Chemical Weapon Convention

8/8/2019 Chemical Weapon Convention

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AkashVijayan 86701

KaranVerma 86748

KomalJadhav 86711


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ContentsT WHAT IS CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION?

T ADMINISTRATION.

T CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES.

T SCHEDULES.

T MEMBER STATES.

T WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUTION HOLDERS.

T CHEMICAL WEAPON PRODUCTION FACILITY HOLDERS.

T WORLD STOCKPILE.

T GLOBAL SCENARIO.

T REDUCTION PHASES.

T CURRENT PROGRESS.

T COOPERATION OF COUNTRIES.

T FINANCING.

T CONCLUSION.


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WHA IS CHEMICAL WEAPONS

CONVEN ION?

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development,Production, Stockpiling, Trade and Use of Chemical

Weapons and on their Destruction. It was drafted on 3rd September, 1992.

It was signed on 29thApril, 1993.

There were about 165 signatories.

As on January, 2009 there are about 186 parties.

UN Secretary-General is the Depositary.

It has been written in Arabic, Chinese, English, French,Russian and Spanish languages.


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ADMINIS RA ION Intergovernmental consideration of a chemical and biological

weapons ban was initiated in 1968 within the 18-nationDisarmament Committee, which, after numerous changes ofname and composition, became the Conference onDisarmament (CD) in 1984.

On September 3, 1992 the Conference on Disarmamentsubmitted to the U.N. General Assembly its annual report,

which contained the text of the Chemical WeaponsConvention, the full title of which is "Convention on theProhibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling,Trade and Use of Chemical Weapons and on TheirDestruction."

It does not, however, cover biological weapons. Theconvention is administered by the Organization fortheProhibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), whichconducts inspection of military and industrial plants in all ofthe member nations as well as working with stockpilecountries.


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CON ROLLED SUBS ANCES The convention distinguishes three classes of controlled substance,

chemicals which can either be used as weapons themselves orused in the manufacture of weapons. The classification is based onthe quantities of the substance produced commercially for legitimatepurposes. Each class is split into Part A, which are chemicals that

can be used directly as weapons, and Part B which are chemicalsuseful in the manufacture of chemical weapons.

The treaty also deals with carbon compounds called in the treatyDiscrete organic chemicals. These are any carbon compoundsapart from long chain polymers, oxides, sulfides and metal

carbonates, such as organophosphates. The OPCW must beinformed of, and can inspect, any plant producing (or expecting toproduce) more than 200 tonnes per year, or 30 tonnes if thechemical contains phosphorus, sulfur or fluorine, unless the plantsolely produces explosives or hydrocarbons.


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SCHEDULES Schedule 1 :

Chemicals have few or no uses outside of chemical weapons. These may beproduced or used for research, medical, pharmaceutical or chemical weapon defencetesting purposes but production above 100 grams per year must be declared to theOPCW. A country is limited to possessing a maximum of1 tonne of these materials.Examples are mustard and nerve agents, and substances which are solely used asprecursor chemicals in their manufacture. A few of these chemicals have very smallscale non-military applications, for example minute quantities of nitrogen mustard areused to treat certain cancers.

Schedule 2 :Chemicals have legitimate small-scale applications. Manufacture must be declaredand there are restrictions on export to countries which are not CWC signatories. Anexample is thiodiglycol which can be used in the manufacture of mustard agents, butis also used as a solvent in inks.

Schedule 3 :Chemicals have large-scale uses apart from chemical weapons. Plants whichmanufacture more than 30 tonnes per year must be declared and can be inspected,and there are restrictions on export to countries which are not CWC signatories.Examples of these substances are phosgene, which has been used as a chemicalweapon but which is also a precursor in the manufacture of many legitimate organiccompounds and triethanolamine, used in the manufacture of nitrogen mustard butalso commonly used in toiletries and detergents.


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MEMBER S A ES

Almost all countries in the world have joined theChemical Weapons Convention.

As of January 2009, 186 of the 195 states recognized bythe United Nations are party to the CWC.

Of the nine states that are not, four have signed but notyet ratified the treaty (Bahamas, Burma, the Dominican

Republic, and Israel)

Five states have not signed the treaty (Angola, NorthKorea, Egypt, Somalia, and Syria).


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CHEMICAL WEAPON PRODUC ION

FACILI Y HOLDERSFollowing countries declared chemical weapons production facilities:

Bosniaand Herzegovina China France India Iran Japan Libya Russian Federation

Serbiaand Montenegro (Montenegro no longerexists) United Kingdom United States


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The total world declared stockpile of chemical weaponswas about 43,760 tons in early 2008.

A total of71,315 tonnes have been declared to OPCW ofwhich about 29,602 tonnes (41.5%) had been destroyedby September30, 2008.

More than 35.4% (3.07) of the 8.67 million declaredchemical munitions and containers have beendestroyed.(Treaty confirmed destruction totals often lag

behind state-declared totals.) Several countries that are not members are suspected ofhaving chemical weapons, especially Syria and NorthKorea, while some member states (including Sudan andthe People's Republic of China) have been accused byothers of failing to disclose their stockpiles.


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States parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention. Light colored territories

are those states parties that have declared stockpiles of chemical weapons

and/orhave known production facilities forchemical weapons.


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REDUC ION PHASES

Phase % Reduction Deadline Notes

I 1% April 2000Reduction and ban on international trade of Part A

class of chemicals.

II 20% April 2002

Complete destruction of empty munitions,

precursor chemicals, filling equipment and

weapons systems.

III 45% April 2004

IV 100% April 2007 No extensions permitted past April 2012


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CURREN PROGRESS

By July 2007, 33% of known chemical weaponsstockpiles had been destroyed worldwide, falling farshort of the 100% goal set for in 2007.

Furthermore, by April 2008, only 50% of countries hadpassed the required legislation to outlaw participation inchemical weapons production.

By December 31, 2007, 36.5% of Class 1, 52% of Class2 and all Class 3 declared chemicals had beendestroyed.


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Cooperation Of Countries

y Albania

y On July 11, 2007, the OPCW confirmed thedestruction of the entire chemical weaponsstockpile in Albania. Albania is the first nation tocompletely destroy all of its chemical weaponsunder the terms of the CWC. The Albanianstockpile included 16,678 kilograms of mustardagent, lewisite, adamsite, andchloroacetophenone. The United States assistedwith and funded the destruction operations.


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U.S.A.

The United States of America completed Phase III inJune 2007, having destroyed over50.7% of itsdeclared stockpile by December 31, 2007.Over66%of the chemical weapons destroyed in the worldsince the treaty came into force were destroyed inthe U.S.Year2014 is the final deadline.

Russia

Russia had destroyed 24% of its stockpile by the endof2007.Russia has declared its intention to

complete operations by the treaty deadline of2012

.


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India

93.1% of India's chemical weapons stockpile wasdestroyed by the end of2007 and India is expected tofinish destruction by April 2009.

Libya

Libya's entire chemical weapons stockpile is expected tobe destroyed by 2011.

Othercountriesy Other countries had destroyed 96.3% of its stockpile by

the end of2007 and is expected to finish the process bythe end of2008.


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FINANCING

Financial support for the Albanian and Libyanstockpile destruction programmes was providedby the United States.

Russia received support from a number ofnations, including the United States, the UnitedKingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy andCanada; some $2 billion given by 2004.

Costs for Albania's program were approximately

48 million U.S. dollars. The U.S. had spent $20 billion and expected tospend a further $40 billion.


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