Chemical oceanography

C240. Corrosion

85:6387 Johnsen. Roy and Einar Bardal, 1985. Cathodic

properties of different stainless sleds in natural seawater. Corrosion, 41(5):296-302. ( 'om,sion Centre, SINTEF. N-7034 Trondheim-NTtl, Norway.

C280. Books, collections (generalt

85:6388 Scalan, R, and S. Palmer (guest editors). 1985.

[Humic substances.I Proceedings of the 1st

l nee t l l l g ,oI lh~2 In [ e l l l a t i o l / a i i ] tul l lc 5ui~-,i~ ~ ! : ; Society. Estes Park. ('o[orado. August i~ ;3 ~ , : G(:'ocl~cm., R([> ~, i4.'t>: Id T')~l~~,.rr'. p h > . . . . It-rldt?d ,~})',{I;~C[>

The fourteen paper~ and mneteen ,.' ~tended ab,~ a, t~, are centered ,m hunlac ,,ubstanccs (t-IS) gct,~hcm istry, isolation fractionation and functionai .:,r,,,l i characterization. Major contributions include : comparison o1 chemical coagulation of IIS i'om natural waters and ,,oil: anabsis of dis.,,!'.,cd seawater HS and isolatex trom .~ pAaril]c da~ t~ using NMR and pyrolysis GC MS: md a ~,,.:~.imi- ison of two methods for isolating adsorbed i)()M from seawater. Porl ~Xlallsa.,, MaT. Ix{b, ~ ~i, /, Texas, Porl Aransas. fX, lISA !msg)

D. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

D10. Apparatus and methods

85:6389 Andr6e, M. et al., 1985. Accelerator radiocarbon ages

on Foraminifera separated from deeF-sea [Pa- cificl sediments. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un,, 32:143-153.

While whole shells and fragments of a single species give ages which agree within experimental error, there are significant differences among the ages for coexisting whole shells of different planktonic species; the source of these differences is not yet known. Because of this, the finding that the benthic-planktonic age difference was greater 6000 to 12,000 yr ago than over the last 5000 yr does not necessarily mean that the deep-sea ventilation rate was significantly slower during late glacial and Early Holocene times than it is today. Much has yet to be learned about the origin and seafloor history of material in deep-sea cores before any firm answers regarding paleocirculation can be obtained by this approach. Phys. Inst., Univ. of Bern, Switzerland.

85:6390 Bada, J.L., 1985. Amino acid racemization dating of

fossil bones. A. Bey. Earth planet. Sci., 13:241- 268. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

85:6391 Berge, A.M. and B. Beskow, 1985. A method to

determine the velocities of the seafloor and near-surface sediments. Geophys. Prospect.. 33(3):377-399.

Refracted data from conventional reflection recordings were used to obtain detailed velocity distribution information for depths between 300 and 700 m below the sea floor. Shot records for a 500 km-long, 26-fold reflection seismic record from the Barents Sea were processed; reflected, refracted, and multiple events were analyzed to obtain a detailed velocity model. Travel-time curves were then calculated and compared with recordings. The Wie- chert-Herglotz inversion was used to solve the inverse problem for refracted waves. Norsk Hydro A/S, Lars Hillesgate 30, 5013 Nygardstangen. Norway. (hbf)

85:6392 Crawford, R.W., Joseph Toole, M.S. Baxter and

John Thomson, 1985. A comparison of the particle track and a-spoctrometric techniques in excess thorium-230 dating of eastern Atlantic pelagic sediments. J. environ. Radioactivity, 2(2):135-144. Process Plant Div., Dounreay Nuclear Power Develop. Estab., UKAEA, Thurso, Caithness KWI4 7TZ, UK.

OLR (1985) 32 ( 11 ) D. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 925

85:6393 Safar, M.H., 1985. On the improvement in penetra-

tion achieved by using extended marine source arrays. Geophys. Prospect., 33(3):359-368.

An explanation is offered for the improved penetration achieved by using extended marine source arrays for reflection surveys of hard water-bottoms. It is shown that the main function of the array is to concentrate acoustic power within a preferred zone. Selection of a source array with spacing comparable to the required wavelength insures that most of the low frequency energy is concentrated within the penetration window and results in deeper penetration. Horizon Expl. Ltd., Horizon House, Azalea Dr., Swanley, Kent BR8 8JR UK. (hbf)

85:6394 Ukawa, Motoo, Yukio Fujinawa, Takao Eguchi and

Takao Maeda, 1985. Data processing method for the pop-up type ocean bottom seismometers. Rept natn. Res. Cent. Disaster Prevent., Tokyo, 34:43- 58. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Natl. Res. Center for Disaster Prevention, Japan.

D40. Area studies, surveys, bathymetry

85:6395 Butenko, Jorge, J.D. Milliman and Yincan Ye, 1985.

Geomorphology, shallow structure, and geological hazards in the East China Sea. Continent. Shelf Res., 4(1-2): 121-141.

Shallow seismic profiles show that the Holocene sediment overlies an eroded Late Pleistocene surface, dominated by a number of well-defined buried river channels formed (and filled) during the last low stand of sea level; some channels may be associated with recent faulting. These filled channels and depressious probably represent the single most important geological hazard for future emplacement of man-made structures (such as drilling platforms) on the seabed. Other potential hazards include methane gas vents on the inner shelf, possible vents of deeper gas on the mid-shelf, outcrops or near- surface expressions of the Fukien-Reinan Massif, and possibly migrating sand waves. Det Norske Veritas, Oslo, Norway.

85:6396 Gilbert, Robert, Alec Aitken and Brian McLaughlin,

1984. A survey of coastal environments in the vicinity of Naln, Labrador. Marit. Sed. Atlant. Geol., 20(3):143-155. Dept. of Geog., Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.

85:6397 Grunow, A.M. and I.W.D. Dalziel, 1984. Structural

and metamorphic study of the Beagle Channel lineament, Chilean Tierra del Fuego: R/V Hero cruise 84--3. Report. Antarct. J., 19(4):8-11.

Geological features of the northern and southern shores of the Beagle Channel and many fjords in the southern Cordillera Darwin were examined using metamorphic petrology, garnet zonation, fluid in- clusion studies, shear-sense techniques and uranium-lead zircon dating methods. The most significant field observations of this lineament, which appears to be the tectonic boundary between the ophiolitic back-arc basin terrane and the crystalline continental margin, are briefly noted here. Lamont- Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA. (msg)

85:6398 Shi, Yun-Liang, Wu Yang and Mei-e Ren, 1985.

Hydrological characteristics of the Chan~iang [River, China] and its relation to sediment transport to the sea. Continent. Shelf Res., 4(1-2):5-15.

Southern tributaries of the Changiiang flood in April to June, whereas the upper Changjiang and Han- jiang flood in July and August. Southern tributaries have greater water discharge but significantly small- er sediment loads. Higher sediment loads during falling stages of river flow result from the combi- nation of hydrological regimes in the middle and lower Changjiang. Correlation curves for the first six months largely reflect the influence of southern tributaries (high discharge, low silt) whereas the second six months show the effect of highly silt- laden waters from the upper Changjiang. Nangjing Univ., Nangiing, People's Republic of China.

85:6399 Song, Chaojing, 1984. Geomorphic features and tidal

channels of the southeastern coast of Hainan Island [Guangdong Province, China]. Nanhai Stud. mar. sin, 5:31-40. (In Chinese, English abstract.) South China Sea Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sin., People's Republic of China.

85:6400 Vanney, J.-R. et al., 1985. Geomorphologieal obser-

vations during dives northwest of the Iberian Penln~ula. Bull. Soc. g~ol. Fr., (8)1(2):153-159. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de geol. dynam., Univ. P. et M.C., 4, pl. Jussieu, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.

85:6401 Yazawa, K., 1'. Shimozato, tt. Tsuchxya and (5.

Nagasaki, 1980. The present condition and tendency of sediments in Ohtsu Bay at Yokosuka City [Japan]. Bull. Kanagm, a Pref t-Y~h cV~/ Sta., 2:1-10. (In Japanese ~

85:6402 Zhao, Huanting, 1984. The general evolution process

of Zhujiang (Pearl River) mouth [China]. Tropic Oceanol., 3(4):1-9. (ln Chinese, English abstract.) South China Sea Inst. of Oceanol, Acad. Sin., People's Republic of China.

D 5 0 . S u b s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e

85:6403 Parson, L.M., D.G. Masson, C.D. Pelton and A.C.

Grant, 1985. Seismic stratigraphy and structure of the east Canadian continental margin between 41 and 52°N. Can. J. Earth Sci., 22(5):686-703.

Oceanic basement of Cretaceous age underlies the eastern part of the study area; to the west, continental basement ranging in age from Late Precam- brian to Jurassic(?) underlies the Grand Banks. Sediment units ranging from Early Cretaceous to Recent have been dated by extrapolation of both commercial and DSDP drilling results from the Grand Banks and the formerly conjugate Iberian margin. Identification of oceanic magnetic anoma- lies in the Newfoundland Basin agrees with the proposed age of the two oldest, Early Cretaceous, units. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Wormley, Surrey, GU8 5UB, UK.

85:6404 yon Huene, R., L.D. Kulm and J. Miller, 1985.

Structure of the frontal part of the Andean convergent margin. J. geophys. Res., 90(B7):5429-5442.

Increased resolution clarifies individual thrust slices and packets adjacent to the trench axis, subducting sediment-filled graben in the ocean crust beneath the lower slope, and a Tertiary stratigraphic section of the upper slope Yaquina Basin which is cut by normal faults. The previously proposed truncation of the South American continent along much of the Peru-Chile Trench is confirmed and the development of an accretionary complex in front of the truncated continental crust appears to vary with the amount of sediment seen in the trench axis. The Andean margin frontal structure is similar to that off Central America, the Aleutian Trench, and the

.]apalt [ re,ices, whici l .~uggcsls t.oiiiii~oli ~ftiiica~l, 2~ well as accretion at the front of cow~'ergcnt wa;,t ~- [~SGS, Menlo Park. ( ' , \ /!SA

D 6 0 . G e o m o r p h o l o g y (fa ns. ca nyon~ ~ * c

85:6405 Chen, Jiyu, Huifang Zhu, Yongfa Dong and Jieming

Sun, 1985. Development of the Changjiang Estuary IChinal and its submerged delta. ,:on- tinent. Shelf Res., 4( I-2):47-56.

Since the postglacial transgression, the Changjlang Estuary has undergone a progressive progradation seaward of shoals and udal flats fringing the sotnh bank, merging of linear sandbanks with the north bank, successive filling and narrowing of the estuarine embayment, and a resultant seaward migration of the river mouth. Knowledge of the evolution of the Changjiang Estuary and its subaqueous delta ~- critical in selecting navigational channels, managing coastal resources and fisheries, as well as reclaiming coastal areas for cultiwmon. Inst. of Estuarme and Coastal Res., East Chink Normal Univ., Shanghai. People's Republic of China.

85:6406 Heller, P.L. and W.R. Dickinson, 1985. Submarine

ramp facies model for delta-fed, sand-rich turbidite systems. Am, Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bu//., 69(6):960-976.

The primary components of a delta-fed submarine ramp depositional model are: (1) a sandy deltaic system prograded to the shelfbreak; (2) an abbre- viated section of mud-rich slope deposits traversed by multiple shallow channels that transport sand from the delta front to the deeper basin; (3) very sandy proximal ramp deposits composed dominantly of laterally continuous sheets of Facies B turbidites: and (4) less sandy distal ramp deposits characterized by an increase in the abundance of Facies C and D turbidites. Submarine ramp development requires rapid sediment accumulation in turbidite basins of shallow to moderate depth where deltaic progradation is rapid enough to mask the structural relief along basin margins. The model may be useful m describing short-lived sandy depositional episodes in some rapidly aggrading and prograding basinal sequences. Dept. of Geol. and Geophys., Uni~ of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.

85:6407 Masson, D.G., J.V. Gardner, L.M. Parson and M.E.

Field, 1985. Morphology of Upper Laurentian

OLR (1985) 32 (11) D. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 927

Fan using GLORIA long-range side-scan sonar. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 69(6):950-959.

Channels of the upper continental slope coalesce on the upper fan to form four major fan valleys. The largest, Eastern Valley, is U-shaped in cross section and up to 25 km wide with a large levee on the western flank. The remaining valleys are typically more V-shaped in cross section and are up to 5 km wide. Extensive gullying is observed on the channel walls. At water depths between 3500 and 4100 m, two major valleys are created by the merging of the four valleys; both are associated with large, asym- metric levee complexes that reach heights of more than 500 m above the valley floors. No evidence for movement of large coherent sediment blocks was seen; the turbidity currents that occurred after the 1929 earthquake may have formed by the coales- cence of many small slumps: Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Wormley, Godalming GU8 5UB, UK.

D70. Coasts, beaches, marshes

85:6408 Amos, C.L. and B.A. Zaitlin, 1984/85. The effect of

changes in tidal range on a sublittorai macrotidal sequence, Bay of Fundy, Canada. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3-4):161-169. Bedford Inst. of Ocean- ogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.

85:6409 Duke, W.L., 1985. Hummocky cross-stratification,

tropical hurricanes, and intense winter storms. Sedimentology, 32(2): 167-194.

