ENERGY & WORK DEFINITIONS

Energy Capacity to perform work Work Transformation of energy from one form

to another

ENERGY AND WORKEnergy = the ability to

perform work.

50 feet (15m)

Work = force applied to an object

over a distance.

TYPES OF ENERGY Chemical Chemical reaction

Mechanical Object in motion Electrical Electron flow through conductor

Heat Transfer between two objects of differing temperature

Light Visible radiation at atomic level

Nuclear Split (fission) or joined (fusion) atoms

STATES OF ENERGY

Kinetic Energy possessed by a moving object

Potential Energy possessed by an object that can be released in the future

TS 24

DEFINITION OF POWER

Amount of energy delivered over a given period of time

Units of power English or Customary System Horsepower International System of Units (SI) Watts

TS 25

POWERVS 2-2

Power = an amount of energy delivered

over a period of time.

50 feet (15m)

30 sec.

HEAT & TEMPERATURE TERMS

Heat Energy transferred from one body to another when the temperatures of the bodies are different

Temperature Measure of warmth or coldness of an object based on some standard (usually freezing and boiling points)

Degrees Celsius SI unit of temperature measurement

0C = freezing point of water

100C = boiling point of water

TS 26a

HEAT & TEMPERATURE TERMS (cont.)

Degrees Fahrenheit Customary unit of temperature measurement

32F = freezing point of water

212F = boiling point of water

Joule Approved SI unit of all forms of energy, including heat

Calorie Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

TS 26b

HEAT & TEMPERATURE TERMS (cont.)

British thermal unit Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit

Mechanical equivalent of heat

1 calorie = 4.187 joules

1 Btu = 1,055 joules

TS 26c

METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction Point-to-point transmission of heat energy

Convection Transfer of heat energy by the movement of heated liquids or gasses

Radiation Transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave without an intervening medium

TS 27

CONDUCTION VS 2-3Vertical Horizontal

Point-to-Point Transfer of Heat Energy from One Body to Another by a Heat-Conducting Medium

CONVECTION VS 2-4

Heat Transferred byMovement of Heated Liquids or Gases

RADIATIONVS 2-5

Electromagnetic Waves Traveling Through Space Until They Reach a Solid Object

PROPERTIES OF MATTER Matter Anything that occupies space and has

mass

Atmospheric pressure Pressure exerted by our atmosphere on all objects

Density Measure of how tightly the molecules of a solid substance are packed together

Specific gravity Ratio of the mass of a given volume of a liquid compared with the mass of an equal volume of water

Vapor density Density of gas or vapor in relation to air

TS 28

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS & ENERGYMass and energy are neither created nor

destroyed.

Mass and energy may be converted from one to another, but there is never any net loss of total

mass-energy.

TS 29

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Matter transformed form one state to another

Physical change Does not alter chemical makeup of a substance; change of state

Chemical change Alters chemical makeup of a substance

Exothermic reaction Gives off energy as it occurs

Endothermic reaction Absorbs energy as it occurs

TS 210a

CHEMICAL REACTIONS (cont.)

Oxidation Formation of a chemical bond between oxygen and another element

Instantaneous oxidation = Explosion

Rapid oxidation = Fire (steady state or free-burning)

Very slow oxidation = Rust

TS 210b

FIRE VS 2-6Fire is rapid self-sustaining oxidation accompanied by

heat and light of varying intensities.

Fire

CombustionRapid

OxidationRapid of Fuel

TYPES OF OXIDATION

Instantaneous oxidation Explosion

Rapid oxidation Fire (steady state or free-burning)

Very slow oxidation Rust

TS 211

COMBUSTIONVS 2-7

Reducing Agent (Fuel)

Chemical Chain

Reaction

Oxidizing Agent

Heat

Chemical Chain

Reaction

Reducing Agent (Fuel)

Oxidizing Agent

Heat

The Fire Tetrahedron

OXIDIZING AGENTS

Those materials that yield oxygen or other oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical reaction

Oxygen rich atmospheres Those with oxygen concentrations exceeding 21% Health care facilities

Industrial occupancies

Private homes (where occupants use liquid oxygen breathing equipment)

TS 212a

OXIDIZING AGENTS (cont.)

Oxygen deficient atmospheres Those with oxygen concentrations lower than 21% Storage tanks

Silos

Pipes and vaults

Other confined spaces

High altitudes

TS 212b

FUEL CHARACTERISTICS Fuel Material or substance being oxidized or

burned in the combustion process

Pyrolysis Chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat

Surface-to-mass ratio Surface area of fuel in relation to its mass

Vaporization Transformation of a liquid to its vapor or gaseous state

TS 213a

FUEL CHARACTERISTICS (cont.)

Flammable range Range of concentrations of fuel vapor and air in which combustion will occur

Lower flammable limit (LFL) Minimum concentration of fuel vapor and air that supports combustion

Upper flammable limit (UFL) Concentration of fuel vapor and air above which combustion cannot take place

TS 213b

OXYGEN & COMBUSTIONVS 2-8

21% Oxygen

18% Oxygen

14% Oxygen (Will Not Support

Combustion or Respiration)

FUEL SOURCESVS 2-9

Only Gases Burn

Solid Matter + Pyrolysis = Fuel Gas

Liquid Matter + Vaporization = Fuel Gas

Gaseous Matter = Fuel Gas

PYROLYSISVS 2-10

Ignitable mixture of burnable gases and air

Air Air

Heat Energy

VAPORIZATIONVS 2-11

Air Air

Mixing Zone

Vapors

Ignitable Vapor/Air Mixture

CHEMICAL HEAT ENERGY Most common source of heat in combustion reactions

Self-heating (spontaneous heating) Chemical energy that occurs when a material increases in temperature without the addition of external heat

Conditions that must be present for spontaneous ignition to occur Sufficient heat production Sufficient air supply Sufficient insulation

TS 214

CHEMICAL HEAT ENGERGYVS 2-12

Resin Paint

Spontaneous Heating (No External Heat Source)

Heat of Combustion(Burning)

ELECTRICAL HEAT ENERGYVS 2-13

Overload

Leakage Current(Conductor Insufficiently Insulated)

Resistance Heating(Current Through Conductor)

Arcing Static Electricity

MECHANICAL HEAT ENERGYVS 2-14

Friction Compression

NUCLEAR HEAT ENERGYVS 2-15

NUCLEAR HEAT ENERGY

Fission Splitting atoms

Fusion Combining atoms

TS 215

CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTIONVS 2-16

1. Heated fuel releases vapors.

2. Vapors combineto create new compounds.

3. The new compounds combine with oxygen and ignite.

Heated Fuel

Flammable Vapors

New Compounds

OxygenOxygen

COMPARTMENT FIRE DEVELOPMENT TERMS

Compartment Enclosed room or space within a building

Compartment fire Fire that occurs within a compartment

Fuel controlled Amount of fuel available to burn is limited

Ventilation controlled Amount of available oxygen is limited

TS 216

IGNITION STAGE

Piloted (caused by spark or flame) or nonpiloted (self-heating)

Generally small and confined to material first ignited

TS 217

FIRE GROWTHVS 2-17

GROWTH STAGE

Plume development

Plume begins to develop

Temperature of fire gases decreases as these gases move away from centerline of plume

Development of ceiling layer

Overall temperature in compartment increases

Temperature of gas layer at ceiling increases

TS 218

FLASHOVERVS 2-18

FLASHOVER STAGE

Transition between growth stage and fully developed fire stage; is not a specific event

Preflashover condition Radiant heat (red arrows in visual) from the hot ceiling gas layer heats combustible materials, producing vapors (green arrows in visual)

TS 219a

FLASHOVER STAGE (cont.)

Just prior to flashover

Temperatures rapidly increase

Additional fuel packages become involved

Fuel packages release combustible gases

Flashover occurs when compartment temperature exceeds 900F (483C) and all combustible surfaces and gases are burning

TS 219b

FULLY DEVELOPED FIREVS 2-19

Recirculating Smoke

FULLY DEVELOPED STAGE

All combustible materials are involved in fire

Burning fuels release maximum amount of heat; produce large volumes of fire gases

If fire becomes ventilation controlled, large volumes of unburned fire gases are likely to flow into adjacent spaces where they may ignite if air is more abundant

TS 220

DECAY STAGE

Heat release declines as available fuel is consumed

Amount of fire diminishes

Temperatures within compartment begin to decline

Fuel is reduced to a mass of glowing embers

TS 221

FACTORS THAT AFFECTFIRE DEVELOPMENT

Ventilation openings Size Number Arrangement

Compartment volume

Compartments thermal properties

Ceiling height

TS 222

Initial fuel package Size Composition Location

Additional target fuels Availability

Location

FLAMEOVER/ROLLOVERVS 2-20

Superheated vapors ignite

Flame front rolls are across ceiling

FLAMEOVER / ROLLOVER

Condition where flames move through or across the unburned gases during a fires progression and roll across the ceiling

Involves only fire gases, not the surfaces of other fuel packages (flashover)

TS 223

THERMAL LAYERINGVS 2-21

Extreme HeatModerate Heat

Low Heat

Thermal Imbalance

THERMAL LAYERING OF GASES

Thermal layering Tendency of gases to form layers according to temperature

Heat stratification Hottest gases form top layers; cooler gases form bottom layers

Thermal balance No disruption of heat stratification

Thermal imbalance Disruption of heat stratification (hot gases mix throughout the compartment)

TS 224

BACKDRAFT INDICATIONSVS 2-22a

Puffing Smoke

Yellow-GraySmoke

Walls Too Hot to Touch

Dull Orange Glow or Visible Fire

DarkenedWindowsRattling

WindowsHot Unbroken

Glass

BACKDRAFT VS 2-22b Low Oxygen High Heat Smoldering Fire High fuel vapor concentrations

Introduction of oxygen causes fire of explosive force

PRE-BACKDRAFT

BACKDRAFT

PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTIONVS 2-23

Carbon Particles

Sulfur Dioxide

Water Vapor

Carbon Monoxide

Hydrogen Cyanide

Carbon Dioxide

Fuel

Oxygen Oxygen

4. SMOKE3. FLAME2. HEAT

1. LIGHTFlammable

Vapors

EXTINGUISHING METHODSVS 2-24

Reducing Temperature

Removing Fuel

Inhibiting Chain Reaction

Excluding Oxygen

TEMPERATURE REDUCTION

Is used on solid fuels and liquid fuels with high flash points

Is most common method of extinguishment

Reduces temperature of high flash point fuels

Creates negative heat balance

Cools with water

TS 225

FUEL REMOVAL

Is used on solid, liquid, or gas fuels

Stops flow of liquid or gaseous fuel

Moves solid fuel out of fire path

Allows fire to consume all fuel

TS 226

OXYGEN EXCLUSION OR DILUTION

Is used on solid, liquid, or gas fuels

Prevents air from reaching fuel (smothering)

Dilutes or displacing oxygen with an inert gas

TS 227

INHIBITION OF CHAIN REACTION

Is used on gas and liquid fuels

Uses dry chemicals and halogenated hydrocarbons

Interrupts chemical chain reaction (stops flaming)

TS 228

CLASS A FIRESVS 2-25

Materials: Ordinary Combustibles Wood Paper Rubber Plastic

Extinguishment Methods:

Cooling with Water

Quenching with Water or Class A Foams

CLASS B FIRESVS 2-26

Liquids Greases Gases

Extinguishment Methods:Materials:

Inhibiting Chemical Chain Reaction

Smothering/Blanketing

Removing Fuel

Reducing Temperature

Gasoline

CLASS C FIRESVS 2-27

Extinguishment Methods:

Nonconducting Extinguishing Agent (Halon, Dry Chemical, Carbon Dioxide)

Deenergizing and Treating as Class A or Class B Fire

Materials:Energized Electrical

Equipment

CLASS D FIRESVS 2-28

Magnesium Titanium Zirconium Potassium Lithium Calcium Zinc

Extinguishment Methods:Materials:

Combustible Materials

Blanketing with Special Agents, Especially Fuel-Specific Dry Powders

He Takes His Training Seriously

THANK YOU