tends to increase from surface to bottom waters, but the sediment ratio is within a narrow range, indi- cating more effective removal of Pu than Cs from the water column. South of 40°N, the radionuclide inventories in the water column significantly exceed the estimated global fallout implying that local or close-in fallout derived from nuclear explosions in the equatorial North Pacific are well-preserved and retained in the regions. Data suggesting lateral 137Cs transport in surface waters from north of 40°N and some data on 9°Sr contents are shown. Div. of Mar. Radioecol., Natl. Inst. of Radiol. Sci., Isozaki, Nakaminato, 311-12 Japan.

C130. Organic compounds 88:6873

Gadel, Francois and Gilbert Torri, 1988. Structural analysis by proton nuclear magnetic resonance of humic substances from various environments. Oceanologica Acta, 11(1): 13-23. (In French,

1080 C. Chemical Oceanography OLR (1988) 35 (12)

English abstract.) Lab. de Sedimentol. et Geo- chimie Mar., Univ. de Perpignan, ave. de Villeneuve, 66025 Perpignan, France.

88:6874 Nandakumar, K., N.B. Bhosle and A.B. Wagh, 1987.

Dissolved and particulate lipids in the Arabian Sea off Bombay coast. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(4):240-242.

Concentrations of dissolved lipid ranged from 20-140 ~g L -t in the surface and 30-150/~g L -s in near bottom waters, while particulate lipid varied from 6-109 and 29-133 ~g L -~ respectively in surface and bottom waters. Dissolved lipid contributed 39-92% of the total lipid. No relationship was evident between lipid distribution and distance from shore. Contribution of plankton lipid C to total lipid C varied from 0.9-27%. Results indicate that lipid originates either from detritus matter or from anthropogenic sources. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

rus, dissolved organic phosphorus and particulate organic phosphorus have been studied from waters within and below the mixed layer. These isotopes permit study of P cycling on timescales compatible with those involved in biogeochemical processes and in trophic interactions within the food web. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

88:6877 Larkum, A.W.D., I.R. Kennedy and W.J. Muller,

1988. Nitrogen fixation on a coral reef. Mar. Biol., 98(1): 143-155.

Acetylene reduction was used to assess nitrogen fixation on all major substrates at all major areas over a 1-6 yr period at One Tree Reef, southern Great Barrier Reef. This work supports the hy- pothesis that high nitrogen fixation on the reef flat and patch reefs of the lagoon arises because these subtidal areas support highly disturbed communities with abundant nitrogen-fixing cyanophyte algae. An annual nitrogen fixation rate of 8-16 kg N ha -~ yr -t is calculated for One Tree Reef. School of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.

C140. Nutrients

88:6875 Coste, Bernard, Pierre Le Corre and H.J. Minas,

1988. Re-evaluation of the nutrient exchanges in the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep-Sea Res., 35(5A): 767-775.

New data of inorganic, particulate, and dissolved organic forms of N, P and Si from the Mediter- ranean Sea near the Strait of Gibraltar allow an estimate of exchanges of these elements between the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Input by Atlantic waters is lower than output by Mediter- ranean waters. The difference accounts for about l(~o of the total N and P outflow and about 50% of the total Si outflow. The deficit appears to be balanced by the nutrient supply from land drainage. The dissolved organic N and P are about 50% of the total N and P inflow and less than 30% of the outflow. Centre d'Oceanol, de Marseille, Faculte des Sci. de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.

88:6876 Lal, D. and T. Lee, 1988. Cosmogenic 321) and 33p

used as tracers to study phosphorus recycling in the upper ocean. Nature, Lond., 333(6175):752- 754.

A method has been developed based on two naturally occurring radioisotopes, 32p and 33p, to study phosphorus recycling in the upper ocean. Concentrations in the dissolved inorganic phospho-

C150. Particulate matter

88:6878 Deuser, W.G., F.E. Muller-Karger and C. Hem-

leben, 1988. Temporal variations of particle fluxes in the deep subtropical and tropical North Atlantic: Eulerian versus Lagrangian effects. J. geophys. Res., 93(C6):6857-6862.

