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Section 1: Matter and Substances
Key Ideas:
What makes up matter?
Why do atoms form bonds?
What are some important interactions between substances in living things?
Atomic Structure
Particle Location Charge
Proton Inside the Nucleus
Positive (+)
Neutron Inside the Nucleus
No charge (neutral)
Electron Outside the Nucleus
Negative (-)
Element An element is a substance made up of
atoms that have the same number of protons. Example: How many protons do all Carbon
atoms have?
Example: How many protons do all Magnesium atoms have?
Element Configuration Atomic Number - The
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic Mass Number - Total number of protons and neutrons
Atomic # 6
Symbol CAtomic Mass # 12.011
# of Neutrons = Atomic Mass # - Atomic #
Electron Energy Levels Electrons are located OUTSIDE of the
nucleus of an atom. Electrons are arranged in different energy levels.
1st Level: 2 electrons 2nd Level: 8 electrons 3rd Level: 18 electrons 4th Level: 32 electrons
Valence Electrons Valence electrons are those located in the
OUTERMOST energy level. Example: This is called a Bohr Model of an
atom. It shows ALL the electrons in the atom. Only the electrons on the outermost ring are the
valence electrons!!
Chemical Bonding Chemical bonds form between atoms and
hold the atoms together. Atoms are most stable (and happy) when they
have 8 valence electrons.
Covalent Bonding Covalent bonding is when atoms share
valence electrons. Example: A molecule is a group of atoms joined
together by covalent bonds. Water H20 is a covalent
compound
Ionic Bonding Ionic bonding occurs when atoms gain or
lose electrons in order to have 8 valence electrons. Ion- an atom that has a positive or negative charge because it lost or gained electrons. Example: Sodium + Chlorine
Polarity In covalent bonds, the shared electrons
are attracted more to one atom than the other. One end, or “pole” has a negative charge and the other end has a positive charge. Water is polar:
Solubility Water can dissolve polar molecules, like
sugar and salt. Non-polar substances, like oil, grease, and
wax do NOT dissolve in water. The reason: water molecules are more
attracted to themselves than to the non-polar molecules.
Section 2: Water and Solutions
Key Ideas:
What makes water a unique substance?
How does the presence of substances dissolved in water affect the properties of water?
Properties of Water Most of the unique properties of water
result because water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other!
1. Ice floats- water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid!
Continued…Properties of Water 2. Water absorbs and retains heat.
Water can absorb large amounts of heat without changing temperature.
Water takes a long time to cool. Large bodies of water (oceans/lakes)not heating up or cooling too quickly keeps temperatures on earth from changing too fast.
Continued…Properties of Water 3. Water molecules stick to each
other!Hydrogen bonds hold water
molecules together.When you see a water drop, it
looks like a ball because the molecules stick together!
Cohesion is the attraction of particles of the same substance.
Solutions Solution is a mixture in which ions or
molecules of one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance. Example: Dissolving salt in water makes a salt
water solution. The salt is dissolved evenly throughout the water.
Acids and Bases Acids- have a pH of 7 and lower (H30+ ions) Bases-have a pH of 7 and higher (OH- ions)
Water: pH is 7 (neutral) Acid + Base = water!!!
pH and Buffers pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
pH of human blood is 7.4……if the pH goes too high (7.8) or too low (7.0) a human will die within minutes!!!
A buffer is a substance that prevents pH changes in a solution.
Section 3: Carbon Compounds
Key Ideas:What are chemicals of life made from?What is the role of carbohydrates in cells?What do lipids do?What determines the functions of proteins?What do nucleic acids do?
Biomolecules Biomolecules are the building blocks of
cells Basic units of biomolecules are atoms of
carbon.
Carbohydrates Stores energy and provides shape to
organisms Starch
Potatoes & Plants Cellulose
One of the most abundant carbohydrates Makes up materials such as pencils, paper, and
desks Sugars
Mono-saccharide – Easily broken down for quick energy (Candy bar)
Di-saccharide- Two sugars (example table sugar) Polysaccharide – Combination of mono &
disaccharide’s (starch)
Lipids
Longer energy storage Include fats, oils, steroids, and waxes Functions in adaptation
Human Hormones Keeps whales warm Wax keeps fruit dry
Proteins Proteins are molecules made of amino acids.
There are 20 possible amino acids that join together in different combinations to form many different proteins.
Protein uses: Hair, skin, nails, ligaments, muscles,