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CHEMISTRY COMES ALIVECHEMISTRY COMES ALIVE
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Definition of ConceptsDefinition of Concepts
MatterMatter = anything that occupies space = anything that occupies space and has mass.and has mass.
SolidSolid
LiquidLiquid
GasGas
EnergyEnergy = the ability to do work = the ability to do workPotential energyPotential energy
Kinetic energyKinetic energy
COMPOSITION OF MATTERCOMPOSITION OF MATTER
Matter is composed of Matter is composed of elements, 92 of which elements, 92 of which occur naturally.occur naturally.
ElementsElements cannot be cannot be broken down or subdivided broken down or subdivided by ordinary chemical by ordinary chemical means.means.
98% of the body is 98% of the body is composed of the elements composed of the elements CHNOPSCHNOPS
COMPOSITION OF MATTERCOMPOSITION OF MATTERAtomsAtoms = smallest indivisible unit of an = smallest indivisible unit of an element.element.
MoleculeMolecule = two or more atoms of the = two or more atoms of the same element held together by chemical same element held together by chemical bondsbonds
CompoundsCompounds = two or more atoms of = two or more atoms of different elements held together by different elements held together by chemical bonds.chemical bonds.
ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE
PLANETARY MODELSPLANETARY MODELS
PERIODIC CHARTPERIODIC CHART
INERT ELEMENTSINERT ELEMENTS
ACTIVE ELEMENTSACTIVE ELEMENTS
RULES OF BONDINGRULES OF BONDING
Atoms in the periodic chart are said to be Atoms in the periodic chart are said to be neutral atomsneutral atoms = that is they have no = that is they have no charge because they possess the same charge because they possess the same number of protons (+) as electrons (-).number of protons (+) as electrons (-).
IonsIons = charged particles because of = charged particles because of uneven numbers of protons and electrons.uneven numbers of protons and electrons.– CationCation = positively charged = positively charged– AnionAnion = negatively charged = negatively charged
IONIC BONDSIONIC BONDS
COVALENT BONDSCOVALENT BONDS
COVALENT BONDSCOVALENT BONDS
COVALENT BONDSCOVALENT BONDS
POLAR versus NON-POLARPOLAR versus NON-POLAR
HYDROGEN BONDSHYDROGEN BONDS
BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS
InorganicInorganic compoundscompounds = those that lack = those that lack carbon such as water, salt, hydrochloric carbon such as water, salt, hydrochloric acid, etc.acid, etc.
OrganicOrganic compoundscompounds = those that contain = those that contain carbon such as carbohydrates, lipids, carbon such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc.proteins, etc.
INORGANIC COMPOUNDSINORGANIC COMPOUNDS
WaterWater is the most is the most important biological important biological inorganic compound.inorganic compound.– PolarPolar– High heat capacityHigh heat capacity– High heat of vaporizationHigh heat of vaporization– Exhibits adhesion and Exhibits adhesion and
cohesioncohesion– Liquid water is denser than Liquid water is denser than
solid watersolid water– CushioningCushioning
INORGANIC COMPOUNDSINORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ElectrolytesElectrolytes = any = any substance that substance that disassociates in solution disassociates in solution to form ions that are able to form ions that are able to conduct electrical to conduct electrical currents.currents.– SaltsSalts– BasesBases– NeutralsNeutrals– AcidsAcids– BuffersBuffers
SALTSSALTS
Electrolyte that disassociates to form two Electrolyte that disassociates to form two of the most notable ions in current of the most notable ions in current conduction.conduction.
NaClNaCl NaNa++ + Cl + Cl--
ACIDSACIDS
Release H+ ionsRelease H+ ions
Considered to be proton donorsConsidered to be proton donors
pH of less than 7.0pH of less than 7.0
Example:Example:
HCl HCl HH++ ++ ClCl--
BASESBASES
Release OH- ionsRelease OH- ions
Considered to be proton acceptorsConsidered to be proton acceptors
pH greater than 7.0pH greater than 7.0
Example:Example:
NaOHNaOH NaNa++ + + OHOH--
BUFFERSBUFFERS
Buffers resist abrupt and large swings in Buffers resist abrupt and large swings in pH of body fluids by releasing hydrogen pH of body fluids by releasing hydrogen ions when pH begins to rise and also ions when pH begins to rise and also binding hydrogen ions when pH begins to binding hydrogen ions when pH begins to fall.fall.
HCl + NaHCOHCl + NaHCO33 HH22COCO33 + NaCl + NaCl
NaOH + HNaOH + H22COCO33 NaHCONaHCO33 + H + H22OO
ORGANIC COMPOUNDSORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic compounds contain carbon units put Organic compounds contain carbon units put together by covalent bonds.together by covalent bonds.
There are four types of organic compounds:There are four types of organic compounds:– CarbohydrateCarbohydrate– LipidLipid– ProteinProtein– Nucleic acidNucleic acid
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDSLIPIDS
LIPIDSLIPIDS
LIPIDSLIPIDS
PROTEINSPROTEINS
PROTEINSPROTEINS
PROTEINSPROTEINS
PROTEINSPROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS