Chemistry chapter 1 1

Matter and Change

Chemistry chapter 1 2

What does chemistry mean to me?

Plastic Synthetic fabrics and materials Antibiotics and other drugs Chemical processes inside your

body

Chemistry chapter 1 3

What is a chemical?

What isn’t a chemical?

Chemistry chapter 1 4

What is chemistry? A physical science The study of the composition, structure,

and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.

The science that seeks to understand what matter does by studying what atoms and molecules do. What are things made of? What are their internal structures? How do they react with each other?

Chemistry chapter 1 5

What do chemists do?

Relate properties of matter to structure of matter.

Examine properties of existing materials to produce new materials.

Chemistry chapter 1 6

Branches of chemistry Organic chemistry – most carbon-

containing compounds Inorganic chemistry – compounds that

don’t contain carbon (mostly) Physical chemistry – properties and

changes in matter and energy Analytical chemistry – identification of

components and compositions of mixtures Biochemistry – chemistry of living things Theoretical chemistry – using math and

computers to understand chemical behavior and predict new compounds

Chemistry chapter 1 7

Science and technology Science

Basic research For the sake of learning

Applied research Used to solve problems

Technology Improves the quality of life Application of science for practical

purposes

Chemistry chapter 1 8

Discuss Read the “Modern Alchemy” section

on pages 8 – 9. Discuss the following questions with

someone seated near you. Are any discoveries in this feature

accidental? Were the discoverers always aware of

what they had discovered? Why don’t we use this “new alchemy”

to make gold?

Chemistry chapter 1 9

Matter

Has mass and volume. Mass – measure of the amount of

matter measured with a balance (scale)

Volume – the amount of 3D space occupied

Chemistry chapter 1 10

Parts of matter Element – a pure substance, only 1 kind

of atom Atom – the smallest unit of an element

that has the properties of that element Compound – made from the atoms of 2

or more elements that are chemically bonded

Molecule – smallest unit of an element or compound that has the properties of that element or compound Contains more than one atom

Chemistry chapter 1 11

Property

A defining characteristic Can be used to classify into groups

Chemistry chapter 1 12

Properties can be … Extensive – depend on the amount of

matter present Length Mass Volume Amount of energy in a substance

Intensive – do not depend on amount of matter Density Melting and boiling points Color flammability

Chemistry chapter 1 13

Physical Properties Can be observed without changing

the identity of the substance Melting and boiling points Color Density Mass Length volume

Chemistry chapter 1 14

Physical changes

Do not involve a change in the substance Grinding Cutting Melting Boiling folding

Chemistry chapter 1 15

State changes

Type of physical change Change from one state of matter

(solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) to another Melting or freezing Boiling or condensing

Chemistry chapter 1 16

Solids

Have definite shape and definite volume

Particles are close together

Chemistry chapter 1 17

Liquids

Have definite volume, but indefinite shape Take the shape of their container

Particles are able to slip past each other

Chemistry chapter 1 18

Gases

Have indefinite shape and indefinite volume Expand to fill any container

Particles can slip past each other and are usually far apart

Chemistry chapter 1 19

Plasma

High temperature physical state in which atoms lose their electrons

Chemistry chapter 1 20

Chemical Properties

Related to the ability to undergo change

Can only be observed in a chemical reaction Ability to

Rust Burn Rot

Chemistry chapter 1 21

Chemical change

When one or more substances are changed into different substances

Also called chemical reaction Before the change the substances

are called reactants After the change they are called

products

Chemistry chapter 1 22

Mixtures

Contain two or more kinds of matter Not chemically combined Can be separated by physical means

Homogeneous – the same throughout Heterogeneous – not the same

throughout

Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions

Chemistry chapter 1 23

Pure substances

Elements or compounds Chemically combined Every sample has the same

composition

Chemistry chapter 1 24

Discuss

Section review on page 18

Chemistry chapter 1 25

The Periodic Table

Way to organize the elements Groups of elements– vertical

columns Periods of elements – horizontal

rows

Chemistry chapter 1 26

Groups

Numbered 1 to 18 Elements have similar chemical

properties Have similar bonding abilities Also called families

Chemistry chapter 1 27

Periods

Physical and chemical properties change across a period

Elements are more similar to others that are close to them

Chemistry chapter 1 28

Lanthanides and Actinides

Below the main body of the table Fit in after elements 57 and 89 Moved so that the table isn’t so

wide What if they weren’t?

Chemistry chapter 1 29

Metals

Left and center parts of the table Mostly solids at room temperature Good conductors of heat and

electricity Good tensile strength – can be

pulled without breaking Malleable – can be pounded into

sheets Ductile – can be drawn into fine wire

Chemistry chapter 1 30

Nonmetals

On the right side of the table Often gases at room temperature Solids are brittle Poor conductors of heat and

electricity

Chemistry chapter 1 31

Metalloids

Next to the stairstep line on the table

Have some properties of metals and some of nonmetals

Usually semiconductors

Chemistry chapter 1 32

Noble gases

Group 18 Generally unreactive

Only form compounds under specific lab conditions, not in nature

Chemistry chapter 1 33

Discuss

Section review on page 24