2001H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E
E X A M I N AT I O N
General Instructions
• Reading time – 5 minutes
• Working time – 3 hours
• Write using black or blue pen
• Draw diagrams using pencil
• Board-approved calculators maybe used
• A data sheet and a Periodic Tableare provided at the back of thispaper
• Write your Centre Number andStudent Number at the top ofpages 9, 13, 17 and 21
Total Marks – 100
Pages 2–24
75 marks
This section has two parts, Part A and Part B
Part A – 15 marks
• Attempt Questions 1–15
• Allow about 30 minutes for this part
Part B – 60 marks
• Attempt Questions 16–27
• Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part
Pages 25–31
25 marks
• Attempt ONE question from Questions 28–32
• Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Section II
Section I
Chemistry
115
– 2 –
Section I75 marks
Part A – 15 marksAttempt Questions 1–15Allow about 30 minutes for this part
Use the multiple-choice answer sheet.
Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response ovalcompletely.
Sample: 2 + 4 = (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9
A B C D
If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in thenew answer.
A B C D
If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, thenindicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows.
correct
A B C D
1 Ethene may be converted into poly(ethene).
What type of reaction is this?
(A) Condensation
(B) Hydrolysis
(C) Oxidation/reduction
(D) Polymerisation
2 Which of the following is a major component of biomass?
(A) Cellulose
(B) Ethanol
(C) Natural gas
(D) Oil
3 Which equation best represents catalytic cracking of a petroleum fraction?
(A) C16H34(l) C16H34(g)
(B) nC2H4(g) → —( CH2—CH2 )n— (s)
(C) C16H34(l) C7H16(l) + 3C2H4(g) + C3H6(g)
(D) C7H16(l) + 3C2H4(g) + C3H6(g) C16H34(l)Al2O3→
Al2O3→
Al2O3→
– 3 –
4 Cellulose is a linear polymer which is a basic structural component of plant cell walls.
Which is the correct representation of part of a cellulose polymer?
5 The pH of unpolluted rainwater is about 6.0. Which substance contributes most to this?
(A) CO2
(B) N2
(C) NO2
(D) O3
O O
O
CH2OH
O
O
CH2OH
O
O
CH2OH
O
O
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
O O O O O
O
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
OO
CH2OH
OO
CH2OH
OO
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
O O
O
OO
CH2OH
O
O
O
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
O
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
– 4 –
6 The graph shows the colour ranges of the acid–base indicators methyl orange,bromothymol blue and phenolphthalein.
A solution is yellow in methyl orange, blue in bromothymol blue and colourless inphenolphthalein.
What is the pH range of the solution?
(A) 4.5 to 6.0
(B) 6.0 to 7.5
(C) 7.5 to 8.5
(D) 8.5 to 10.0
7 A group of students produced a red solution by boiling red cabbage leaves in water. Whendilute sodium hydroxide was added to the solution, it turned purple. When dilutehydrochloric acid was added to the red solution, no colour change occurred.
Which of these substances, when added, is most likely to cause the red solution to changecolour?
(A) Cleaning solution containing ammonia
(B) Concentrated hydrochloric acid
(C) Orange juice
(D) Vinegar
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pH
8 9 10 11 12 13
Methyl orange
Bromothymol blue
Phenolphthalein
red
yellow
colourless magenta
blue
yellow
– 5 –
8 The burning of sulfur can be described by the following equation:
S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
What volume of sulfur dioxide gas will be released at 25°C and 101.3 kPa when 8.00 gof sulfur is burnt?
(A) 3.06 L
(B) 6.12 L
(C) 12.24 L
(D) 24.47 L
9 An understanding of Le Chatelier’s principle is important in the chemical industry.Which prediction can be made using this principle?
(A) The identity of products of a chemical reaction
(B) The effect of changes in temperature on the rates of reactions
(C) The effect of catalysts on the position of equilibrium reactions
(D) The effect of changes in the concentration of chemical substances in equilibrium
10 The following equations describe some reactions in the formation of acid rain:
What would occur if some solid sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) were added to a sample of acidrain?