Analysis of the paleogeography of 107 occurrences of hummocky cross-stratification, Proterozoic to Recent in age, supports a direct-storm origin for these structures. Of the examples investigated, 73% are attributed to hurricane action and 27% to intense winter storms. Their distribution suggests that during the Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Neogene, and Quater- nary, when global climates were similar to that of the present, hurricanes and winter storms occurred in latitudinal belts comparable to those of today, and that during the warmer, nonglacial Mesozoic and Paleogene, the hurricane belts were broader. The lacustrine examples described here are the first examples reported for nonmarine deposits. Dept. of Geosci., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802, USA. (hbf)

85:6410 Kos'yan, R.D., 1985. Vertical distribution of sus-

pended sediment concentrations seaward of the

breaking zone. Coast. Engng, Amst., 9(2):171- 187.

Laboratory and full-scale experimental data confirm the validity of an equation which predicts the suspended sediment concentration profile from known wave parameters. Best results are obtained for those wave characteristics corresponding to maximum spectral density. P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., USSR Acad. of Sci., 353470, Gelendzhik- 7, USSR. (hbf)

85:6411 Nichols, M.M., 1984/85. Fluid mud accumulation

processes in an estuary. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3- 4):171-176.

Hydrodynamic conditions that promote fluid mud accumulation and mud responses to and reactions with the fluctuating stress of tidal currents were examined based on laboratory data and field observations. In channels of the James Estuary (Chesapeake Bay), fluid mud accumulates as pools and blanket deposits :>20 cm thick, primarily in the zone of maximum turbidity where there is intensive resuspension and an annual sedimentation rate of 1-8 g/cm 2. Stratified interfacial fluid and pore water, the mud's pseudoplastic behavior, high suspended sediment concentrations, and the 'resultant rapid- setting flux relative to the consolidation rate in the hindered state' promote fluid mud accumulation. VIMS, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA. (msg)

85:6412 Oldale, R.N., 1985. A drowned Holocene barrier spit

off Cape Ann, Massachusetts. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 13(5):375-377. USGS, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

85:6413 Olsen, C.R., N.H. Cutshall, I.L. Larsen, H.J. Simp-

son, R.M. Trier and R.F. Bopp, 1984/85. An estuarine fine-particle budget determined from radionuclide tracers. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3- 4):157-160. Environ. Sci. Div., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.

85:6414 Pierce, J.W., D.L. Correll, B. Goldberg and W.H.

Klein, 1984/85. Variability in concentration of suspensates in an estuarine environment. Geo- Marine Letts, 4(3-4):153-155.

Three data sets collected over several years at the Rhode River Estuary (Chesapeake Bay tributary) were analyzed to identify a temporal sampling program that yielded a desired precision. Any individual sample was within _50% of the daily

average. Within the main channel, samples acqmred monthly approximated those acquired on a weekly basis; seasonal samples introduced large er~~rs in long-term averages. Outside the main channel ,,f ll~c estuary, weekly, monthly, and seasona! ,,anq~ling yielded similar patterns. Mus. Nat. I-fist., Smith- sonian lnsl., Washington, DC 2056t), 1 S..~, {I]]Ng)

85:6415 Shevenell, T.C. and F.E. Anderson, 1984/85. Exper-

iments on rain-induced incipient mntion of noncohesive sediment. Geo-Marine Le~t~, 4(3- 4):181-184. Jackson Estuarine Lab., I nix. t,f New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.

D80. Reefs and atolls

85:6416 Friedman, G.M., 1985. The problem of submarine

cement in classifying reefrock: an experience in frustration. Spec. Pubis Soc. econ, Paleont. Miner., Tulsa, 36:117-121.

The presence of micrite (lithified mechanically deposited lime mud) is generally considered evidence of calm-water or low-energy deposits. Because the submarine cryptocrystalline high-magnesium calcite found in reefrock is identical in appearance to micrite, many samples of reefrock have been mis- identified as low-energy lime mud facies. Dept. of Geol., Rennsselaer Polytech. Inst.. Troy, NY 12181. USA. (hbf)

85:6417 Lighty, R.G., 1985. Preservation of internal reef

porosity and diagenetic sealing of submerged Early Holocene barrier reef, southeast Florida shelf. Spec. Pubis Soc. econ. Paleont. Miner., Tulsa, 36:123-151. Dept. of Geol. Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA.

85:6418 Pierson, B.J. and E.A. Shinn, 1985. Cement distri-

bution and carbonate mineral stabilization in Pleistocene limestones of Hogsty Reef, Bahamas. Spec. Pubis Soc. econ. Paleont. Miner., Tulsa, 36:153-168. Shell Res. B.V., (KESPL) 6 Volmer- laan, 2288 GD Rijswijk, Netherlands.

DII0. Erosion

85:6419 Farre, J.A. and W.B.F. Ryan, 1985. 3-D view of

erosional scars on U.S. Mid-Atlantic continental

q32.

Off Atlantic ( i ts . Ne\~ Jersey. ~.'trlerri ',,~ ~i, narrows anti becomes ilearly s t r a n d e d oil {112 J~',~,e~ slope where it leads mr,, ~me of lwt, stecf,-~dicd flat-floored erosional chutes. 1he fhn~rs of tilt c ,ire>, are marked b; downslope-trending groove>, '.!~:~ preted to be gouge marks formed during ~,<k ;~nc* sediment slides. On the uppermost rise beneati~ ~hc chutes is ~: 40-m deep depression thought , by- related to material moving downslope alld cm.,mr:- lering the change i;-~ gradieni ;~l the ~i~pc ~sc boundary. Downslope arc channels, trai}- ~nd allochthonous blocks, l'he lack ~f significa~t p,~;i Early Miocene deposits implies that the lox~cJ :,l,q~,c has vet to reach ~ c~mfiguration conduci',<. {~ sediment accumulation, txxon Production Rcs. < ,>,. P.O. Box 2189. th)ust~,r,,, TX ~7252-218 ~ I SA.

85:6420 Wells, J.']'., Y.A. Park and J.lt. Choi, 198485.

Storm-induced fine-sediment transport, west coast of South Korea. Geo-Marine l.,'lt,~. 4(3- 4):177-180. Coastal Studies Inst., l,ouisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803. 1SA,

D120. Sedimentary processes (deposmon, diagenesis, etc.l

85:6421 Bornhold, Brian and Pierre Giresse, 1985. Glaueonite

on the Pacific active margin of Canada (off Vancouver Island, British Columbia). C r. A cad. Sei., Paris, (S~r.II)300(11):517-522. (In French, English abstract.)

Glauconite is forming today on the shelf and slope from 100 m to at least 700 m water-depth. The principal substrate is semi-indurated Pleistocene glacio-marine muds. The greater depth and abundance of glauconite, relative to high latitude passive margins, is related to the greater availability of mm from the underwater alteration of micaceous minerals. Pacific Geosci. Centre, Geol. Surv. of Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada.

85:6422 Carlson, P.R. and H.A. Karl, 1984/85. Mass move-

ment of fine-grained sediment to the basin floor, Bering Sea, Alaska. Geo-Marine Let>, 4(3- 4):221-225, USGS, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.

OLR (1985) 32 (I I) D. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 929

85:6423 Chough, S.K. and K.S. Bahk, 1984/85. Deposition of

muds in the Ulleung marginal basin [Japan]. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3-4):235-241. Dept. of Oceanogr., Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul 151, Korea.

85:6424 DeMaster, D.J., B.A. McKee, C.A. Nittrouer, Jiang-

chu Qian and Guodong Cheng, 1985. Rates of sediment accumulation and particle reworking based on radiochemical measurements from con- tinentai shelf deposits in the East China Sea. Continent. Shelf Res., 4(1-2):143-158.

Sediment mixing, deposition, and accumulation were assessed on both 100 year (Pb-210 and Cs-137) and 100 day (Th-234) time scales. Inner shelf muds near the ChanNiang River mouth accumulated at a rate of 53 cm/y in the short term, while rates of 1 to 5.4 cm/y were seen on the 100 y scale. Offshore mud (associated with the Huanghe River dispersal system) was influenced more by mixing than deposition, with the upper 5 cm being the most exten- sively reworked. Radiographs and calculated G values were used to clarify the relative importance of mixing and accumulation and their effects on sediment structure. Dept. of Mar., Earth and Atmos. Sci., No. Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695- 8208, USA. (gsb)

85:6425 Faas, R.W., 1984/85. Time and density-dependent

properties of fluid mud suspensions, NE Brazilian continental shelf. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3-4):147- 152. Lafayette Coll., Easton, PA 18042, USA.

85:6426 Fletcher, C.H. III, 1984/85. Distribution of chloride

in a transgressive sequence of fine-grained sediments. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3-4): 185-189.

In an attempt to better understand the early diagenesis of the littoral transgressive environment, two vibracones were taken which penetrated the Holocene sediments of Rehoboth Bay, Delaware. An unusual C1- distribution was observed, and attributed to a partial retention or initial input of C1 by in-situ organic material. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. (gsb)

85:6427 Gabrielson, J.O. and R.J. Lukatelich, 1985. Wind-

related resuspension of sediments in the Peel- Harvey estuarine system [W. Anstralia]. Estuar. coast. ShelfSci., 20(2): 135-145. Dept. of Soil Sci. and Plant Nutrition, Univ. of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.

85:6428 Harris, P.M., C.G.St.C. Kendall and Ian Lerche,

1985. Carbonate cementation--a brief review. Spec. Pubis Soc. econ. Paleont. Miner., Tulsa, 36:79-95.

Diagenetic setting is influenced both by depositional setting and burial history. During shallow burial carbonate rocks contact freshwater and cementation occurs with solution, mineralogical stabilization, and dolomitization. Deeper burial may involve compac- tion, pressure solution, and further cementation. Factors influencing cementation include: rate and volume of water movement, timing of cementation, pH, CO2-activity, temperature, and pressure. Lab- oratory assessments of stable isotope content, trace elements, and fluid inclusions are being used increasingly to evaluate the stages of cementation and burial history of carbonate rocks. Gulf Res. & Develop. Co., P.O. Box 37048, Houston, TX 77236, USA. (hbf)

85:6429 Holmes, C.W., 1984/85. Natural radioisotope 21°pb as

an indicator of origin of fine-grained sediment. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3-4):203-206.

Sediment sources and time of deposition were estimated for the South Texas shelf, based on Pb-210 data from 36 box cores. Distinctions were made between areas of coastal and oceanic sedimentation, and three centers of deposition along with sedimentary transport patterns were inferred. USGS, Corpus Christi, TX 78411, USA. (gsb)

85:6430 Kolpack, R.L. and D.E. Drake, 1984/85. Transport

of clays in the eastern part of Santa Barbara Channel, California. Geo-Marine Lefts, 4(3-4): 191-196. Mar. Processes Res., 2038 Thom- as Place, West Covina, CA 91792, USA.

85:6431 Macintyre, I.G., 1985. Submarine cements--the

peloidal question. Spec. Publs Soc. econ. Paleont. Miner, Tulsa, 36:109-116.

Theories on the origin of peloids (aggregates of micritic limestone) are reviewed, and several lines of evidence supporting their formation by precipitation of magnesium calcite from seawater are presented. The limited size range of the peloids (20-60 /xm), spherical shape, best textural development within restricted microcavities, well-developed zonation within many cement crusts, and similarities between textural and depositional fabrics of peloids and precipitated spheroidal aggregates of pyrite suggest that the peloidal process involves repeated nucle- ation around centers of growth. Dept. of Paleobiol.,

Mus. of Nat. Ilist.. Smithsonian inst.. V~ashmgto~] DC 20560, USA. (hbf)

85:6432 Mazzullo, Jim and J.A. Crisp. 1984/85. Quartz-grain

shape: a record of the source of fine-grained sediments. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3-4): 197-202.

Heavy mineral analysis is not easily carried out on fine-grained sediments, the predominant elastic deposit in the rock record; however, quartz-grain shape also records the source of sediment and here the Fourier grain-shape technique is used to determine the origin of silt on the south Texas shelf. Two coarse silt types were distinguished and their origins determined by simple mineralogical analyses: their distributions agreed with other data on Late Pleis- tocene paleogeography, with modern shelf hydro- dynamics, and the sources of coarser-sized fractions. Dept, of Geol.. Texas A&M Univ., College Station. TX 77843, USA. (msg)

85:6433 McCave, I.N., 1984/85. Mechanics of deposition of

fine-grained sediments from nepheioid layers. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3-4):243-245,

It is shown that for deposition of fine sediments within the viscous sublayer, gravitational settling dominates over both Brownian diffusion and scav- enging by large, fast-sinking particles. Bed shear stress modulates the process, sometimes preventing the settling of the finest clastics and regulating the percent silt in a deposit. The percent sand may be related to time-winnowing of silt and clay fractions. Dept. of Earth Sci., Univ. of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK. (hbf)

85:6434 Milliman, J.D., Huang-Ting Shen, Zuo-Sheng Yang

and R.H. Meade, 1985. Transport and deposition of river sediment in the Changjiang Estuary [China] and adjacent continental shelf. Continent. Shelf IRes., 4(1-2):37-45.

Most of the sediment transported by the Changjiang to the ocean is carried through the North Channel of the South Branch. Sediment transport is directly related to river stage, but tidal phase also plays an important role. An estimated 40% of the sediment load in the river is deposited in the estuary, mostly in and seaward of the South Channel. The remaining sediment is deposited directly offshore during flood seasons, but much is resuspended and carried southward by subsequent winter storms. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

85:tv435 Mitterer, R.M and R~i,ert Cunnmghan~ .!~ ~, ; ' ; ;

The interaction of natural nrganic mallei ~ilh grain surfaces: implications for calcimn carbonate precipitation. 5p~,,, P,ahl~ ';,, ~,',~!~ !' / :,~, ~, lm¢,r , l ' rd~,~, ",,6 i - ' ,

Orgamc matter associated with both skelelal =~d non-skeletal ( a carbonate was characteriTcd ~,~ cording to chemical colnposition, adsorption ;~nd cation binding. It was foond to be highly prolcm- aceous and aspartic acid-rich, relative t,; ~,,m- carbonate associated t,rganic matter. Ctrh,,>x~i groups, particularly, aspartic acid residue,, ~et~- necessary for both metal ion complexati,,: :nd adsorption, hnpl icat ions for sedimentar> ,.:ak-ffi cation are discussed. Prog. in Geosci., t m, ,,i Texas, Richardson TX 75080, [7S.-~,~ (gsb)

85:6436 Nittrouer, C.A., DJ. DeMaster, S.A. Kuehl, B.A.

McKee and K.W, Thorbjarnarson, 1984/85. Some questions and answers about the accumulation of fine-grained sediment in continental margin environments. Geo-Marine Lells~ ~(3- 41:211-213.

Research over the past decade has revealed that the 100-yr-averaged sediment accumulation rate from allochthonous dispersal systems varies from centimeters to millimeters per year; rates for shorter intervals may' be much higher. Trends noted from proximal to distal portions of the systems include a decrease in rate, greater homogeneity of strata, and a decrease in percent sand and coarse silt. Maximum cross-shelf trends are found near the shelf Lemcr. Rapid sediment accumulation does not necessarily result in mass movement. Dept. of Mar., Earth and Atmos. Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh. NC 27695, lISA. (hbf)

85:6437 Scholle, P.A, and R.B. Halley, 1985. Burial diagen-

esis: out of sight, out of mind. Spec, Publs ,%c. econ. Paleont. Miner., Tulsa, 36:309-334.

Evidence is presented from regional studies, cores and outcrops, and petrographic and geochemica! analyses in support of major deep-subsurface com- paction and cementation in carbonate rocks. Poros- ity loss through burial diagenesis is evident in both shallow- and deep-marine carbonate strata. Dis- solved carbonate from calcareous shales and marls can be precipitated as cement in adjacent limestone. Although 'predictive models are still in their infan- cy,' it is possible to roughly predict patterns of porosity loss within some young, subsiding basins, Gulf Res. & Develop. Co., P.O. Box 37048, Houston, TX 77236, USA. (hbf)


85:6438 Silva, A.J. and J.S. Booth, 1984/85. Creep helmvior

of submarine sediments. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3- 4):215-219.

Results of laboratory experiments on drained creep of marine sediments and on samples from the Georges Bank slope are presented. Substantial creep and probable creep rupture are reported for the case where slopes exceed 20 ° and the sediment section is more than 30-m thick. The strength degradation resulting from creep implies a reduction in slope stability and may be a common precursor to mass movement. Univ. of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02881, USA. (hbf)

85:6439 Sternberg, R.W., L.H. Larsen and Y.T. Miao, 1985.

Tidally driven sediment transport on the East China Sea continental shelf. Continent. Shelf Res., 4(1-2):105-120.

Benthic boundary layer flow conditions and the movement of sediments by bottom currents are reported 'in terms of threshold of grain motion, mode of transport, particle flux, and net direction of transport.' The results show that tidal currents are a major cause of sediment transport and support Chin's (1979) model of river-derived sediment moving predominantly southward along the coast with lesser amounts transported eastward offshore; still farther offshore coarser relict sands are transported northward along the central continental shelf. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. (hbf)

85:6440 Tu, Xia, 1984. Dissolution of planktonic Foraminifera

in the central waters of the South China Sea--a preliminary study on carbonate dissolution. Tropic Oceanol., 3(4):18-23. (In Chinese, English abstract.)

Three sedimentary zone classifications were made, based on Foraminifera distributions and CaCO 3 levels: slight CaCO 3 dissolution, high CaCO 3 dissolution, and non-Foraminifera-low CaCO 3 areas. A lysocline at 2500-3000 m and a carbonate compensation depth at 3000-3500 m were inferred; the latter was determined to be the calcareous/siliceous boundary. South China Sea Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sin., People's Republic of China. (gsb)

85:6441 Walter, L.M., 1985. Relative reactivity of skeletal

carbonates during dissolution: implications for dlagenesis. Spec. Pubis Soc. econ. Paleont. Miner., Tulsa, 36:3-16.

Experimental dissolution of crushed skeletal samples of various compositions (calcite, aragonite, and magnesian calcite) in seawater and meteoric-type solutions has invalidated the previously held notion that mineralogic stability strictly determines the course of diagenesis. Instead, microstructural com- plexity may be the major determining factor in dissolution, especially in undersaturated solutions, as complex aragonite grains dissolved more readily than the less stable magnesian calcites. Implications for early diagenetic reactions (and consequently, limestone development) are discussed. Dept. of Earth and Planet. Sci., Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. (gsb)

DI30. S e d i m e n t s (rocks, formations, type, composition, etc.)

85:6442 Barrett, P.J. et al., 1985. Plio-Pieistocene glacial

sequence cored at CIROS 2, Ferrar Fjord, western McMurdo Sound. N.Z. Antarct. Rec., 6(2):8-19. Antarctic Res. Centre, Victoria Univ., Wellington, New Zealand.

85:6443 Behrens, E.W., 1984/85. Unifite muds in intrasiope

basins, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3-4):227-233. Inst. for Geophys., Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX 78751, USA.

85:~..A. A. Chen, Pei-Yuan, 1984. Distribution and origin of clay

minerals in the shallow sea surrounding the Chinmen Island (Qnomoy), Fukien, China. Proc. geol. Soc. China, Taiwan, 27:101-118. Dept. of Earth Sci., Natl. Taiwan Normal Univ., Taipei, Taiwan.

85:6445 Keller, G.H. and Yincan Ye, 1985. (~Me~hnigni

properties of surface and nesr-sudace deposits in the East China Sea. Continent. Shelf Res., 4(1-2): 159-174.

The inner shelf sediments display higher mean wet bulk densities and shear strengths, but lower water contents and porosities than the midshelf deposits. Available data indicate that the midshelf mud deposit is primarily derived from the reworking of Huanghe (Yellow Sea) coastal deposits laid down when the river discharged into the Yellow Sea to the north of the Changjiang. Midshelf 'fines' apparently are caught up in a large circulation gyre over the shelf which accounts for their isolated nature. Strong bottom currents and winter storm activity result in

~J3." ~) Submarine t3eoiogy and t)'eophyslc~ ~,)i.R ~ It~gr~ 3

both suspended sediment and bedload transport on the East China Sea shelf. Coll. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ.. Corvallis, OR 97331. USA.

85:6446 Kuehl, S.A., C.A. Nittrouer, D.J. DeMaster and T.B.

Curtin, 1984/85. An overview of sedimentation on the Amazon continental shelf. Geo-Marine Letts. 4(3-4):207-210.

Data from the northern Brazil shelf demonstrate that Amazon River sediments can be assigned to 3 sedimentary environments within a huge subaqueous delta: interbedded mud and sand, marked by cross stratification in sandy laminae, extending from the river mouth 100 km across the inner shelf and 300 km northward; rapidly accumulating, faintly lami- nated muds largely lacking in biogenic structures; and more distally, bioturbated muds in areas of slow accumulation. Near the seaward edge of the topset beds and in the foreset beds, accumulation rates are ~10 cm per year. Dept. of Mar., Earth and Atmos. Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695. USA. (hbf)

85:6447 Milliman, J.D., R.C. Beardsley, Zuo-Sheng Yang

and Richard Limeburner, 1985. Modern Huanghe-derived muds on the outer shelf of the East China Sea: identification and potential transport mechanisms. Continent. Shelf Res.. 4(1-2):175-188.

Outer shelf muds south of Cheju Island contain calcite derived from the Huanghe (Yellow River), not the Changjiang (Yangtze River). Part of the sediment may be derived from present-day erosion of the ancient Huanghe submarine delta off Jiangsu Province. Sediment is transported SSE in the East China Sea during winter, when frequent storms can resuspend sediment and force Yellow Sea water to the southeast along the Chinese coast. Data suggest that tidal currents could resuspend and transport fine-grained material from the inner shelf as well as from the eastern side of the Yellow Sea. Thus the present accumulation of modern sediment south of Cheju Island probably is the result of two separate transport mechanisms acting in concert. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

85:6448 Verhoef, J., 1985. The sedimentation pattern around

the Atlantis-Meteor Seamount complex: a model study. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 73(1):117-128.

A relatively thick sedimentary layer containing a strong and often shielding reflector is observed; however, west of the seamounts a thick sedimentary

cover can be found, while virtuall~ no sedimefl~ occur to the east. The depth anomaly contours correlate well with the regional isopachs of zht sediment above the strong reflector. This correlatio~ led to the construction of a simple carbonate sedimentation model which explains the most i m portant aspects of the sedimentation pattern and indicates that the age of the strongly reflecting layer cannot be much older than Miocene. It is unlikely that the volcanism in this area and the anomalous depth originated on the spreading centre. Vening Meinesz Lab., Budapestlaan 4. P.O. Box 80.021. 3508 TA Utrecht. Netherlands.

85:6449 Warren, J.K. and C.G.St.C. Kendall, 1985. Com-

parison of sequences formed in marine sabkha (subaerial) and salina (suhaqueous) settings-- modem and ancient. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull.. 69(6):1013-1023. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Univ. of Texas, P.O. Box 7909, Austin, TX 78713. USA.

DI40. Submarine hydrology (springs, hydro the rmal deposits , etc.)

85:6450 Lafitte, M., R. Maury, E.A. Perseil and J. Boulegue,

1985. Morphological and analytical study of hydrothermal sulfides from 21 ° north East Pacific Rise. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 73(!):53-64.

Two categories of samples were analyzed: pyrite- zinc sulfide associations and pyrite-copper-rich sulfide associations. Large-scale variations and small-scale scatter in the stoichiometric composition of the sulfides were caused by the varying composition of deposition and aggregation that exist in the hydrothermal chimneys. Low temperatures of formation can be inferred. Lab. de Mineral. exper, et appl., Univ. P. et M. Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.

85:6451 Thomassin, J.-H., J.-L. Crovisier, J.-C. Touray,

Thierry Juteau and Frrd~rique Boutonnat, 1985. Contribution of the experimental geochemistry to the understanding of seawater-basaltic glass interactions between 3°C and 90°C: data of ESCA and electron microscopy. Bull. Soc. g~ol. Fr., (8)1(2):217-222. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de metal, et de geochim, exper.. ERA 60 l, Univ. d'Orleans, 45046 Orleans cedex, France.


D170. Historical geology, stratigraphy 85:6452

Aharon, Paul, 1985. Carbon isotope record of Late Quaternary coral reefs: possible index of sea surface paleoproductivity. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:343-355.

New Guinea coral reef Tridacna 8~3C records indicate conspicuous depletion during the intergla- cials and pronounced enrichment during late ice age interstadials. The distinct positive correlation between sea level and 6~3C records implies a coupling between climatic changes and the carbon cycle. Models suggest that coral reefs formed during isotope stage 3 were ~2 -3 times more productive than interglacial reefs from the same sequence. The shifts in reef metabolic performance are comparable with oceanic productivity changes. The synchronous fertility changes in distinct compartments of the marine biota are attributed to contemporary variations in oceanic nutrient chemistry. Dept. of Geol., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.

85:6453 Angstadt, D.M., J.A. Austin Jr. and R.T. Buffler,

1985. Early Late Cretaceous to Holoeene seismic stratigraphy and geologic history of southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 69(6):977-995.

During the mid-Cenomanian(?) to Early Paleo- cene(?), this region began to record the effects of a collision between a northward-migrating island arc (now part of Cuba) and a salient of the North American Plate. More than 2 km of gravity-flow deposits accumulated along the base of the modern Cuban slope, while the slope itself was the site of both folding and overthrusting. Clastics continued to dominate the depositional regime until the Late Eocene. A late Middle to early Late Eocene hiatus marks the transition from predominantly terrigenous input to pelagic/hemipelagic deposition. Since the Late Eocene, multiple cycles of deposition and erosion are recorded in numerous unconformities displayed on seismic profiles. Continuing slope instability is indicated by slide/slump planes along canyon walls. Texaco Inc., 3350 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90051, USA.

85:6454 Arthur, M.A., W.E. Dean and S.O. Schlanger, 1985.

Variations in the global carbon cycle during the Cretaceous related to climate, volcanism, and changes in atmospheric CO2. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:504-529.

During Late Aptian through Cenomanian time (1) global climates were considerably warmer; (2) latitudinal gradients of atmospheric and oceanic temperatures were considerably less; (3) rates of accumulation of organic matter were as high or higher than during any other Mesozoic or Cenozoic interval; (4) rate and volume of accumulation of CaCO 3 in the deep sea were reduced due to a marked shoaling of the CCD; (5) seafloor spreading rates were more rapid; (6) off-ridge volcanism was intense and widespread; (7) sea level was relatively high. A marked increase in CO2 outgassing due to volcanism 110-70 mya may have raised atmospheric CO2, which in turn may have been reduced by increased production and burial of terrestrial organic carbon. Marine productivity apparently was low during the Aptian-Albian relative to terrestrial productivity. Grad. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.

85:6455 Barron, E.J. and W.M. Washington, 1985. Warm

Cretaceous climates: high atmospheric CO 2 as a plausible mechanism. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:546-553.

Sensitivity experiments with a general circulation model are the basis for an investigation of whether changing geography is a sufficient mechanism to explain warm Cretaceous climates or whether other mechanisms, such as higher atmospheric CO2, are required. Cretaceous geography results in warming insufficient to explain the geologic data; evidence suggests that an estimated two to tenfold increase in CO 2 with respect to present values is plausible. Higher values of CO 2 result in additional climate problems. These experiments have implications for geochemical models with climate-dependent weathering rates. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.

