Chemistry Chapter 6

Bonding

Electronegativity

- an atom’s attraction for electrons when bound to another atom

• covalent bond - pair of electrons shared

• formed when electronegativity difference is < 1.67• form molecules

• Ex: H2O, NH3

• two types:• polar covalent (when elements are different)

• nonpolar covalent (in diatomic elements)O2, N2 - 100% covalent due to equal

electronegativity

• ionic bond - atoms bonded due to different charges (electrons transferred)

• formed when electronegativity difference is > 1.67• form ionic compounds

• Ex: NaCl, CaF2, LiBr

• ionic compounds• high melting point

• soluble in water

• conduct electricity when molten

• crystallize well

Molecular Shapes

electrondot angle hybrid.

•group 1•linear 180° no

•ex: NaCl

Molecular Shapes

electrondot angle hybrid.

•group 2•linear 180° sp

•ex: CaCl2

Molecular Shapes

electrondot angle hybrid.

•group 13•trigonal planar 120° sp2

•ex: AlCl3

Molecular Shapes

electrondot angle hybrid.

•group 14•tetrahedral 109.5° sp3

•ex: CH4

Molecular Shapes

electrondot angle hybrid.

•group 15•pyramidal vary no

•ex: NH3

Molecular Shapes

electrondot angle hybrid.

•group 16•bent vary no

•ex: H2O

Molecular Shapes

electrondot angle hybrid.

•group 17•Linear 180° no

•ex: NaCl

Organic Chemistry•Organic = carbon

•Organic Compounds:

•Alkanes Alcohols •Alkenes Halogenated hydrocarbons•Alkynes Alkyl side chains

Organic AcidsEstersCyclic hydrocarbons

Alkanes: hydrocarbons with single bonds (R)

1.methane2.ethane3.propane4.butane5.pentane

6. hexane7. heptane8. octane9. nonane10. decane

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html

methane

ethane

propane

butane

Alkenes - hydrocarbons with double bonds

1.2.ethene3.propene4.butene5.pentene

Ex: 2-butene

6. hexene7. heptene8. octene9. nonene10. decene

1-pentene 3-heptenehttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html

Alkynes - hydrocarbons with double bonds

1.2.ethyne3.propyne4.butyne5.pentyne

Ex: 1-butyne

6. hexyne7. heptyne8. octyne9. nonyne10. decyne

2-pentyne 1-heptyne

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html

Alcohols : R-OH

1.methanol2.ethanol3.propanol4.butanol5.pentanol

Or methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, etc…

Ex: 2-butanol

6. hexanol7. heptanol8. octanol9. nonanol10. decanol

1-pentanol 1-heptanol

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html

Alkyl sidechains

Ex: methyl propane

methyl butane

2 - methyl pentane

3 - ethyl heptane

2, 3, 3 - trimethyl hexane

2,3-dimethyl octane

Halogenated hydrocarbons (alkyl halides): R-X

Examples:bromomethanechloroethane2 - fluoro pentane1,2,3-tri chloro heptane

O Organic acids: R - C - OH

Cyclic compounds

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/standards/nicotine/lit/4007.png&imgrefurl=http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/gen_metab_summary_5.php?molName=nicotine&h=300&w=300&sz=7&hl=en&start=87&um=1&tbnid=md

Esters

alcohol + organic acid -----> ester + water

------yl ----oic Ex: butyl ethanoate

methanol + ethanoic acid ----> methyl ethanoate

propanol + ethanoic acid ---> propyl ethanoate

hyperphysics website

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