This paper compares two time series of deep-water particle fluxes and the likely causes of variability in each: one is a 9-year record from the Sargasso Sea, in which the observed changes are due mostly to seasonality affecting the subtropical gyre; the other series is a 2-year record from the western tropical North Atlantic, in which the changes are due largely to mesoscale patchiness moving over the meas- urement site. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

88:6879 PaffenhOfer, G.-A. and T.N. Lee, 1987. Distribution

and abundance of particulate matter [off south- eastern continental shelf of the U.S.A. during 1981l. Prog. Oceanogr., 19(3-4):373-401.

This paper reports on the three dimensional cov- erage of Gulf Stream upwelling events to determine the distribution and abundance of particulate matter and chl a over time, resulting in a description of size, shape, and longevity of phytoplankton patches. All three patches (June, July, and August) were induced by physical events; their shape was governed by

OLR (1988) 35 (12) C. Chemical Oceanography 1081

bathymetry; and their size and longevity were to a large extent a function of the intensity and period of onshore and offshore advection. Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., Savannah, GA 31406-0687, USA.

88:6880 Pejrup, Morten, 1988. Flocculated suspended sedi-

ment in a micro-tidal environment. Sedim. Geol., 57(3-4):249-256.

In the Danish Wadden Sea in-situ analyses were carried out to obtain the natural textural compo- sition of the suspended sediment. Suspended sedi- ment at the investigation sites was composed of an unflocculated population coarser than ~4.5 ~ and a finer flocculated population. Median settling veloc- ities were determined within the concentration range 50--1000 mg L ~. It is concluded that suspended sediment concentration is a major determinant for the natural textural composition of flocculated sediment. The variation in concentration can ac- count for ~80% of the variance in median settling velocity. Turbulent mixing within the water column is a limiting factor for growth of sediment flocs. Inst. of Geogr., Univ. of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.

C 1 8 0 . G e o c h e m i s t r y , b i o g e o c h e m i s t r y (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEO- PHYSICS)

88:6881 Bargagli, R., R. Ferrara and B.E. Maserti, 1988.

Assessment of mercury d~tfibution and parti- tioning in recent sediments of the western Mediterranean Basin. Sci. total Environment, 72:123-130. Dept. of Environ. Biol., Univ. of Siena, Via delle Cerchia 3, 53100 Siena, Italy.

88:6882 Borel-Curial, Fabienne and Michel Rio, 1988.

Distribution of silica in the interstitial waters of deep-sea siliceous sediments. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris, (Srr. II)306(18):1271-1276. (In French, English abstract and abridged version.)

The dissolved silica concentration in deep-sea siliceous sediments reflects the surface production of siliceous organisms and mineralogic composition of the sediments. Most of the values are supersaturated in quartz and chalcedony, but undersaturated in opal-A. Interstitial waters of the radiolarian sedi- ments are less rich in dissolved silica than those of the diatomaceous sediments. Centre des Sci. de la

Terre, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon I, 27-43, blvd. du l l-Novembre-1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.

88:6883 Tlig, S., 1988. Fish debris as chemical scavengers of

zirconium and lanthanum in oceanic environ- ments---Zr and Hf fractionation in marine phos- phetes. Chem. Geol., 69(1-2):59-71. Groupe des Sci. de la Terre, C.E.N. Saclay, F-91000 Gif- sur-Yvette, France.

88:6884 Yeats, P.A., 1988. The distribution of trace metals in

ocean waters. Sci. total Environment, 72:131-149.

Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Mn distributions in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are described in terms of salinity and nutrient distributions. For Cd and Ni, there is a very consistent picture of the distributions that can be used to predict metal concentrations. For other metals, the situation is less clear, but concentrations in several of the deep water masses and some surface waters can be characterized. This analysis can establish a yardstick for analytical comparisons and identify regions where geochemical deviations from these relationships exist. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.