85:6456 Berelson, W.M. and S.D. Heron Jr., 1985. Corre-

lations between Holocene flood tidal delta and barrier island inlet fill sequences: Back Sound- Shackleford Banks, North Carolina. Sedimentol- ogy, 32(2):215-222. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Univ. of Southern Calif., Los Angeles, CA 90089-0741, USA.

85:6457 Camoin, Gilbert, 1985. Relationships between sub-

marine volcanism, rudistid Campanian reefs and Paleogene sedimentation irregularities in southeastern Sicily. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris, (S~r. II)300(13):619-624. (In French, English abstract.) E.R. no. 154, du CNRS, Inst. de Paleontol., Mus. nat. d'Hist, nat., 8, rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.

' ; ~4 i L S k l h H / a l H ie { }tt{'it)~.! x, :tllt.~ ( ~ e o p l l \ x i ~ - ' ~! R i ~a>:'.::

85:6458 Crowley, T.J.. 1985. Late Quaternary carbonate

changes in the North Atlantic and Atlantic/Pa- cific comparisons. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophvs. Un., 32:271-284.

Carbonate dissolution fluctuations, inferred from measurements of foraminiferal fragments strati- graphically correlated to O-18 records, showed relatively low dissolution in the North Atlantic during interglacial maximum events. The lysocline changed by about 200-300 m during glacial dissolution events, and abyssal regions differed from bathyal regions. Atlantic and Pacific patterns were in phase during intervals of ice growth and out of phase when deep-water production rates changed. Climate Dynamics Program, NSF, Washington, DC 20550, USA. (mwf)

85:6459 Curry, W.B. and G.P. Lohmann, 1985. Carbon

deposition rates and deep water residence time in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean throughout the last 160,000 years. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geopt~vs. Un., 32:285-301.

Bathymetric profiles were reconstructed for sediments deposited during the last 160,000 years on the Sierra Leone Rise. Results focus on the changes in deep water ~:CO 2, the bathymetric gradient of dissolved oxygen concentration, and the intensity of carbonate dissolution that accompanied glacial- interglacial climate change during the Late Qua- ternary. Dept. of Geol. and Geophys., WHO1, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

85:6460 Des Marais, D.J., 1985. Carbon exchange between

the mantle and the crust, and its effect upon the atmosphere: today compared to Archean time. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:602-611.

The estimated ranges of carbon fluxes for the Earth today and 3 bya are 1-8 x 10 ~2 moles/yr and 3 4 8 × 10 j2 moles/yr respectively, comparable in magnitude to the present-day flux estimated for carbonate metamorphism. A net carbon flux from the mantle of 10 × 10 ~2 moles/yr would require less than 700 m.y. to generate the present-day crustal carbon inventory. Perhaps from 3-50% of the sedimentary carbon transported to subduction zones will eventually be injected into the upper mantle. A hotter upper mantle 3 bya would have made this injection process less efficient. During the Late Archean, the crustal carbon inventory very likely equaled or even exceeded that of the present; as the land area was considerably less, the atmosphere probably contained at least two orders of magnitude

more CO~ than it does today. NASA Ames Re,, Center. Moffett Field, CA 94035. USA

85:6461 Droxler, A.W., 1985. Last degiaciation in the Ba-

hamas: a dissolution record from variations of aragonite content? Geophys. Monogr. Am, ,~e~- phys. Un.. 32:195-207.

Cores from the Bahamian basins and adjacent Atlantic Ocean yielded a 20,000 year record in which variations in aragonite content were correlated with the oxygen isotopic record of Globigerinoides rubra (tied to glacial changes) and with carbonate and quartz cycles. Major changes in aragonite content during deglaciation, 1000 year regressions correlated with known glacial events, and a several thousand year lag time between flooding and aragonite data led to the conclusion that global, oceanic events rather than local bank flooding and exposure gave rise to the observed aragonite cycles. RSMAS. l.!niv~ of Miami, FL 33149, USA. (gsb)

85:6462 Hay, W.W., 1985. Potential errors in estimates of

carbonate rock accumulating through geologic time. Geophvs. Monogr. Am. geophy~. Un., 32:573-583.

Budyko and Ronov's (1979) proposal that the sedimentary rock record reflects the evolution of the Phanerozoic atmosphere assumes that atmospheric CO 2 is proportional to CO 2 consumption in the formation of sediments. Because their analysis underestimated the volume for slope and rise deposits and did not consider the time-dependent nature of the subduction of sediments, the calculations did not account for marine sediment vol- umes. The apparent decline reported for post- Mesozoic carbonates may reflect, at least in part, the shift in carbonate production from shallower to deeper waters as the oceanic calcareous plankton evolved. Museum, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. (hbf)

85:6463 Herring, J.R., 1985. Charcoal fluxes into sediments of

the North Pacific Ocean: the Cenozoic record of burning. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:419-442.

The study of charcoal in ocean sediments is important for a complete understanding of the carbon cycle and for the study of the role of fire as an ecological agent. Charcoal concentrations from eleven DSDP sites in the North Pacific are higher at temperate and high latitudes and in Holocene sediments. Fluxes of charcoal calculated from

O LR (1985) 32 (11) D. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 935

charcoal concentrations and sediment accumulation rates indicate a permanent carbon removal of 10~4g/yr. Increasing fluxes since the Late Neogene suggest that increased plant burning on land is related to paleobotanical and paleoclimatological evidence that points to increasingly cool climate through the Cenozoic. USGS, Lakewood, CO 80226, USA. (bwt)

85:6464 Heusser, C.J., L.E. Heusser and D.M. Peteet, 1985.

Late--Quateruary climatic change on the Amer- ican North Pacific coast. Nature, Lond., 315(6019):485-487.

Data extending over ~ 10,000 years show a broadly consistent pattern of climatic change in general agreement with predicted variations in solar radiation and effects on atmospheric circulation. In the Early Holocene, as monsoon-type circulation became established with melting of glaciers, the subtropical North Pacific anticyclone annually regulated climate for a longer period at higher latitudes than at present, so that warmth and dryness increased in southern Alaska. The Aleutian low- pressure centre intensified during the Late Holocene, resulting in colder and more humid coastal climate and increased frequency of glacial growth in the cordillera. Dept. of Biol., New York Univ., Box 608, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.

85:6465 Hstl, K.J. and J.A. McKenzie, 1985. A 'Strangelove'

ocean in the earliest Tertiary. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys, tin., 32:487-492.

A decrease of up to 3 ppt in the 8t3C values of planktic skeletons has been systematically observed across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary; benthic skeletons show no corresponding changes. This decrease is interpreted as a manifestation of the elimination of the surface-to-bottom carbon isotope gradient in ocean waters when carbon fractionation by a photosynthesis-respiration mechanism became ineffective. A concurrent release of excess CO 2 from a nearly barren ocean to the atmosphere could have caused global warming. Geol. Inst., Swiss Fed. Inst. of Tech., CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.

85:6466 Ivanova, E.V., 1985. Late Quaternary biostratigraphy

and paleotemperatures of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on planktonic Foraminifera and pteropods. Mar. Micropaleont~ 9(4):335-364.

Faunal assemblages in Red Sea and Gulf of Aden cores demonstrated that Red Sea hydrological conditions changed significantly, especially at the

last glacial maximum and at the Pleistocene/Hol- ocene boundary. The Gulf of Aden was hydrolog- icaUy more stable. Mean annual SST's fell during the last stadial, by at least 5C ° in the central Red Sea and by 3.5C ° in the western Gulf of Aden. P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanogr., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. (mwf)

85:6467 Jansen, Eystein and Helmut Erlenkeuser, 1985.

Ocean circulation in the Norwegian Sea during the last deglaciation: isotopic evidence. Palaeo- geogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 49(3-4):189- 206.

North Sea cores confirm that the last deglaciation occurred in two distinct steps, the first at ~13,000 yrBP, the second shortly after 10,000 yrBP. Benthic oxygen isotopes reveal strong influence of deglacial intermediate waters with a maximum at about 12,000 yrBP; bottom water formation in the Norwegian Sea was reinitiated after 12,000 yrBP. During the first part of the deglaciation, the deep-water circulation pattern may have been opposite to that of the present. The large variations in deep water circulation in the Norwegian Sea during the last deglaciation may have had important consequences for the interchange of CO 2 between ocean and atmosphere. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Bergen, Allegaten 41, N-5000 Bergen, Norway.

85:6468 Kaseno, Yoshio, 1985. Review of recent works

concerning the geology of the Sea of Japan, with reference to the environmental changes since the last glacial age. Umi to Sofa, 60(2): 105-111. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

Faunal and oxygen-isotope analyses of foraminifers revealed that the Tsushima Warm Current had begun to flow into the Sea of Japan at 8000 yrBP. Before then, the Sea of Japan was an enclosed cold sea (60,000 to 30,000 yrBP), or cold sea of low salinity (30,000 to 20,000 yrBP). The Oyashio Cold Current began to flow into the Sea of Japan at 20,000 yrBP. Dept. of Earth Sci., Kanazawa Univ., Japan.

85:6469 Keigwin, L.D. and E.A. Boyle, 1985. Carbon isotopes

in deep--sea benthic Foraminifera: precession and changes in low-latitude biomass. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:319-328.

Detailed carbon isotope records demonstrate that the North Atlantic site (42N, 32W) has always been nutrient-depleted relative to the Pacific site (0S, 106W). Although down-core data reflect changes in

deep circulation patterns, most 8~3C ' variability in both oceans is due to changes in the inventory of continental reduced carbon; magnitude of this signal is nearly twice as large during oxygen isotope stages 4 and 6 as during stage 2. Carbon isotope variability in both oceans contains significant power at the 23-kyr frequency band, coherent with insolation changes caused by rotational precession. Thi,-: c o t relation is suggested to be due to orbitall\ driven variations in low-latitude biomass, with the lower amplitude of the carbon isotope signal during the last 60 kyr due to the reduction in precession parameter amplitude during this period. WHOl, Woods Hole, MA 02543, 17SA

85:6470 Keir, R.S. and W.H. Berger, 1985. Late Holocene

carbonate dissolution in the equatorial Pacific: reef growth or neoglaciation? Geophys. Monogr, Am. geophys. Un., 32:208-219.

An atmosphere-ocean-sediment model indicates that the observed Late Holocene calcium carbonate dissolution pulse in deep equatorial Pacific waters did not result from rapid Holocene carbonate reef growth. Two other possible explanations are discussed: a change in deep-sea circulation, leading to increased age differences between Atlantic and lndo-Pacific waters, or a global oceanic productivity increase. Scripps lnst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla. CA 92093, USA. (gsb)

85:6471 Kyte, F.T. and D.E. Brownlee, 1985. Unmelted

meteoritic debris in the Late Pliocene iridium anomaly: evidence for the ocean impact of a nonchondritic asteroid. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 49(5):1095-1108. Inst. of Geophys. and Planet. Phys., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, CA, USA.

85:6472 McLean, D.M., 1985. Mantle degassing induced dead

ocean in the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:493-503.

Mantle degassing perturbation of Earth's surficial carbon reservoirs was a factor in the terminal Cretaceous marine extinctions that define the global K-T isochron, and in the Early Tertiary terrestrial dinosaurian extinctions. Deccan Traps volcanic eruptions in India, the greatest episode of continental flood basalt volcanism in the Phanerozoic, began coevally with the marine extinctions (65 m.y.). Mantle CO 2 release at a time while trans-K-T deep oceans were warm (14°-15°C) and not a sink for CO 2 uptake would have triggered CO 2 accumulation in the atmosphere/mixed layer, causing failure of the

Williams-Riley productivity grawty pump <~i ~ ~ from the atmosphere/mixed layer into the ~ieep oceans, creating a trans~-K T (lead ocean (severel', reduced mixed layer photosynthesis and (:a~iO: production); dead ocean conditions are supported by the sedimentary record. Dept. of Geol., Virgim:t Polytech. Inst_ Blacksburg, VA 24061. U S A

85:6473 Miller, K.G. and R.G. Fairbanks, 1985. Oligocene to

Miocene carbon isotope cycles and abyssal circulation changes. Geophys. Monogr. Am, geophv:. Un., 32:469-486.

Benthic and planktonic foraminiferal isotopic (i~13 changes in the western North Atlantic underwent 3 cycles with periods of 7 12 m.y. from 35 to 14 Ma. Similar fluctuations measured in the Pacific and Indian oceans suggest that these cycles represent global changes; differences between the Atlantic and Pacific were used to infer circulation changes. Isotopic O-.18 records suggested 3 periods of continental glaciation during the Oligocene. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA. (mwf)

85:6474 Miskell, K.J., G.W. Brass and C,G.A. Harrison,

1985. Global patterns in opal deposition from Late Cretaceous to Late Miocene. Am. ,4ss. Petrol, Geol. Bull., 69(6):996-1012.

Data demonstrate a gradual transition from the Cretaceous circum-global equatorial current to the modern circum-Antarctic divergence, as Tethys closed and Australia and South America separated from Antarctica. Modern bottom-water circulation tends to concentrate opaline sediments in the Pacific and carbonate sediments in the Atlantic. Four lagoonal versus estuarine exchange reversals from the Late Cretaceous to the present can be directly related to the development of new bottom-water sources with changing climatic and tectonic con-. ditions. RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, 4600 Ricken- backer Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.

85:6475 Orue-Etxebarria, X. and M.A. Lamolda, 1985.