(A) The amount of SO2(g) would increase and the acidity of the solution woulddecrease.
(B) The amount of SO2(g) would increase and the acidity of the solution wouldincrease.
(C) The amount of SO2(g) would be unchanged and the acidity of the solution wouldbe unchanged.
(D) The amount of SO2(g) would be unchanged and the acidity of the solution woulddecrease.
2H+(aq) + 2HSO3–(aq) + O2(g) → 4H+(aq) + 2SO4
2–(aq)
H+(aq) + HSO3–(aq)SO2(g) + H2O(l)
– 6 –
11 Why is chlorine used to treat local water supplies?
(A) To make water suitable for swimming
(B) To kill micro-organisms living in the water
(C) To promote sedimentation of finely suspended solids
(D) To precipitate heavy metal ions such as lead and mercury
12 The atomic absorption spectrophotometer was developed by Sir Alan Walsh and his teamat CSIRO in the 1950s. Its development was one of the most significant in Australianchemical technology. What did it provide?
(A) A rapid method to monitor chemical pollutants in water supplies
(B) The first method for determining the concentrations of metal ions in water supplies
(C) A method for determining the concentrations of hydrocarbons at very lowconcentrations
(D) A method for determining the concentrations of metal ions at very lowconcentrations
13 Four students analysed a sample of fertiliser to determine its percentage of sulfate.
Each student:
• weighed an amount of fertiliser;
• dissolved this amount in 100 mL of water;
• added aqueous barium nitrate;
• filtered, dried and weighed the barium sulfate precipitate.
Their results and calculations are shown in the table.
The percentage of sulfate calculated by Student C was significantly higher than that ofthe other students. Which is the most likely reason for this?
(A) Student C did not dry the sample for long enough.
(B) Student C added more Ba(NO3)2 solution than the other students.
(C) Student C used a balance capable of measuring weight to more decimal places.
(D) Student C waited longer than the other students for the Ba(NO3)2 to reactcompletely with the sulfate.
Percentage of sulfatein fertiliser (%)
69.2
66.9
90.6
67.5
Mass of BaSO4weighed (g)
19.5
16.9
22.612
18.2
Mass of fertiliser used (g)
11.6
10.4
10.268
11.1
Student
A
B
C
D
– 7 –
14 Which diagram represents the most effective design for a microscopic membrane filter topurify contaminated water?
15 Four students were asked to test a solution for the presence of a cation by using variousanions. The students obtained these results:
Each student concluded that Pb2+ was present.
Which student had results consistent with this conclusion?
(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D
Carbonate
precipitate
no precipitate
precipitate
no precipitate
Sulfate
no precipitate
precipitate
precipitate
precipitate
Chloride
no precipitate
precipitate
precipitate
no precipitate
Student
A
B
C
D
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
KEY
Trapped contamination
Movement of water
Clean water
Contaminated water
Microscopic membrane
– 8 –
© Board of Studies NSW 2001
Section I (continued)
Part B – 60 marksAttempt Questions 16–27Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part
Answer the questions in the spaces provided.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
MarksQuestion 16 (3 marks)
Radioisotopes are used in industry, medicine and chemical analysis. For ONE of thesefields, relate the use of a named radioisotope to its properties.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3
2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
– 9 –116
Centre Number
Student Number
Question 17 (6 marks)
Students were asked to perform a first-hand investigation to determine the molar heatof combustion of ethanol.
The following extract is from the practical report of one student.
Apparatus used:
Lab data:
Mass of water = 250.0 gInitial mass of burner = 221.4 gFinal mass of burner = 219.1 gInitial temperature of water = 19.0°CFinal temperature of water = 59.0°C
(a) After completing the calculations correctly, the student found that the answerdid not agree with the value found in data books. Suggest ONE reason for this.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b) Propose TWO adjustments that could be made to the apparatus or experimentalmethod to improve the accuracy of the results.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
Question 17 continues on page 11
2
1
Thermometer
Tripod
500 mL BeakerWire gauze
Spirit burner containing ethanol
– 10 –
Marks
Question 17 (continued)
(c) Calculate the molar heat of combustion of ethanol, using the student’s data.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
End of Question 17
Please turn over
3
– 11 –
Marks
Question 18 (6 marks)
A galvanic cell was made by connecting two half-cells. One half-cell was made byputting a copper electrode in a copper (II) nitrate solution. The other half-cell wasmade by putting a silver electrode in a silver nitrate solution. The electrodes wereconnected to a voltmeter as shown in the diagram.