C 2 1 0 . P o l l u t i o n (see also B350-Atmospher ic pollution, C l l 0 - R a d i o a c t i v i t y , radioiso- topes, E300-Effec t s of pollution, F 2 5 0 - Waste disposal)

88:6885 Elark, E.A., R.M. Sterritt and J.N. Lester, 1988. The

fate of tributyltin in the aquatic environment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 22(6):600-604.

Tributyltin (TBT) is a widely used biocide and preservative, but its presence in the aquatic envi- ronment (water column, sediments, biota) is pri- marily traceable to its use as an antifoulant on boats, ships, and docks. This paper reviews the data on TBT as an aquatic contaminant: levels and distri- bution, speciation, degradation, toxicity, and bio- concentration. TBT has been shown to be toxic at very low levels, which are exceeded at many survey sites. Bioconcentration to levels three orders of magnitude higher than the exposure concentration has been observed, and both biotic and abiotic processes appear to be involved in TBT degradation. Imperial Coll. of Sci. and Tech., London SW7 2BU. UK. (gsb)

1082 OLR (1988) 35 (12)

88:6886 Davis, W.S. and T.J. Denbow, 1988. [Pollution in]

Aquatic sediments. [Review.] J. War. Pollut. Control Fed, 60(6): 1077-1088.

This review, which emphasizes lake studies, includes 219 references. Topics covered are: methods for sediment sampling and for extraction and deter- mination of components; biological activity in- cluding bioturbation, bioava!lability, and toxicity; oxygen demand and organic carbon; nutrients; metals; radionuclides; organics; dredging; and modelling, sediment transport, and paleolimnology. U.S. EPA, Environ. Services Div., 536 S. Clark St., Chicago, IL 60605, USA. (gsb)

C240. Corrosion

88:6887 Nicholas, K.W., 1988. Using an expert system fur

cathodic protection design. Mater. Perform., 27(6): 17-20.

An expert system has been developed to evaluate the applicability of the technique to cathodic protection (CP) design. The system has a limited knowledge domain, which restricts its use, but the domain can be expanded. In order to handle complex CP design tasks, the system would need to interface with a Computer Aided Design system. Developing the expert system identified areas where CP design procedures were not sufficiently documented. Corrpro Co., Inc., 1513 S. Wright Blvd., Schaum- burg, IL 60193, USA.

D. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

D10. Apparatus and methods

88:6888 Bardossy, A., I. Bogardi and W.E. Kelly, 1988.

Imprecise (fuzzy) information in geostatistics. Mathl Geol., 20(4):287-311.

An approach to analyzing imprecise data in geo- statistics, based on fuzzy set theory, is developed. The theoretical background of 'fuzziness' and the mechanics of its incorporation into geostatistical analyses is discussed in some detail followed by an application to permeability predictions of a soil liner for hazardous waste containment. Dept. of Civ. Engng, Univ. of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. (emm)

88:6889 Borgman, L.E., 1988. New advances in methodology

for statistical tests useful in geostatistical studies. Mathl Geol., 20(4):383-403.

Attempts to develop hypothesis testing methods in geostatistical investigations have been frustrated by the correlated nature of most data encountered in these studies. Presented here are a series of results pertaining to this problem, including a version of the 't ' test which is modified to handle intercorrelations,

and a number of nonparametric tests. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. (emm)

88:6890 Gasperini, M., 1987. A new marine seismic source.

Boll. Oceanol. teor. appL, 5(4):311-312.

A new high-resolution marine sparker source is described here. The discharge is produced at the focus of an elliptic paraboloid surface reflector. In this way, it is possible to obtain a plane longitudinal wavefront with geometrical spreading characteristics superior to either spherical or cylindrical wavefronts. Istituto per la Geol. Mar., CNR, via Zamboni 65, 40127 Bologna, Italy. (fcs)

88:6891 Journel, A.G., 1988. New distance measures: the

route toward truly non-Gausslan geostatistics. Mathl Geol, 20(4):459-475. Appl. Earth Sci., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

88:6892 Raynaud, Bernard, 1988. Diffraction modelling of

3-D Iower-crestal reflectors. Geophys. J., 93(1): 149-161. Carrington Computer Consultants, 57a Hatton Garden, London ECIN 8JD, UK.