Chemistry Chemistry Grade 9/10 ReviewGrade 9/10 Review

OutlineOutline

What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?So What?So What?Classification of MatterClassification of MatterProperties of MatterProperties of MatterElementsElementsPeriodsPeriodsChemical FamiliesChemical FamiliesMetals & Non-MetalsMetals & Non-MetalsSubatomic ParticlesSubatomic Particles

What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of Chemistry is the study of mattermatter, its , its propertiesproperties, changes and , changes and transformations.transformations.

MatterMatter - is anything that has a - is anything that has a mass and takes up space.mass and takes up space.

So What?So What?

Chemistry is part of our everyday Chemistry is part of our everyday lives.lives.

The products of chemical processes The products of chemical processes and reactions are involved in all and reactions are involved in all aspects of our lives:aspects of our lives:– The clothes we wearThe clothes we wear– The food we eatThe food we eat– The places we live and workThe places we live and work

Classifying MatterClassifying Matter

Matter is classified as either pure Matter is classified as either pure substances or mixtures.substances or mixtures.

Matter

Pure Substances Mixtures

Elements Compounds SolutionsHeterogeneous

Mixtures

Pure SubstancesPure Substances

Pure SubstancesPure Substances - contain only - contain only oneone kind kind of of particleparticle. .

ElementsElements - - are pure substances that are pure substances that cannocannot be t be broken downbroken down into simpler into simpler substances. (eg. gold)substances. (eg. gold)

CompoundsCompounds - contain - contain two or more two or more elementselements in fixed proportions. (eg. water – in fixed proportions. (eg. water – HH220, carbon dioxide – C00, carbon dioxide – C022))

MixturesMixtures

MixturesMixtures - contain - contain twotwo or more or more pure substancespure substances..

SolutionsSolutions - have only - have only oneone visible visible component. (eg. apple juice)component. (eg. apple juice)

Heterogeneous mixturesHeterogeneous mixtures contain contain twotwo or more visible components. or more visible components. (eg. balsamic salad dressing)(eg. balsamic salad dressing)

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties - are - are characteristicscharacteristics of a substance. of a substance.

Some physical properties of matter are:Some physical properties of matter are:– State (solid, liquid, gas)State (solid, liquid, gas)– ColourColour - Odour- Odour- Texture- Texture - Mass- Mass– VolumeVolume - Melting Point- Melting Point– Boiling PointBoiling Point

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties - are - are characteristic characteristic behavioursbehaviours of a of a substance. substance.

Some chemical properties of matter Some chemical properties of matter are:are:– CombustibilityCombustibility– Reaction with acidsReaction with acids– FlammabilityFlammability

ElementsElements

Elements are Elements are pure substancespure substances that that cannot be broken down into a cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. simpler substance. – Eg. Eg. gold, nickel, hydrogengold, nickel, hydrogen

Elements are grouped on the Elements are grouped on the Periodic Periodic TableTable according to according to physicalphysical and and chemicalchemical properties. properties.

PeriodsPeriods

Elements are grouped in Elements are grouped in horizontal horizontal rowsrows called called periodsperiods..

All elements in a period have the All elements in a period have the same number of same number of atomic orbitsatomic orbits..

Chemical FamiliesChemical Families

Elements are grouped in Elements are grouped in vertical vertical columnscolumns called called chemical familieschemical families or or GroupsGroups..

All elements in a group have the All elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their same number of electrons in their outer shell.outer shell.

MetalsMetals

Characteristics of Metals:Characteristics of Metals:

Location on Periodic Location on Periodic TableTable

Left hand sideLeft hand side

LusterLuster ShinyShiny

MalleabilityMalleability MalleableMalleable

ConductivityConductivity Good conductorsGood conductors

State at room temp.State at room temp. Mostly solidsMostly solids

ReactivityReactivity ReactiveReactive

Tendency to lose or Tendency to lose or gain electronsgain electrons

Tend to lose electronsTend to lose electrons

Non-MetalsNon-Metals

Characteristics of Non-Metals:Characteristics of Non-Metals:

Location on Periodic Location on Periodic TableTable

Right hand sideRight hand side

LusterLuster DullDull

MalleabilityMalleability Brittle (not malleable)Brittle (not malleable)

ConductivityConductivity Poor conductorsPoor conductors

State at room temp.State at room temp. Liquid, gas or solidLiquid, gas or solid

ReactivityReactivity ReactiveReactive

Tendency to lose or Tendency to lose or gain electronsgain electrons

Tend to gain electronsTend to gain electrons

What it MeansWhat it Means

Melting Point (oC)Boiling Point (oC)

Atomic Radius

Density

Name of Element

Atomic Number

Symbol of Element

Atomic Mass

Subatomic ParticlesSubatomic Particles

The nucleus is the The nucleus is the dense positivedense positive core of an core of an atomatom..

ProtonsProtons

CharacteristCharacteristicic

ProtonProton

LocationLocation Nucleus of atomNucleus of atom

ChargeCharge PositivePositive

SymbolSymbol p+p+

Relative Relative MassMass

11

CalculationCalculation # of protons = atomic # of protons = atomic numbernumber

Subatomic ParticlesSubatomic Particles

NeutronNeutron

CharacteristiCharacteristicc

NeutronNeutron

LocationLocation Nucleus of atomNucleus of atom

ChargeCharge NeutralNeutral

SymbolSymbol nn

Relative Relative MassMass

11

CalculationCalculation # of neutrons # of neutrons

= atomic mass - # of protons= atomic mass - # of protons

Subatomic ParticlesSubatomic Particles

ElectronsElectrons

CharacteristCharacteristicic

ElectronsElectrons

LocationLocation Circle nucleus at different Circle nucleus at different energy levelsenergy levels

ChargeCharge NegativeNegative

SymbolSymbol e-e-

Relative Relative MassMass

00

CalculationCalculation # of electrons = # of # of electrons = # of protonsprotons