Paleobiogeographie characteristics of the Basco- Cantabric Basin during the Paleogene. Revue Micropal~ont., 27(4):257-265. (In French, Eng- lish abstract.) Dpto. de Paleontol. Fac. Cien., Univ. del Pais Vasco, Apt. 644, Bilbao, Spain.

85:6476 Parkinson, Neil and Colin Summerhayes, 1985.

Synchronous global sequence boundaries. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 69(5):685-687.


A mechanism for producing synchronous relative sea level changes in widely separated and geolog- ically independent basins without producing changes in aU basins, and without requiring short-period fluctuations in the global sea level curve, is suggested. The same mechanism can produce nonsyn- chronous, but related, shoreline shifts in separate basins while the rate of global sea level change remains constant. BP Petroleum Develop. Ltd., P.O. Box 509, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.

85:6477 Paskoff, Roland, Henry Hurst and Friedrich Rakob,

1985. Sea level position and sboreHne displacement at Carthage (Tunisia) in antiquity. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris, (S~r. II)300(13):613-618. (In French, English abstract.)

Sea level position and shoreline displacement at Carthage are deduced from recent archaeological excavations. Sea level remained a few tens of centimeters below the present-day level and coastal progradation continued to at least the middle of the second century A.D. Dept. de Geogr., Univ. de Tunis, 94, blvd du 9 avril 1938, Tunis, Tunisia.

85:6478 Peterson, L.C. and W.L. Prell, 1985. Carbonate

preservation and rates of dimatic change: an 800 kyr record from the Indian Ocean. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:251-269.

Core data from the east flank of the Ninetyeast Ridge (2900-4400 m) show carbonate dissolution out of phase with glacial-interglacial cycles; however cross-spectral analysis demonstrates high coherency between the CDI, the 6t80 record and its derivative over the observed dominant 100 kyr and 41 kyr cycles, suggesting that dissolution intensity responds linearly to climate change. Preservation varies in phase and in proportion to maximum rates of 8~80 change indicating rapid response of carbonate to climate forcing. A circulation model, rather than the Broecker shelf deposition model, is favored as a plausible mechanism to explain the dissolution pattern. RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, FL 33149, USA. (msg)

85:6479 Pinet, P.R. and Peter Popenoe, 1985. A scenario of

Mesozoic-Cenozoic ocean circulation over the Blake Plateau and its environs. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 96(5):618-626.

Based on data from a comprehensive seismic stratigraphy program initiated in 1978 by the U.S. Geological Survey and Bureau of Land Manage- ment, paleocirculation patterns from the Late Cre- taceous and thereafter are presented, together with a

summary of earlier flow patterns as previously interpreted. Onset of Gulf Stream circulation over the Blake Plateau probably was established during the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene. Periodic shifts in its position apparently were in response to sea level changes. USGS, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. (mwf)

85:6480 Pinet, P.R. and Peter Popenoe, 1985. Shallow seismic

stratigraphy and post-Alblan geologic history of the northern and central Blake Plateau. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 96(5):627-638.

Seismic-reflection profiles from 29°-33°N indicate the presence of Turonian-Coniacian, Santonian, and Campanian--Maastrichtian progradational, clastic sequences derived from a western terrain resting on basal Albian strata. To the south thinner, blanket- like, deep water basin deposits are buried beneath latest Cretaceous sediments introduced by a strong current flowing eastward through the Suwannee Strait (southern Georgia/northern Florida). Thin, discontinuous Cenozoic deposits consisting largely of deep water foraminiferal oozes reflect the action of the Gulf Stream, which moved back and forth across the continental margin in response to sea level fluctuations. USGS, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. (hbf)

85:6481 Pisias, N.G. and W.L. Prell, 1985. Changes in

calcium carbonate accumulation in the equatorial Pacific during the Late Cenozoic: evidence from HPC Site 572. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:443-454.

The Late Miocene to Late Pleistocene sediment is composed mostly of biogenic carbonate and silica. Detailed analysis shows that both deposition variability and total carbonate accumulation changed markedly between the Late Miocene and Pliocene at this site. The marked change in accumulation of calcium carbonate does not represent a change in the carbonate budget of the equatorial Pacific but rather a redistribution of carbonate in this region. Data suggest that changing carbonate deposition controls the carbonate percent records; during the Late Miocene, however, variations in biogenic silica accumulation play an important role in controlling carbonate percentage. Coll. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

85:6482 Pomerol, Charles, 1985. Is the Eoceno-Oligocene

transition progressive or abrupt? Bull. Soc. gdol. Fr., (8)I(2):263-267. (In French, English abstract.)

;,~ ! "f S u t ~ m a r i n e Geok~g~, a n d G e o p h y ' < c - ~ ~1 I¢, ! J '98~! ~¢ : :

Review of paleontological, geochemical and oceanographic data suggests that the Eocene-Oligocene transition was a progressive change with an accel- eration at the boundary due to cosmic, volcanic, and mainly oceanographic events. Lab. de geol. des bassins sed. et LA 319 du CNRS, Univ. Paris VI. 4 pl. Jussieu, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France.

g5:6483 Raiswell, R. and M.Md. Tan, 1985. Dlagenesis of

sediments beneath the Ross Ice Shelf and their sedimentary history. Nature, Lond,. 315 (6019): 483 -485.

The diatom flora initially indicated an in-situ succession of later Middle Miocene age, supported by the occurrence of benthic Foraminifera. How- ever, subsequent diatom analyses record the presence of flora with mixed ages throughout both lithological units present in the cores. These flora are taken to indicate repeated reworking, which most recently occurred no earlier than the Late Pleis- tocene. Studies of sediment geochemistry show self-consistent patterns in organic carbon, organic nitrogen and sulphur diagenesis which suggest a Recent, in-situ origin, at least for the upper unit. Dept. of Earth Sci., Univ. of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.

85:6484 Rea, D.K. and Hans Schrader, 1985. Late Pliocene

onset of glaciation: ice-rafting and diatom stratigraphy of North Pacific DSDP cores. Palae- ogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 49(3-4):313- 325.

Significant ice-rafting began at the time of the Matuyama-Gauss reversal boundary, about 2.48 Ma. Other bio- and lithostratigraphic data from the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic oceans and the Black Sea all indicate that northern hemispherical cooling and the accumulation of continental ice began at 2.4--2.5 Ma. These data combined are interpreted to indicate Northern Hemisphere ice-cap formation at that time. If so, the closing of the Isthmus of Panama, ~3.2 mya, was not the immediate cause of the Plio-Pleistocene glaciations. Dept. of Atmos. and Oceanic Sci., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

85:6485 Rossignol-Strick, Martine, 1985. Mediterranean

Quaternary sapropels, an immediate response of the African monsoon to variation of insolation. Palaeogeogr. PalaeoelimatoL Palaeoecol., 49(3- 4):237-263.

The most recent sapropel was the consequence of heavy Nile River summer floods due to increased

monsoon precipitation over Ethiopia, and m;~ ~i Scandinavian ice-sheet meltwater influx as previously believed. Sapropel sequence correlates one- to-one with the highest values of an index ;~[ insolation on top of the atmosphere. The index variation is computed for the last 465,000 years from the caloric northern summer insolation m ~b_~ tropical latitudes. This index might be iinked through the climate system to the monsoon precipitation which irl Africa produces the Nile River summer flood. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Obser~ Palisades. NY 10964, [!SA

85:6486 Sandberg, P.A., 1985. Nonskeletal aragonite and

pCO~ in the Phanerozoic and Proterozoic. Geo- pl~s. Monogr, Am. geophys. Un., 32:585-594.

Assumptions are made about the geological h~story of aragonite, based on temporal distribution patterns gleaned from compositional and textural data on formerly aragonitic carbonates as well as assessments of potential controlling factors. The observed agreement between sea level curves and nonskeletal aragonite oscillations suggests a role for pCO: (or a covariant factor such as oceanic Mg/Ca ratio) in the determination of nonskeletal carbonate mineralogy. These observations, in conjunction with apparent Precambrian deposition of nonskeletal aragonite, indicate the need for reassessment of the assumption of high Precambrian pCO,. Dept. of Geol., Univ of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. (gsb)

85:6487 Sundquist, E.T., 1985. Geological perspectives on

carbon dioxide and the carbon cycle. Geopl~vs. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:5-59.

The interactions of global carbon fluxes and reservoirs can be organized in a series of box models developed sequentially from short to long time scales. Model structures are developed by adding and lumping boxes, procedures which can be formalized in terms of transformations of the matrix of geochemical exchange coefficients. Time responses are characterized by eigenanalysis, which shows particularly clear patterns when the matrix is arranged to approximate block diagonal form. Over time scales of a few centuries, atmospheric CO, can be modeled as part of a larger reservoir that includes land plants and part of the oceans. Over time scales of thousands of years, carbon cycle interactions are dominated by 'reactive' marine and terrestrial sediments. Over time scales of tens to hundreds of millions of years, the Earth surface carbon cycle can be viewed as at 'secular equilibrium" controlled by the global cycle of weathering and sedimentation. USGS, Reston, VA 22092, USA.

OLR (1985) 32 (I 1) D. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 939

85:6488 Taylor, F.W., Paul Mann, S. Valastro Jr. and Kevin

Burke, 1985. Stratigraphy and radiocarbon chro- nology of a subaerlally exposed Holocene coral reef, Dominican Republic. J. Geol., 93(3):311- 332. Inst. for Geophys., Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

85:6489 Valentine, J.W., 1985. Are interpretations of ancient

marine temperatures constrained by the presence of ancient marine organisms? Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:623-627.

The thermal tolerances of most organisms are probably not selected per se but arise from molecular structures selected for capacity rather than resistance adaptations. Organisms contain molecules which display activities at temperatures far beyond any encountered in life. A few prokaryotes can tolerate boiling water; prokaryotic phototrophs live to about 73°C and metazoans to about 50°C; all groups are represented at temperatures near freezing. If late Precambrian marine temperatures were at, say, 50°C or so, we probably could not tell it from fossil evidence. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.

85:6490 Veizer, J~in, 1985. Carbonates and ancient oceans:

isotopic and chemical record on time scales of 107-109 years. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:595-601.

Isotopic and elemental composition of sedimentary carbonates suggest that over time scales of > 107 yr, tectonism has controlled the terrestrial cycling of C, O, S, Fe, Mn and Sr. Interactions with mantle- derived components have apparently dominated the atmosphere-hydrosphere-biosphere system over time scales of 109 yr. Tectonic control models are at odds with models that require large creation and/or burial of biomass at the times of high sea level. If disproportionate weight is not given to the Creta- ceous data set (which appears to be an exception, rather than the norm) then tectonic models appear to explain the partitioning of carbon into inorganic and 'living' subreservoirs. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada. (bwt)

85:6491 Vincent, Edith and W.H. Berger, 1985. Carbon

dioxide and polar cooling in the Miocene: the Monterey Hypothesis. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un, 32:455-468.

It is proposed that the Early Miocene C-isotope shift toward heavier values was related to extraction of

organic C into ocean-margin deposits such as the Monterey Formation. A feedback loop, in which an initial increase in the planetary temperature gradient led, via coastal upwelling and increased productivity, to a drop in atmospheric CO2 concentration and cooling, would account for the pattern. The loop would have been broken when available nutrients were used up. Excess C buildup would have corresponded to that now present in the ocean, one ocean carbon mass. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. (mwf)

85:6492 Williams, D.F., 1985. Carbon isotope variations in

surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico on time scales of 10,000, 30,000, 150,000 and 2 million years. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un., 32:329-341.

Late Pleistocene C-isotope data from planktonic Foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico were correlated with Panama Basin and SE Indian Ocean data, suggesting global, not local, changes in the carbon cycle. The most prominent negative excursions of the C-isotope record represented warmest global temperatures and highest sea levels of the last 150,000 years. Major changes in the benthic record may lead those in the planktonic record by 10,000 years. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of So. Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. (mwf)

85:6493 Worsley, T.R., J.B. Moody and R.D. Nance, 1985.

Proterozoic to Recent tectonic tuning of biogeochemical cycles. Geophys. Monogr. Am. geophys. Un, 32:561-572.

A relatively simple model for tectonic episodicity in Phanerozoic time proposes 0.5-Ga plate tectonic cycles which are supported by accepted histories of tectonics, platform sedimentation, climate, biological evolution, and stable isotope distribution. Orogenic peaks are recognized at 2.6, 2.1, 1.8-1.6, 1.1, 0.6 and 0.25 Ga; these begin with super continents producing collisions and end with intervals of continental rifting, mafic-dike swarms, and increased platform deposition. Episodes of biogeochemical precipitation, CO2 levels linked to climate, and the evolution of life forms are then related to the tectonic cycles. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Ohio Univ., Athens, OH 45701, USA. (hbf)

85:6494 Ziegler, A.M., D.B. Rowley, A.L. Lottes, D.L.

Sahagian, M.L. Hulver and T.C. Giedowski, 1985. Paleogeographic interpretation: with an

; 4 i L} S u b m a r i n e (Jeoiog'v and O e o p h \ s u . , * l R f i~,~:~ : : L

example from the Mid-Cretaceous. A. Rev, Earth planet. Sci., 13:385-425. Dept. of Geophys. Sci., Univ. of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

DIS0. Paleontology (see also E-BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY)

85:6495 Barbin, Vincent and M.-J. Ghidalia, 1985. The

'fluoritisation': a poorly known preparation tech- niqne for S.E.M. observation of calcareous nan- nofossils. Revue Micropal~ont., 27(4):239-243. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Stratigr. comp., assoc, au CNRS, LA 319, France.

