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1 MOLÈCULES MOLÈCULES J. Planelles Chemical reactivity Reaction path Energy hypersurface
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Page 1: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

1

MOLÈCULESMOLÈCULES

J. Planelles

Chemical reactivity

Reaction pathEnergy hypersurface

Page 2: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

2

Chemical reactivity

Reaction pathEnergy hypersurface

Retinal: vision mechanism

H2+ molecule

Born-Oppenheimer approximation

Frozen nuclei:

Kinetic energy of nuclei:Kinetic energy of nuclei:

Total Hamiltonian:

Page 3: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

3

Frozen nuclei:

Burrau 1926, see J.Chem. Educat 79 (2002) 127

(5% error)Are nuclei frozen ? … NO!

Born-Oppenheimer approximation:

Left multiply by and integrate the electronic coordinates:

acts as a potential energy for the nuclei dynamics

Page 4: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

4

Hamiltonià Electrònic

Aproximació IP

Configuració electrònica vs. àtoms

Page 5: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

5

Molècules lineals

etiquetatge

Orbitals

Termes

Example càlcul termes

Termes

Page 6: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

6

Resolució variacional H2+

Resolució variacional H2+ (cont.)

Page 7: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

7

ORBITALS DE SIMETRIA

Resolució variacional H2+ (cont.)

Orbitals moleculares molècules Li2-N2 (esquerra) y O2-F2 (dreta)

Page 8: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

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Correlació electrònica: cas de l’H2

Mos en molècules poliatòmiques: el cas de l’aigua

Page 9: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

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Enllaços de valència: HOs

configuració dels àtoms en les molècules

Translational symmetry

a

0]ˆ,ˆ[ HT

)()(|)(||)(|)()( 22 xfenaxfnaxfxfnaxx i

)(x

q

q

qpnai

n pq

naieT ˆ

!

) (ˆ

)()(!

)()()( ˆ anxf

dx

fdi

q

ianxfexfT

q

qq

q

qpian

n

Page 10: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

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GroupnTranslatioTn GroupAbelianTT mn 0],[

ikxiankikxpianikx eeeeeT ˆ

Eigenfunctions of the linear momentum are basis of Tn group irreps:

pn eeeeeT

ikxikna

n

eek

TE

1

First Brillouin zone:

Solving Schrödinger equation: Von-Karman BCs

Crystals are infinite... How are we supposed to deal with that?

We use periodic boundary conditions

Group of translations:k is a quantum number due to

translational symmetry)( )( rerT kaki

ka

We solve the Schrödinger equation for each k (or ) value:

The plot En(k) represents an energy band

],[ ),2/()2/( aea- ki

k 1rst Brillouin zone

Page 11: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

11

m

kk 2

22

Band folded into the first Brillouin zone (flat potential)

)(Ψ )(Ψ: xeaxBC k

ika

k

1 :2

''~ iKaea

πKkkkk

(k): single parabola

folded parabolap

m

kk 2

22

Band folded into the first Brillouin zone (flat potential)

)(Ψ )(Ψ: xeaxBC k

ika

k

1 :2

''~ iKaea

πKkkkk

(k): single parabola

folded parabolap

1rst Brillouin zone

Page 12: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

12

Bragg difraction

gap

ka/0

gap

a/2a/

Page 13: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

13

)()()(2

2

xxxVm

pkkkc

Page 14: Chemical reactivity Energy hypersurface Reaction pathplanelle/APUNTS/QQ/T5_molecules.pdf10 Tn Translation Group [Tn,Tm] 0 Abelian Group T eikx eianpˆeikx eiankeikx Eigenfunctions

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