(a) Complete the above diagram by drawing a salt bridge.
(b) Using the standard potentials table in the data sheet, calculate the theoreticalvoltage of this galvanic cell.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c) A student removes the voltmeter from the circuit and replaces it with anelectrical generator. The generator causes the copper electrode to increase inmass.
Explain, using an equation, why the copper electrode will increase in mass.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
3
2
1
V
Copper electrode
Copper (II) nitrate solution(1 mol L–1)
Silverelectrode
Silver nitrate solution(1 mol L–1)
– 12 –
Marks
© Board of Studies NSW 2001
Section I – Part B (continued)
MarksQuestion 19 (7 marks)
Name ONE type of cell, other than the dry cell or lead–acid cell, you have studied.Evaluate it in comparison with either the dry cell or lead–acid cell, in terms ofchemistry and the impact on society. Include relevant chemical equations in youranswer.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
7
2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
– 13 –117
Centre Number
Student Number
Question 20 (4 marks)
A 0.1 mol L–1 solution of hydrochloric acid has a pH of 1.0, whereas a 0.1 mol L–1
solution of citric acid has a pH of 1.6 .
(a) State ONE way in which pH can be measured.
...............................................................................................................................
(b) Explain why the two solutions have different pH values.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
3
1
– 14 –
Marks
Question 21 (4 marks)
Barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid react according to the following equation:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(a) Name this type of chemical reaction.
...............................................................................................................................
(b) A 20 mL sample of barium hydroxide was titrated with 0.12 mol L–1 sulfuricacid. The conductivity of the solution was measured throughout the titration andthe results graphed, as shown.
Explain the changes in conductivity shown by the graph.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
Con
duct
ivity
mL of H2SO4 added
3
1
– 15 –
Marks
Section I – Part B (continued)
MarksQuestion 22 (6 marks)
Justify the procedure you used to prepare an ester in a school laboratory. Includerelevant chemical equations in your answer.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
6
2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
– 17 –118
Centre Number
Student Number
Question 23 (4 marks)
A household cleaning agent contains a weak base of general formula NaX.1.00 g of this compound was dissolved in 100.0 mL of water. A 20.0 mL sample of thesolution was titrated with 0.1000 mol L–1 hydrochloric acid and required 24.4 mL ofthe acid for neutralisation.
(a) What is the Brönsted–Lowry definition of a base?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b) What is the molar mass of this base?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
3
1
– 18 –
Marks
Question 24 (6 marks)
In the early twentieth century, Fritz Haber developed a method for producingammonia, as shown by the equation:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(a) Ammonia is used as a cleaning agent. State ONE other use of ammonia.
...............................................................................................................................
(b) Explain the effect of liquefying the ammonia on the yield of the reaction.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c) Explain why it is essential to monitor the temperature and pressure inside thereaction vessel.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
3
2
1
– 19 –
Marks
Section I – Part B (continued)
MarksQuestion 25 (6 marks)
Explain the need for monitoring the products of a chemical reaction such ascombustion.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
6
2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
– 21 –119
Centre Number
Student Number
Question 26 (4 marks)
A university student decided to measure the concentration of lead (Pb) in the soilaround his home. He prepared five standard lead solutions of known concentration.The absorbance of these solutions was measured. These results are shown in the table.
(a) Draw a line graph of these data.
Question 26 continues on page 23
Concentration of lead (ppm)
Abs
orba
nce
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
00 1 2 3 4 5
1
Absorbance
0.00
0.15
0.31
0.44
0.59
0.75
Concentration of leadstandard (ppm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
– 22 –
Marks
Question 26 (continued)
(b) The student prepared solutions from four different soil samples around hishome. These solutions were also analysed using the same method. The resultsare shown in the table.