85:6496 De Ruiter, R.S.C. and J.H.F. Jansen, 1985. Two

Pleistocene silicoflageilate biohorizons from the Angola Basin (SE Atlantic). Mar. Micropaleont., 9(4):365-368. Inst. for Earth Sci., Vrije Univ., Pb. 7161, 1007 MC Amsterdam, Netherlands.

85:6497 Golubic, Stjepko and Yun Zhang, 1985. Phycological

expertise in geological applications. Hydrobiol- ogia, 123(3):193-198. Dept. of Biol., Boston Univ., Boston, MA 02215, USA.

85:6498 McKinney, M.L., 1985. Distinguishing patterns of

evolution from patterns of deposition. J. Paleont., 59(3):561-567.

Various lines of evidence are presented which dispute the generalization that benthic and pelagic faunas have evolved at different rates: the high frequency of widely dispersing planktonic larvae in benthic fauna; the apparent similarities between pelagic/holoplanktonic and benthic faunas with respect to reproductive isolation; the geological differences in deep and shallow water sedimentary environments which result in rapid but discontinuous deposition in the nearshore zone and slow but more continuous deposition seaward. Many of the 'evolutionary trends' noted by other authors can be explained by different sedimentation patterns. Dept. of Geol. and Geophys., Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 06511, USA. (hbf)

85:6499 Smith, D.A., D.B. Scott and F.S. Medioli, 1984.

Marsh Foraminifera in the Bay of Fundy: modern distribution and application to sea-level deter- mlnations. Marit. Sed. Atlant. Geol., 20(3):127- 142.

Since insufficient foraminiferal data existed fo~ ~i~c Bay of Fundy (due to its extreme tidal range of t6 m), surface transects from Kingsport marsh welc utilized to determine foraminiferal zonations. It wa~ shown that accurate relative sea level curves coutd be calculated for the last 4000 years, using the faam~ in the higher sections of the high water level. 1his information was then applied to four drill hole s~tcs around the inner bay. Centre for Mar. Geol., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. (gsb)

85:6500 Sohl, N.F. and H.A. Kollmann, 1985. Cretaceous

actaeonellid gastropods from the Western Hem- isphere. A description of 28 species of actaeonellid gastropods, with a discussion of the evolution, life habits, ecology, and Cretaceous world distribution of the family. Prof. Pap. U.S..geol. Surv., 1304:1-95.

The actaeonellid gastropods are but one family of the opisthobranch superfamily Acteonacea. They were, however, one of the most common elements of the warm-water Tethyan Realm fauna. The mono- graph here covers their systematic morphology, ontogeny, evolution, ecology, dispersal, distribution and diversity. About two hundred species are catalogued, and locality maps for separate Creta- ceous intervals are presented. Natur. Mus. in Wien, Geol.-Palaontol. Abteilung, Vienna, Austria. (fcs)

85:6501 Sweet, W.C., 1985. Conodonts: those fascinating little

whatzits. J. Paleont., 59(3):485-494. Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

D200. Gravity, geodesy, magnetism 85:6502

Berdichevskiy, M.N., O.N. Zhdanova and A.G. Yankovlev, 1984. Anomalous electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic sounding on the bottom of the ocean. Geomagn. Aeron. (a translation of Geomagnetizm i ,4eronomiya), 24(4):542-547. Univ. of Moscow, USSR.

85:6503 Chase, C.G., 1985. The geological significance of the

geoid. A, Rev. Earth planet. Sci., 13:97-117.

This review focuses on the contribution of geoidal studies (at long-to-intermediate wavelengths) to knowledge of the Earth's structure. Among the conclusions: excess densities of subducting slabs are in general compensated regionally, probably in- volving support from below in the form of resistance


to their further penetration into the mantle; the large, deep, slowly changing convective pattern that dominates the Earth's gravity field is related to hotspot sources or past plate boundary patterns rather than to present upper mantle convection; and the plate thermal model for oceanic lithosphere evolution is supported by geoidal anomaly data from fracture zones (small-scale upper mantle convection is required to provide heat to the base of the plates). Crustal isostasy remains a troublesome area, but geoidal approaches promise to resolve some of the difficulties. Dept. of Geosci., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. (msg)

85:6504 Fujimoto, Hiromi and Yoshibumi Tomoda, 1985. A

compact on-line data processing system for the Tokyo surface ship gravity meter. J. Phys. Earth, 33(1):45-58. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Japan.

D210. Heat flow

85:6507 Xia, Kanyuan and Xue Chen, 1984. A preliminary

analysis of heat flow data of the central basin of South China Sea. Nanhai Stud. mar. sin., 5:1-18. (In Chinese, English abstract.)

Measurements of heat flow data show the highest values in the vicinity of West Edge Fault within the central basin and decreasing values toward the margin, reaching lows in the Manila Trench and Palawan Trough. Heat flow values for the marginal seas decrease exponentially with increasing distance from the fault axis. A lower heat-flow belt divides the basin into a southern and a northern zone; calculations of age based on heat flow yield an age of 24.9 m.y. for the northern zone and 15.1 m.y. for the southern zone, suggesting that 2 episodes of expansion have shaped the basin. South China Sea Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sin., People's Republic of China. (hbf)

85:6505 Kumar, Muneendra and N.K. Saxena, 1985. Ocean

bottom [geodetic] control using the Global Posi- tioning System. Mar. Geod., 9(2):199-211.

Because four to seven GPS/NAVSTAR satellites will be visible at any time or place, they could trigger a surface buoy to make range measurements to a network of ocean bottom transponders via an acoustic link. The measured ranges, solved in geometric mode by least squares methods, would then provide the geodetic position of the transponders. A mathematical model of this 'novel' double pyramid system and some simulated results are presented. Hydrographic/Topographic Center, De- fense Mapping Agency, Washington, DC, USA. (fcs)

85:6506 Vermeer, Martin, 1984. Geoid studies on Finland and

the Baltic. Repts Finn. geod. Inst. (Suom. geod. Lait. Tied.), 84(3):1-30.

This study shows that the use of buried masses arranged in a regular grid is a practical way to represent the Earth's gravity field for global and local application. Numerical algorithms for com- puting a mass model consisting of several layers representing the gravity field over Finland were developed and applied. Use was made of an earlier determined mass model for the whole Earth (Heik- kinen 1981); a geoid was computed from the mass model found, and compared with a Seasat satellite altimetric geoid for the Baltic Sea. Finnish Geodetic Inst., Helsinki, Finland.

D240. Local or regional tectonics

85:6508 Beaudry, Desiree and G.F. Moore, 1985. Seismic

stratigraphy and Cenozoic evolution of west Sumatra forearc basin. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 69(5):742-759.

Multichannel seismic reflection profiles across the shelf and deep water areas of the Sunda forearc (0 ° to 6°N) and data from 17 exploratory wells record a history of Paleogene orogeny, Neogene subsidence, Late Tertiary tectonism, and three major transgressive-regressive cycles of sedimentation linked to changes in sea level and provenance. It is suggested that the forearc has followed the model of a typical, active continental margin changing from a 'shelved forearc with a steep inner slope into a ridged forearc with a well-developed outer arc ridge.' Exxon Prod. Res. Co., P.O. Box 2189 ST-4130, Houston, TX 77001, USA. 0abf)

85:6509 Bouysse, Philippe, J.-C. Baubron, Maryannick Rich-

ard, R.C. Maury and Patrick Andreieff, 1985. PHo-Quaternary evolution of the northern end of the Lesser Antilles Inner arc. Bull. Soc. g~ol. Fr, (8)I(2):181-188. (In French, English abstract.)

Hornblende-bearing ealc-alkaline andesite, 4_+0.5 Ma old, was recently dredged near the Anegada passage. Consequently, it is assumed that the northern termination of the volcanic inner arc, traditionally thought to be located at Saba Island,

'J4.1 D Submarine Geology and ( i e o p h ' , ' s ~ e~I.R ! I<}~',~ {~ ,}

and placed recently at Luymes Bank, extends northward for some 70 more km to the geodynamic boundary between the Greater and Lesser Antilles. This submerged end segment of the arc, I10 km long, might be considered extinct. Bur. de rech. geol. et min., Serv. geol. natl., B.P. 6009, 45060 Orleans Cedex, France.

85:6510 Glazner, A.F. and Gerald Schubert, 1985. Flexure of

the North American lithosphere above the subducted Mendocino Fracture Zone and the formation of east-west faults in the transverse ranges. J. geophys, Res., 90(B7):5405-5409.

If the Mid-Late Tertiary subduction occurred at a shallow angle so that the underthrust Farallon Plate was in isostatic balance with the overlying North American Plate, then differential uplift of the latter would have occurred. The Mendocino Fracture Zone was the tallest of the subducted scarps, and isostasy calculations indicate that the surface of the North American Plate south of the trace should have been 500 to 1000 m higher than the surface north of the trace. Flexure calculations predict that this uplift should yield an average slope of around 0.5 ° , great enough to account for observed Late Oligocene and Miocene disruptions of drainage and sedimentation in southern California. Calculated stresses exceed the tensile failure strength of crustal rocks; tensile fracture would decrease the elastic thickness of the plate, enhance bending, and perhaps lead to faulting. This may explain the formation of east-west faults in southern California. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.

85:6511 Goslin, Jean, Michel Diament, Aline Bulot and Max

Stephan, 1985. lsostatic response of the lithosphere in the southern domain of the Madagascar Ridge (western Indian Ocean). Bull. Soc. gdol. Fr., (8)1(2):199-206. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de geophys, mar., GIS 410012, Univ. de Bretagne occidentale, ave. Le Gorgeu, 29283 Brest Cedex, France.

85:6512 LeFevre, L.V. and K.C. McNaJly, 1985. Stress

distribution and subduetion of aseismic ridges in the Middle America snbdnction zone. J. geophys. Res., 90(B6):4495-4510.

A survey of regional stress distribution based on 190 earthquake focal mechanisms and seismicity patterns identifies 3 major zones with broad, consistent patterns of focal mechanisms and hypocenter distributions. In addition, body and surface waves for 2 major events near the apparently aseismic Orozco

Fracture Zone and [ehuantepec Ridge were a~a- lyzed to investigate these areas where aseismic slip may be occurring. The results do not rule out the chance that a major thrust earthquake will occur- ~n these areas. Seismol. Lab., Calif. Inst. of I-ech., Pasadena, CA, USA, (hbf)

85:6513 Liu, Yixuan and Jialun Zhuo, 1984. A discussion on

the stability of geologic environments in terms of the neotectonic features [and oil exploration prospectsl of the northern South China Sea. Tropic Oceanol., 3(3): 55-63. (In Chinese, English abstract.) South China Sea Inst. of Oceanot.. Acad. Sin., People's Republic of China

85:6514 McCaffrey, Robert, Peter Molnar, S.W. Roecker and

Y.S. Joyodiwiryo, 1985. Microearthquake seismicity and fault plane solutions related to arc- continent collision in the eastern Sunda Arc, Indonesia. J, geophvs. Res,, 90(B6):4511-4528.

Distribution and fault plane solution data for 450 microearthquakes in the region of Australia-Sunda Arc convergence indicate the presence of steep nodal planes in the southern, shallow part of the seismic zone, suggesting north-side-down motion and the existence of a detachment fault within the subducted slab. The presence of many fault planes with a near-vertical surface links them to bending stresses within the sinking slab. Bending of the subducting plate may provide an explanation for the tendency of high levels of intermediate earthquake activity to coincide with zones of cross-slab compressional stresses. Dept. of Earth, Atmos. and Planet. Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. (hbf)

85:6515 Pelletier, Bernard, J.-F. Stephan, Ren~ Blanchet,

Carla Muller and H.-N. Hu, 1985. Emergence of an active collision zone at the southern end of Taiwan (Hengchun Peninsula): superposed tectonics and Middle Miocene obduction. Bull. Soc. gdol. Fr., (8)1(2):161-171. (In French, English abstract.) G.I.S. Oceanol. et geodynam., Univ. de Bretagne occidentale, 29283 Brest Cedex, France.

85:6516 Pulpan, Hans and Cliff Frohlich, 1985. Geometry of

the subdncted plate near Kodiak Island and Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, determined from relocated eartIMluake hypocenters. Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 75(3):791-810.

An investigation of the location of hypocenters for 341 events of focal depths below 40 km indicates

OLR (I 985) 32 ( 1 I) D. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 943

that the Wadati-Benioff zone has a 45 ° dip, changes in thickness, and changes in strike by 15 ° in the area where the volcanic line bends northward, suggesting that the subducted lithosphere separates into 2 distinct segments. Although a few events were located at about 20 km beneath the Wadati-Benioff zone, they are not attributed tO a double seismic zone but to their position at the boundary between the 2 subducting plate segments. Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701, USA. (hbf)

D250. Plate and global tectonics

85:6517 Michard, Andr6, Thierry Juteau and Hubert White-

church, 1985. Obduction models reviewed and checked with Oman geology. Bull. Soc. g~ol. Fr., (8)I(2):189-198. (In French, English abstract.)

The geology of Oman fails to support current models proposed to account for obduction--the thrusting of oceanic lithosphere (ophiolites) onto continental lithosphere. The observed geology may be explained by a listric thrust fault with one ramp at ~300-km from the continental margin and a second one at the margin itself, where HP-LT metamorphism develops without any actual collision. Inst. de geol. et de petrogr., 1, rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France. (hbf)

85:6518 Seslavinskiy, K.B., 1984. Paleotectonic analysis of

global Paleozoic maps. Geotectonics (a translation of Geotektonika), 18(4):294-309.