Determine the highest concentration of lead in the soil around the home.
...............................................................................................................................
(c) State an hypothesis to account for the variation in lead concentration around thestudent’s home.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
End of Question 26
Please turn over
2
Area sampled
Solutions made from soil samples
Front garden bed
Back garden bed
Mail box
Back fence
Absorbance
0.19
0.09
0.22
0.11
1
– 23 –
Marks
Question 27 (4 marks)
Oxygen exists in the atmosphere as the allotropes oxygen and ozone. The graph showsa typical change in ozone concentration with changing altitude.
Compare the environmental effects of the presence of ozone in the upper and loweratmosphere.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
60
50
40
30
20
10
01 2 3 4 5
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Troposphere
Alti
tude
(km
)
Ozone concentration (ppm)L
ower
atm
osph
ere
Upp
erat
mos
pher
e
4
– 24 –
Marks
© Board of Studies NSW 2001
Section II
25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 28–32Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Pages
Question 28 Industrial Chemistry ....................................................... 26
Question 29 Shipwrecks and Salvage ................................................. 27
Question 30 The Biochemistry of Movement .................................... 28
Question 31 The Chemistry of Art ............................................... 29–30
Question 32 Forensic Chemistry ........................................................ 31
2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
– 25 –120
Question 28 — Industrial Chemistry (25 marks)
Electrolysis is an important industrial process.
(a) (i) Define electrolysis.
(ii) Compare the reaction products from the electrolysis of molten sodiumchloride and concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.
(b) Carbonyl chloride, COCl2, is a colourless, poisonous gas that is also known asphosgene. It is needed for the production of insecticides, polyurethane plasticsand polycarbonate. It is produced from the exothermic equilibrium reaction ofcarbon monoxide gas and chlorine gas. When the reaction vessel is cooled below8°C the phosgene is a liquid.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the formation of phosgene.
(ii) Explain how industry could maximise the production of phosgene.
(c) Explain why sulfuric acid is an important industrial chemical. Include balancedchemical equations in your answer.
(d) (i) Name the chemical process used to make soap.
(ii) Outline the procedure for making soap in the school laboratory.
(iii) Describe a safety risk associated with the procedure outlined in part (ii),and suggest a safe work practice to minimise the risk.
(e) Evaluate how environmental issues are addressed in the Solvay process. 7
3
2
1
5
2
2
Phosgene
Tap for removal of phosgene
ChlorineCarbon monoxide
Reaction vessel for the formation of phosgene at 4°C
2
1
– 26 –
Marks
Question 29 — Shipwrecks and Salvage (25 marks)
(a) (i) Identify the main metal used to construct ships.
(ii) Although aluminium is a very reactive metal, with a very low reductionpotential, it is used in many structures exposed to oxidising conditions.Explain why aluminium can be used in this way.
(b) (i) Give an example of a metal commonly used as a sacrificial anode.
(ii) Explain why sacrificial anodes are added to metal-hulled ships.
(c) Describe the effect of adding other elements to iron on the properties and uses ofsteels.
(d) (i) Define corrosion.
(ii) Outline a procedure that could be used to compare the corrosion rates ofdifferent metals or alloys in the school laboratory.
(iii) Describe ways in which accuracy and reliability could be improvedin the procedure described in part (ii).
(e) For ONE specific metal, evaluate the steps that can be used to clean, stabiliseand preserve artefacts recovered from shipwrecks.
7
3
2
1
5
3
1
2
1
– 27 –
Marks
Question 30 — The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks)
(a) (i) Name the molecule that stores energy for nearly all metabolic processes.
(ii) Explain how the biologically important part of the molecule in part (i)provides energy for cellular metabolism.
(b) Energy for our bodies to function is provided by the oxidation of fuels. Fats andglucose are used as fuels. A summary of the oxidation of fats and glucose isshown.
(i) Identify molecule X and state its function.
(ii) Analyse the role of oxidative phosphorylation in energy production.
(c) Discuss the use of models in developing an understanding of enzyme function.
(d) (i) Define viscosity.
(ii) Outline a procedure that could be used to compare the viscosity of pureglycerol and a glycerol solution.
(iii) Describe ways in which accuracy and reliability could be improvedin the procedure described in part (ii).
(e) The energy requirements for different types of skeletal muscle are met by theinteraction of separate energy output systems.
Analyse the role and interaction of the energy output systems used by skeletalmuscle.
7
3
2
1
5
2
2
Citric acidcycle
Molecule X
Fats and oils Polysaccharides
Hydrolysis andglycolysis
Hydrolysis and oxidation
H2O + energy
O2
CO2
Oxidative phosphorylation
2
1
– 28 –
Marks
Question 31 — The Chemistry of Art (25 marks)
(a) (i) Identify the mineral source of a pigment.
(ii) Describe the use of a named separation process to obtain a pigment.
(b) A sample of a mineral used as a pigment was subjected to spectroscopicanalysis. The spectrum is shown.
(i) Identify the elements in the mineral sample.
(ii) Explain how a line spectrum is produced.
Question 31 continues on page 30
2
2
Ba
Sr
Cu
Cd
Cr
Li
Mineral
λ (nm) 300 400 500 600
2
1
– 29 –
Marks
Question 31 (continued)
(c) Describe the Bohr model of the atom, and identify ONE merit and ONElimitation of the model.
(d) (i) Name a transition element.
(ii) Outline a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the colour changes of anamed transition element as it changes in oxidation state.
(iii) Describe a safety risk associated with the procedure outlined in part (ii),and suggest a safe work practice to minimise the risk.
(e) With reference to TWO pigments, explain how the metallic components producecolour.
End of Question 31
7
3
2
1
5
– 30 –
Marks
Question 32 — Forensic Chemistry (25 marks)
(a) (i) Define organic compounds.
(ii) For ONE class of organic compound, describe a chemical test thatidentifies this class.
(b) The table shows fatty acid composition of some common oils and fats.
An oily sample was hydrolysed and the fatty acids analysed.
(i) Which fat or oil has been identified?
(ii) Explain the solubility in water of fatty acids, in terms of their structure.
(c) Assess the usefulness of mass spectrometry in providing forensic evidence.
(d) (i) Name ONE technique used by forensic chemists to separate a mixture oforganic compounds.
(ii) In your study of Forensic Chemistry, you performed a first-handinvestigation to separate a mixture of organic materials. Outline theprocedure.
(iii) Describe ways in which accuracy and reliability could be improvedin the procedure described in part (ii).
(e) Discuss the uses of DNA analysis in forensic chemistry.
End of paper
7
3
2
1
5
3
1
Fatty acids present (% by weight)
Oil sample
Lauric
< 1
Palmitic
29
Stearic
28
Oleic
36
Linoleic
4