Paleotectonic data from the Atlas of Lithological Paleogeographic Maps of the World are plotted on six Paleozoic paleomagnetic maps; correspondence between tectonic regimes in mobile belts and supposed displacements of the plates is analyzed. On the whole, data are not inconsistent with the thesis of Gondwana's monolithic character in the Paleozoic. However, sequential analysis exposes a lack of coincidence, in many instances, between the direction of continental drift and tectonic regimes in the corresponding margins of the mobile belts, particularly bordering the Eurasian plates. V.I. Vernadskiy Inst. of Geochem. and Analyt. Chem., Moscow, USSR.

D280. Volcanism, magmatism

85:6519 Bosher, Richard and F.K. Duennebier, 1985. Seis-

micity associated with the Christmas 1965 event

at Kilanea Volcano. J. geophys. Res., 90(B6):4529-4536.

This event, centered on the Koae fault zone, was marked by thousands of small earthquakes, extensive ground cracking, harmonic tremor, and a minor eruption on the east rift. The Koae fracture zone separates the rift zones of the south flank and the summit caldera. Historical records reveal a seismic gap between the rift zones; the Christmas 1965 activity filled this gap except near its eastern and western boundaries. This event is different from other seismic gap-filling events in that (1) it was marked by an earthquake swarm rather than a main shock-aftershock sequence, (2) it was partly volcanic in nature, and (3) it did not occur on a plate boundary. Amoco Prod. Co., Denver, CO, USA.

85:6520 Giret, A. and J. Lameyre, 1985. Inverted alkaline-

tholeiitic sequences related to Uthospheric thickness in the evolution of continental rifts and oceanic islands. J. Afr. Earth Sci., 3(1-2):261-268.

Within-plate magmatism produces alkaline and tholeiitic series in both oceanic and continental provinces, but the petrological evolution is generally opposite. In oceanic islands, composition changes with time from tholeiitic to alkaline; in continental rifts, alkaline activity is followed most frequently by tholeiitic rocks. These compositional trends are believed related to variations of lithosphere thickness. Within-plate magmatism is thus considered to be the result of lithospheric dynamics rather than rising asthenospheric plumes. Univ. P. et M. Curie, ERA 1011 CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.

85:6521 Johnson, R.W., A.L. Jaques, R.L. Hickey, C.O.

McKee and B.W. Chappell, 1985. Manam Is- land, Papua New Guinea: petrology and geochemistry of a low-TiO2 basaltic island-arc volcano. J. Petrology, 26(2):283-323. Bur. of Min. Res., GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

85:6522 Larsen, L.M. and W.S. Watt, 1985. Episodic volcan-

ism during break-up of the North Atlantic: evidence from the East Greenland plateau basalts. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 73(1):105-116.

The lower Tertiary plateau basalts in the Scoresby Sund region of East Greenland formed during three distinct magmatic episodes. The lavas are all tholeiitic basalts. Cyclic composition patterns of the first two episodes apparently resulted from a temporary

rifting episode, and much of the varianon can be explained by development in open magma cham- bers. The dykes and Iavas of the third episode have chemical affinities tO ocean floor basalts, and indicate formation at a spreading ridge centre, l'he pattern of two failed rifting episodes and one event that produced oceanic crust can be correlated with stages in the complicated initiation . f .eafloor spreading in the region, and the volcanism ~tself is closely related to this process. Geol. Sm-~. ,ff Greenland, Oster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Koben- havn K. Denmark.

85:6523 Michael, P.J. and Enrico Bonatti, 1985. Peridotite

composition from the North Atlantic 10°-79°N]: regional and tectonic variations and implications for partial melting. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 73(1):91-104.

Regional differences in peridotite bulk chemistry correspond to the amount of basaltic melt extracted from them; peridotites from 34 ° to 45°N are the most refractory. More intense depletion could have resulted from greater extents of partial melting or from an earlier melting event. The regional variations in mantle peridotite composition correlate with long-wavelength variations of crustal elevation and gravity along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, supporting the existence of regional variations of upper mantle thermal structure and composition. There may well be a decrease in the amount of melting as certain fracture zones are approached. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B4, Canada.

85:6524 Rogers, G., A.D. Saunders, D.J. Terrell, S.P. Verma

and G.F. Marriner, 1985. Geochemistry of Holocene volcanic rocks associated with ridge subduction in Baja California, Mexico. Nature, Lond., 315(6018):389-392.

In response to oblique collision of the ancestral EPR with the western seaboard of North America at ~29 Myr, subduction of the Farallon Plate was suc- ceeded by the development of a transform fault system. At 12.5 Myr a considerable length of the EPR was simultaneously subducted beneath Baja, thus terminating subduction processes along this segment. Data for Holocene volcanic rocks from Baja California Norte show the post-ridge subduction volcanism has a distinctive geochemistry. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Leicester, LEI 7RH, UK.

D290. Crust. mantle, core

85:6525 Arculus, R.J.. 1985. Oxidation status of the mantle:

past and present. ~ Rev. Earth plane1. :'i 13:75-95. Dept. of Geol. Sci., [!niv. of Michi~am Ann Arbor. MI 48!09, USA.

85:6526 Cande, S.C., D.V. Kent (comment), K.L. Verosub

and E.M. Moores (reply), 1985. Comment on 'Tectonic rotations in extensional regimes and their paleomagnetic consequences for ocean basalts' by Kenneth L. Verosub and Eldridge M. Moores. J. geoph.v.s~ Res., 90(B6):4647-4651, Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades. NY 10964. USA

85:6527 Dziewonski, A.M., J.E. Franzen and J.H. Wood-

house, 1985. Centroid-momeut tensor solutions for July-September, 1984. Phys. Earth planet. Interiors, 38(4):203-213. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

85:6528 Hamelin, Bruno and C.J. All~gre, 1985. Large-scale

regional units in the depleted upper mantle revealed by an isotope study of the Southwest Indian Ridge. Nature, Lond., 315(6016):196-199.

Isotope analyses of ocean island basalts t~ave demonstrated the existence of regional geochemical provinces. Equivalent analyses of basalts from the Southwest Indian Ridge indicate that the upper mantle under the Indian Ocean also has a distinct isotope composition. Thus, the upper mantle itself must be composed of several discrete provinces which may relate to the convection pattern. Dept. des Sci. de la Terre, 4 Place Jussieu, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.

85:6529 Hutton, D.H.W., M. Aftalion and A.N. Halliday,

1985. An Ordovleiim ophioilte in Cmmty Tyrone, Ireland. Nature, Lond., 315(6016):210-212. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Univ. of Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.

85:6530 King, Geoffrey and John Nabelek, 1985. Role of

fault bends in the initiation and termination of earthquake rupture. Science, 228(4702):984-987. Dept. of Earth Sci., Bullard Lab., Cambridge Univ., CB3 0EZ, UK.


85:6531 KrOner, Alfred, 1985. Evolution of the Arcbean

continental crust. A. Rev. Earth planet. Sci., 13:49-74. Inst. fur Geowissenschaften, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ., Postfach 3980, 6500 Mainz, FRG.

85:6532 Laz'ko, Y.Y., G.L. Kashintsev and G.N. Mura-

vitskaya, 1984. Peridotites of the Hcezen Fault (southeastern Pacific Ocean). Int. Geol. Rev., 26(10): 1147-1159. (Russian original.)

Dredge samples collected from 660 to 5460-m depths, in the vicinity of 55 ° 17 "S and 125°39 "W on the northern side of the fault, consist of a downward succession of basalts, dolerites, gabbros, peridotites, and amphibolites and appear to represent 'oceanic lithosphere tectonically rearranged after consolidation,' here described as 'the first ultramafics relatively weakly affected by low-temperature changes discovered in the Pacific Ocean.' A series of complex processes, which apparently controlled the evolution of the peridotites, are outlined. Acad. of Inst. of Oceanol., Moscow, USSR. (hbf)

85:6533 Nicolas, A., 1985. Novel type of crust produced

during continental rifting. Nature, Lond., 315(6015): 112-115.

A normal oceanic crust cannot be generated after continental rifting of troughs filled by thick young sediments. Magma released by the rising mantle is trapped mainly in these sediments as basalt sills and plugs. The sediments are themselves metamorphosed by the heat flux from the underlying mantle. A metasedimentary crust is formed in direct contact with an abnormal mantle produced by partial serpentinization. Lab. de Tectonophys., 2 rue de la Houssiniere, 44072 Nantes Cedex, France.

85:6534 Nishimura, C.E. and D.W. Forsyth, 1985, Anoma-

Ions Love-wave phase velocities in the Pacific: sequential pure-path and spherical harmonic inversion. Geophys. JI R. astr. Soc., 81(2):389- 407.

Comparison of the results from application of the pure-path and spherical harmonic representation methods indicates inherent modelling constraints in both methods. Sequential inversion separates the velocity distribution into two separate components; velocity as a function of the age of the oceanic plate and variations superimposed on this relationship. This demonstrates the presence of velocity anoma- lies which cannot be modelled by an age-velocity

relationship; they are tentatively correlated with regions of anomalous seafloor depths and/or the presence of active hot-spots. Geol. Sci., Brown Univ., Providence, RI 02912, USA.

85:6535 Ozima, M., F.A. Podosek and G. Igarashi, 1985.

Terrestrial xenon isotope constraints on the early history of the Earth. Nature, Lond., 315(6019):471-474.

Comparison between J29I-radiogenic 129Xe and 244pu-fissiogenic 136Xe components in terrestrial xenon suggests that the Earth's inner region accreted a few tens of millions of years earlier than the outer region from which the atmosphere evolved. The results also indicate that there has been no substantial mixing of the two regions since the Earth's accretion. Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan.

85:6536 Roden, M.F. and V.R. Murthy, 1985. Mantle

metasomatism. A. Rev. Earth planet. Sci., 13:269-296. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.

85:6537 Toomey, D.R., S.C. Solomon, G.M. Purdy and M.H.

Murray, 1985. Micrcearthquakcs beneath the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 23°N: hypocenters and focal mechanisms. J. geophys. Res., 90(B7):5443-5458.

Microearthquakes occur under the median valley and have focal depths 5-8 km beneath the seafloor. Composite solutions indicate normal faulting along fault planes that dip at angles of 30 ° or more, similar to the mechanisms of nearby large earthquakes. Microearthquakes also occur beneath the steep eastern inner rift mountains; calculated hypocenters have larger uncertainties because of topographic relief and associated lateral heterogeneity in velocity structure. This segment of ridge axis is undergoing brittle failure under extension to a depth of at least 7-8 km; the entire crustal column has been cooled to temperatures within the brittle field of behavior and significant time has elapsed since the most recent episode of magmatism. Dept. of Earth, Atmos. and Planet. Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.

85:6538 Ward, S.N., 1985. Small--scale mantle flows and

induced lithospheric stress near island arcs. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc, 81(2):409-428.

This paper explores the middle ground between complex thermally-coupled viscous flow models and

simple corner flow models of island arc environments. The calculation retains the density-driven nature of convection and relaxes the geometrical constraints of corner flow, yet still provides semi- analytical solutions for velocity and stress. ~ n,vel aspect is the allowance for a coupled elastic lithosphere on top of a Newtonian viscous mantle. While drivers in the form of inclined subducting slabs cannot induce self-driven parallel flow, a basal drag of 1-5 MPa to the mantle from the oceanic lithosphere can. The existence of a shallow elevated phase transition is suggested in two slab models of 300 km length where a maximum excess density of 0.2 g cm 3 was needed to generate an acceptable mantle flow. C.F. Richter Lab., Llniv. of Calif., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

85:6539 Warren, P.H., 1985. The magma ocean concept and

lunar evolution. A. Rev. Earth planet. Sci.. 13:201-240. Dept. of Earth and Space Sci., UCLA, CA 90024. USA.

85:6540 Watts, A.B., J.R. Cochran, P. Patriat and M.

Doucoure, 1985. A bathymetry and altimetry profile across the Southwest Indian Ridge crest at 31°S latitude. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 73(1): 129- 139.

Thermal thickness appears to be in the range 72-109 km; elastic thickness is about 2-5 kin. There is good correlation between the geoid calculated from the bathymetry and its compensation and the observed geoid derived from Seasat data, strongest for wavelengths ~,45 km and poorest for shorter wavelengths. The poor resolution at short wavelengths is attributed to instrument and oceanographic noise in the altimeter data combined with the reduced sensitivity of the geoid to bathymetric relief at very short wavelengths. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA.

85:6541 Watts, A.B., U.S. ten Brink, P. Buhl and T.M.

Brocher, 1985. A muitidmmtel seismic study of iithospheric flexure across the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain. Nature, Lond., 315(6015):105- !11.

Existing models assume that the thickened crust beneath seamounts is the result of a surface volcanic load flexing an elastic plate. New results suggest that flexed oceanic crust beneath the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain is underlain by a 4-km thick deep crustal body interpreted as a deep crustal sill

complex associated wlttl the tt~olentlc stage ,,i volcano building along the chain. Lamont-Dohert~ Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964. LISA.

D 3 2 0 . E c o n o m i c g e o l o g y (see also D 3 3 0 Oil and gas, D 3 4 0 - M a n g a n e s e nodules~

85:6542 Bollingberg, H.J. and H.R. Cooke Jr., 1985. Use of

seaweed and slope sediments in fjord prospecting for lead-zinc deposits near Maarmorilik, West Greenland. J. geochem. Explor., 23(3):253-263.