Fatty acids present (% by weight)
Fat or oilhydrolysed
Butter
Lard
Tallow
Coconut
Lauric
2–3
< 1
< 1
45–51
Palmitic
23–26
28–30
24–32
4–10
Stearic
10–13
12–18
14–32
1–5
Oleic
30–40
41–48
35–38
2–10
Linoleic
4–5
6–7
2–4
0–2
2
1
– 31 –
Marks
– 33 –
DATA SHEET
K+ + e– K(s) –2.94 V
Ba2+ + 2e– Ba(s) –2.91 V
Ca2+ + 2e– Ca(s) –2.87 V
Na+ + e– Na(s) –2.71 V
Mg2+ + 2e– Mg(s) –2.36 V
Al3+ + 3e– Al(s) –1.68 V
Mn2+ + 2e– Mn(s) –1.18 V
H2O + e– 1–2 H2(g) + OH– –0.83 V
Zn2+ + 2e– Zn(s) –0.76 V
Fe2+ + 2e– Fe(s) –0.44 V
Ni2+ + 2e– Ni(s) –0.24 V
Sn2+ + 2e– Sn(s) –0.14 V
Pb2+ + 2e– Pb(s) –0.13 V
H+ + e– 1–2 H2(g) 0.00 V
SO42– + 4H+ + 2e– SO2(aq) + 2H2O 0.16 V
Cu2+ + 2e– Cu(s) 0.34 V
1–2 O2(g) + H2O + 2e– 2OH– 0.40 V
Cu+ + e– Cu(s) 0.52 V
1–2 I2(s) + e– I– 0.54 V
1–2 I2(aq) + e– I– 0.62 V
Fe3+ + e– Fe2+ 0.77 V
Ag+ + e– Ag(s) 0.80 V
1–2 Br2(l) + e– Br– 1.08 V
1–2 Br2(aq) + e– Br– 1.10 V
1–2 O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e– H2O 1.23 V
1–2 Cl2(g) + e– Cl– 1.36 V
1–2 Cr2O72– + 7H+ + 3e– Cr3+ + 7–2 H2O 1.36 V
1–2 Cl2(aq) + e– Cl– 1.40 V
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O 1.51 V
1–2 F2(g) + e– F– 2.89 V
Avogadro’s constant, NA ............................................................... 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
Volume of 1 mole ideal gas: at 101.3 kPa (1.00 atm) andat 273 K (0°C) ........................... 22.41 Lat 298 K (25°C) ......................... 24.47 L
Ionisation constant for water at 298 K (25°C), Kw ...................... 1.0 × 10–14
Specific heat capacity of water ..................................................... 4.18 × 103 J kg–1 K–1
Some useful formulaepH = –log10 [H+] ∆H = –m C ∆T
Some standard potentials
2001 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Chemistry
Aylward and Findlay, SI Chemical Data (4th Edition) is the principal source of data forthis examination paper. Some data may have been modified for examination purposes.120a
– 34 –
1179 F
19.0
0Fl
uori
ne
17 Cl
35.4
5C
hlor
ine
35 Br
79.9
0B
rom
ine
53 I12
6.9
Iodi
ne
85 At
[210
.0]
Ast
atin
e
1157 N
14.0
1N
itrog
en
15 P30
.97
Phos
phor
us
33 As
74.9
2A
rsen
ic
51 Sb12
1.8
Ant
imon
y
83 Bi
209.
0B
ism
uth
1135 B
10.8
1B
oron
13 Al
26.9
8A
lum
iniu
m
31 Ga
69.7
2G
alliu
m
49 In11
4.8
Indi
um
81 Tl
204.
4T
halli
um
107
Bh
[264
.1]
Boh
rium
108
Hs
[265
.1]
Has
sium
109
Mt
[268
]M
eitn
eriu
m
110
Uun —
Unu
nnili
um
111
Uuu —
Unu
nuni
um
112
Uub —
Unu
nbiu
m
114
Uuq —
Unu
nqua
dium
116
Uuh —
Unu
nhex
ium
118
Uuo —
Unu
noct
ium
87 Fr[2
23.0
]Fr
anci
um
88 Ra
[226
.0]
Rad
ium
89–1
03
Act
inid
es
104
Rf
[261
.1]
Rut
herf
ordi
um
105
Db
[262
.1]
Dub
nium
106
Sg[2
63.1
]Se
abor
gium
57 La
138.
9L
anth
anum
89 Ac
[227
.0]
Act
iniu
m
1 H1.
008
Hyd
roge
n
Sym
bol o
f el
emen
t
Nam
e of
ele
men
t
PE
RIO
DIC
TA
BL
E O
F T
HE
EL
EM
EN
TS
KE
Y
2 He
4.00
3H
eliu
m
3 Li
6.94
1L
ithiu
m
4 Be
9.01
2B
eryl
lium
Ato
mic
Num
ber
Ato
mic
Wei
ght
79 Au
197.
0G
old
6 C12
.01
Car
bon
8 O16
.00
Oxy
gen
10 Ne
20.1
8N
eon
11 Na
22.9
9So
dium
12 Mg
24.3
1M
agne
sium
14 Si28
.09
Silic
on
16 S32
.07
Sulf
ur
18 Ar
39.9
5A
rgon
19 K39
.10
Pota
ssiu
m
20 Ca
40.0
8C
alci
um
21 Sc44
.96
Scan
dium
22 Ti
47.8
7T
itani
um
23 V50
.94
Van
adiu
m
24 Cr
52.0
0C
hrom
ium
25 Mn
54.9
4M
anga
nese
26 Fe55
.85
Iron
27 Co
58.9
3C
obal
t
28 Ni
58.6
9N
icke
l
29 Cu
63.5
5C
oppe
r
30 Zn
65.3
9Z
inc
32 Ge
72.6
1G
erm
aniu
m
34 Se78
.96
Sele
nium
36 Kr
83.8
0K
rypt
on
37 Rb
85.4
7R
ubid
ium
38 Sr87
.62
Stro
ntiu
m
39 Y88
.91
Yttr
ium
40 Zr
91.2
2Z
irco
nium
41 Nb
92.9
1N
iobi
um
42 Mo
95.9
4M
olyb
denu
m
43 Tc
[98.
91]
Tech
netiu
m
44 Ru
101.
1R
uthe
nium
45 Rh
102.
9R
hodi
um
46 Pd10
6.4
Palla
dium
47 Ag
107.
9Si
lver
48 Cd
112.
4C
adm
ium
50 Sn11
8.7
Tin
52 Te12
7.6
Tellu
rium
54 Xe
131.
3X
enon
55 Cs
132.
9C
aesi
um
56 Ba
137.
3B
ariu
m
57–7
1
Lan
than
ides
72 Hf
178.
5H
afni
um
73 Ta18
0.9
Tant
alum
74 W18
3.8
Tun
gste
n
75 Re
186.
2R
heni
um
76 Os
190.
2O
smiu
m
77 Ir19
2.2
Irid
ium
78 Pt19
5.1
Plat
inum
79 Au
197.
0G
old
80 Hg
200.
6M
ercu
ry
82 Pb20
7.2
Lea
d
84 Po[2
10.0
]Po
loni
um
86 Rn
[222
.0]
Rad
on
58 Ce
140.
1C
eriu
m
59 Pr14
0.9
Pras
eody
miu
m
60 Nd
144.
2N
eody
miu
m
61 Pm[1
46.9
]Pr
omet
hium
62 Sm 150.
4Sa
mar
ium
63 Eu
152.
0E
urop
ium
64 Gd
157.
3G
adol
iniu
m
65 Tb
158.
9Te
rbiu
m
66 Dy
162.
5D
yspr
osiu
m
67 Ho
164.
9H
olm
ium
68 Er
167.
3E
rbiu
m
69 Tm
168.
9T
huliu
m
70 Yb
173.
0Y
tterb
ium
71 Lu
175.
0L
utet
ium
90 Th
232.
0T
hori
um
91 Pa23
1.0
Prot
actin
ium
92 U23
8.0
Ura
nium
93 Np
[237
.0]
Nep
tuni
um
94 Pu[2
39.1
]Pl
uton
ium
95 Am
[241
.1]
Am
eric
ium
96 Cm
[244
.1]
Cur
ium
97 Bk
[249
.1]
Ber
keliu
m
98 Cf
[252
.1]
Cal
ifor
nium
99 Es
[252
.1]
Ein
stei
nium
100
Fm[2
57.1
]Fe
rmiu
m
101
Md
[258
.1]
Men
dele
vium
102
No
[259
.1]
Nob
eliu
m
103
Lr
[262
.1]
Law
renc
ium
Act
inid
es
Lan
than
ides
Whe
re th
e at
omic
wei
ght i
s no
t kno
wn,
the
rela
tive
atom
ic m
ass
of th
e m
ost c
omm
on r
adio
activ
e is
otop
e is
sho
wn
in b
rack
ets.
The
ato
mic
wei
ghts
of
Np
and
Tc
are
give
n fo
r th
e is
otop
es 23
7 Np
and
99T
c.