Anomalously high Pb and Zn occurred m the seaweed Fucus distichus and other organisms in fjords below cliffs with sphalerite-pyrite-galena outcrops. Areal variations in these concentrations, and detection of sulphide float in talus aprons along shorelines, proved easy ways to locate deposits of commercial interest. Inst. for Petrol., Kobenhavns Univ., Oster Voldgade 10, DL-1350 Copenhagen K. Denmark. (mwf)

85:6543 lnouchi, Kunimitsu, Yosuke Kishi and Tadao

Kakinuma, 1985. The regional unsteady interface between fresh water and salt water in a confined coastal aquifer. J. Hydrol., 77(I-4):307-331. Dept. of Ocean Engrg., Ehime Univ., Matsuyama 790, Japan.

85:6544 Mullins, H.T. and R.F. Rasch, 1985. Sea-floor

phosphorites along the central California continental margin. Econ. Geol., 80(3):696-715.

Samples from the central California continental margin reveal a patchy distribution of Early-Middle Miocene phosphorites in water 200 to 2000 m deep. Geochemical analysis of the phosphorites, which contain a predominance of carbonate fluorapatite in association with glauconite, dolomite, detrital sili- cate, and pyrite, shows them to average 24.4% P205 and to be enriched in Sr and depleted in Mn with uranium values ranging 47-170 ppm. Although the phosphorites are a potential natural resource, the great water depth and the presence of richer deposits in shallower waters in southern California make it unlikely that they will be mined in the near future. Dept. of Geol., Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. (hbf)

85:6545 Riggs, S.R., S.W.P. Snyder, A.C. Hine, S.W. Snyder,

M.D. Ellington and P.M, Mallette, 1985. Geo- logic framework of phosphate resources in Onsiow


Bay, North Carolina continental shelf. Econ. Geol., 80(3):716-738.

The distribution, geometry, and character of the Miocene Pungo River Formation are described on the basis of preliminary results from extensive seismic and vibracore data from Onslow Bay. The formation covers 6000 kin2 of the bay, outcropping along a 150-km by 25 to 50-kin wide belt and extending beneath younger deposits to the south and east. Phosphate-rich sands and phosphatic foraminiferal muds containing an estimated 4.5 billion tons of phosphate concentrate are found in 5 beds in 2 areas beneath the bay. The phosphate resources of the richer area, the Frying Pan phosphate district, have a moderate to high potential for economic development. Dept. of Geol., East Carolina Univ., Greenville, NC 27834, USA. (hbf)

85:6546 Siddiquie, H.N., A.R. Gujar, N.H. Hashimi and V.B.

Valsangkar, 1985. Errata: Superficial mineral resources of the Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Re- search, 31, 763-812 (1984). Deep-Sea Res., 32(4A):499-502.

D330. Oil and gas

85:6547 Geodekyan, A.A., Yu.P. Neprochnov, V.V. Sedov,

L.P. Merklin and V.Ya. Tritsyuk, 1985. Geo- logic-geophysical and gas--biogeochemical inves- tigations in the Barents Sea. Soy. Geol., 3:84-89.

85:6548 Kantorowicz, J.D., 1985. The origin of anthigenic

ankerite from the Ninian Field, UK, North Sea. Nature, Lond., 315(6016):214-216.

Ankerite formation was probably synchronous with hydrocarbon emplacement and is related to clay mineral diagenesis in the hydrocarbon source rocks of the Viking Graben. Ankerite is particularly abundant below the oil-water contact, reflecting hydrocarbon emplacement arresting diagenesis at progressively deeper levels of the reservoir. The resulting preferential cementation may adversely affect transmissibility between the aquifer and the oil column and consequently could reduce hydrocarbon recovery. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.

85:6549 Powell, T.G., 1985. Paleogeogra~c implications for

the distribution of Upper Jurassic source beds:

offshore eastern Canada. Bull. can. Petrol. Geol., 33(1):116-119.

The Kimmeridgian organic-rich source beds for the oil discoveries in the Jeanne D'Arc Basin appear to have accumulated under anoxic conditions in a silled depression within an epicontinental sea at the northern end of the proto-Atlantic Ocean. Less favorable conditions appear to have prevailed in adjacent areas: in the Flemish and Carson basins the equivalent organically-lean shales are attributed to more open, oxygenated conditions; in the southern parts of the Carson and Jeanne D'Arc basins and in the Horseshoe and Whale basins deep erosion appears to have removed possible source material; and in the South Whale Basin open ocean conditions prevailed. Bur. of Min. Res., Geol. and Geophys., GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. (hbf)

85:6550 Solheim, Anders and Anders Elverboi, 1985. A

pockmark field in the central Barents Sea; gas from a petrogenic source? Polar Res., (n.s.)3(1): l 1-19.

A pockmark field in the NW Barents Sea, 50 km SE of Hopen Island exists as small (10-20 m diameter), shallow (< 1 m deep) structures that cover up to 25% of the sea floor in local areas. The pockmark distribution, characteristics of the underlying sedimentary bedrock and thin cover of glacigenic sediments in the area indicate they are formed by ascending gas from a deeper, probably petrogenic source. Pockmarks may be found in larger parts of the Barents Sea. Norwegian Polar Res. Inst., Rolf- stangveien 12, 1330 Oslo, Lufthavn, Norway.

D360. Books, collections (general)

85:6551 Chaloner, W.G. and J.D. Lawson (eds.), 1985.

Evolution and environment in the Late Silurian and Early Devonian. Phil. Trans. R. Soc~ (1138): 1-342; 23 papers.

Topics of the 8-session, May 1984 Discussion Meeting are summarized in the introductory section. The Late Silurian-Early Devonian (,.-400 mya) includes the final closure of the Iapetus Ocean in North America, the building of high mountains, extensive land masses with diverse environments, and the semiarid climate that produced the Old Red Sandstone. The transition from marine to nonmarine conditions is detailed for the Welsh Borderland and inferred from studies of fossil soils. The timing and nature of the rise of land plants and non-marine invertebrates and vertebrates were discussed at three

,,~4,~ i ) S u b m a r i n e Geok ' ,gy and G e o p h y s k ' , i ) ! R ! i ~ ,: * i , i

sessions. A final review recognized an increasing rate of phyletic evolution tied to increasing provincialism in the marine realm, but no marked extinction event or major marine adaptive radiation at the Silu- rian/Devonian border. A series of separate terrestrial migrations (or adaptations) appears likely for the various animal phyla surviving to the present. whereas the plants may have made a single adap- tation-migration starting from green algal ancestors and archegoniates (bryophtyes and tracheophytes). (hbf)

relative reactivity of carbonates during dissolution: peloidal structures as a result of precipitation the problems of submarine cement in classifying ~eef. rock; styles of cementation in various environment~: metastable carbonate cements from Pleistocene reef atoll limestones; and a controversial discussion-.,. ~,L~ determining aragonite distributions in ancient limestones. Gulf Oil Explor and Prod. Co., Itoustom TX, USA. (msgi

85:6552 Gorsline, D.S. (convenor), 1984/85. Origins, trans-

port, and deposition of fine-grained sediments. 1984 SEPM Research Conference, Part 1. Geo- Marine Letts, 4(3-4):131-245; 21 papers.

The conference was organized to obtain a broad overview from the SEPM community and included input from sediment modellers, fluid dynamics specialists, stratigraphers, sedimentary petrologists, and investigators of contemporary sedimentary environments. Many of the papers treated processes, rates and budgets in depositional and sedimentary environments; there was heavy emphasis on fine- grained and very coarse-grained marine sediments. 'The most interesting feature of the meeting and of the papers is the continuing strong interest in dynamics of sediment transport and deposition and the influence of a variety of parameters on these dynamics.' Univ. of So. Calif., Los Angeles, CA. USA. (hbf)

D370. Miscellaneous

85:6554 Boto, Kevin and Peter lsdale, 1985. Fluorescent

bands in [Great Barrier Reef] massive corals result from terrestrial fulvic acid inputs to nearshore zone. Nature, Lond., 315(6018):396- 397,

All regions of the coral skeleton contain fulvic acids which impart a blue background fluorescence. The yellow-green fluorescent bands found only in in- shore coral appear to result from enhanced concentrations of low-relative molecular mass (<10,000) fulvic acids from adjacent river input; the banding phenomenon can be expected to occur in massive corals located near significant river systems. In Porites, the great age of the largest colonies means that extremely long, highly resolvable records of coastal runoff exist throughout tropical nearshore seas. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., PMB No~ 3, Townsville M.C., Qld. 4810, Australia.

85:6553 Schneidermann, Nahum and P.M. Harris (eds.),

1985. Carbonate cements. Based on a symposium sponsored by the Society of Economic Pale- ontologists and Mineralogists, Dallas, Texas, 1983. Spec. Pubis Soe. econ. Paleont. Miner., Tulsa, 36:1-379; 21 papers.

The symposium focuses on modern and ancient marine and freshwater cements and their relationship to burial conditions, emphasizing deep burial cementation environments or regional cementation trends in relation to near-surface or subsurface conditions, and controls of cementation. Papers are divided among four sections: constraints on cement mineralogy, morphology, and distribution through geological time; early stable and metastable marine cements; regional distributions of cements and their transition in time; and non-marine cements representing the beginning or end of the carbonate diagenetic cycle. Representative papers include

85:6555 Burton, P.W., 1985. [Report.] Electrical earthquake

prediction. Nature, Lond,, 3 ! 5(6018):370-371

Phenomenological earthquake prediction involves searches among the entire range of antecedents of earthquakes for predictors. Varotsos and Alexopou- los (1984) have used changes in electrotelluric currents in the Earth, seismic electric signals (SES), as predictors at several sites in Greece since 1981 and have found 'that every sizeable earthquake is preceded by an SES and inversely every SES is followed by an earthquake, the magnitude and the epicentre of which can be reliably predicted.' But this author suggests that the matter is not so simple as this for reasons that are discussed. While research into such matters should persist, building codes and hazard maps may be better safeguards for the time being. British Geol. Survey, West Mains Rd., Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK. (wbg)

OLR (1985) 32 (1 I) 949

85:6556 Kv~t, Radan, 1985. A new concept of the geological

time table. Z. geol. Wiss., 13(2):149-157.

Certain geological events seem to have periodicities of about 220 m.y., the same as the Earth's galactic year. In addition to repeated glaciations, mass extinctions or other radical biological changes and tectonic reorganizations appear to take place at such intervals. The galactic year may turn out to be a useful geochronological time-frame in which seem- ingly disparate, episodic events may yet be tied to cosmological harmonies. Ing. CSc. R KVET, Geogr. ustav CSAV, CS-66282 Brno, Mendlovo nam. 1, Czechoslovakia. (fcs)

85:6557 Raisbeck, G.M., F. Yiou, D. Bourles and D.V. Kent,

1985. Evidence for an increase in cosmogenic 1°Be during a geomagnetic reversal. Nature, Lond., 315(6017):315-317.

At the time of a reversal, magnetic shielding is greatly reduced; it has been suggested that the increased flux of high-energy particles could have effects on evolutionary or climatic processes. Evi- dence in marine sediments for an increase in cosmogenic ~°Be production in the Earth's atmosphere during the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal 730,000 yr ago is reported. In addition to confirming an increase in cosmogenic isotope production, results provide information on the magnitude and duration of the geomagnetic intensity decrease during such an event, and the depth at which remanent magnetism is acquired in marine sediments. Lab. Rene Bernas, 91406 Orsay, France.

85:6558 Schroeder, J.H., 1985. Eolian dust in the coastal

desert of the Sudan: aggregates cemented by evaporites. J. Afr. Earth Sci., 3(3):371-380.

Eolian dusts collected after dust storms contain aggregates cemented by evaporitic salts which vary in shape, fabric and surface roughness. Aggregation changes grain shape, density and size-distribution of dust particles, i.e. characteristics determining erosion and transport. Upon deposition in the sea, cements are dissolved, aggregates disintegrated, and hence their characteristics obliterated leaving the eolo- marine sediment component with a questionable paleoclimate record. Transport of salts with dust from the coastal plain to the sea constitutes a portion of anticyclic salt movement and probably plays a role in the geochemical balance of the oceans. Inst. fur Geol. und Palaeontol., Tech. Univ. Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 42, D-1000 Berlin 12, FRG.

85:6559 Schroeder, J.H., K.-D. Kachholz and Michael

Heuer, 1984/85. Eolian dust in the coastal desert of the Sudan: aggregates cemented by evaporites. Geo-Marine Letts, 4(3-4): 139-144.

Eolian dusts collected in Port Sudan following dust storms contained aggregates of various shapes, fabrics and surface roughness that were cemented by evaporitic salts. Aggregation may facilitate erosion but enhance or impede transport. Aggregates dis- integrate upon entering the sea thus leaving a misleading paleoclimate record in the sediment. Dust storms carrying salt to the sea are likely an important factor in the ocean geochemical balance. Inst. fur Geol. und Palaeontol., Tech. Univ. Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 42, D-1000 Berlin 12, FRG. (msg)

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods 85:6560

Feller, R.J., Gregory Zagursky and E.A. Day, 1985. Deep-sea food web analysis using cross-xeacting antisera. Deep-Sea Res., 32(4A):485-497.

The high incidence of unrecogni7able prey in the stomachs of deep-sea predators prompted the application of serological methods for identification of

trophic connections. Antisera to whole-organism extracts of estuarine taxa cross-reacted with anti- genic protein extracts of mid-water and deep-sea taxa along phylogenetically correct lines, indicating their potential as tools for gut contents immunoassay. The immunoassay technique, although not a panacea for elucidating food web dynamics in remote environments, may be useful when other methods fail to identify trophic pathways. Belle W.

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