1 Chemistry ATOMIC STRUCTURE The structure of atom was dis- covered by Niels Bohr The smallest unit of matter that have all the characteristics of an element Atoms Nucleus was discovered by Rutherford Neutron was discovered by J Chadwick What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accom- modated in an orbital? 2 Which atom has only one elec- tron? Hydrogen The path of the electron accord- ing to Niels Bohr’s theory was Orbit (Shell) Electron is looked upon as a cloud of negative charge accord- ing to Wave - mechanics theory The region of space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an elec- tron is called Orbital Who put forward the principle of uncertainty? Werner Heisenberg What do you mean by Avag- adro’s number? Number of particles in one mole of any substance The wave nature of electron was suggested by whom? Louis De Broglie The number of electrons in oxy- gen atom is 8 Who discovered electrons? J. J. Thomson What are the neutrons and protons in an atom collectively known as? Nucleons The scientist who introduced the model of the atom similar to the solar system? Rutherford What are isotopes? Atoms having same atomic number but different mass number. Father of Periodic Table DMITRI IVANOVICH MENDELEEV JOHN DALTON John Dalton was born in a weavers family in England. He began his career as a teacher at the age of twelve. After seven years he became principal. In 1808 he stated his atomic theory of matter. According to his theory “all matter is made up of very tiny particles, which cannot be further broken down.” He called this tiny par- ticles as atoms. All the atoms of the same element behave in the same way.
Transcript
1
Chemistry
ChemistryATOMIC STRUCTURE
The structure of atom was dis-covered by
Niels Bohr The smallest unit of matter that
have all the characteristics of anelement
Atoms
Nucleus was discovered by
Rutherford Neutron was discovered by
J Chadwick What is the maximum number
of electrons that can be accom-modated in an orbital?
2 Which atom has only one elec-
tron?
Hydrogen The path of the electron accord-
ing to Niels Bohr’s theory was
Orbit (Shell) Electron is looked upon as a
cloud of negative charge accord-ing to
Wave - mechanics theory The region of space around the
nucleus where there is a highprobability of finding an elec-tron is called
Orbital Who put forward the principle
of uncertainty?
Werner Heisenberg What do you mean by Avag-
adro’s number?
Number of particles in onemole of any substance
The wave nature of electronwas suggested by whom?
Louis De Broglie The number of electrons in oxy-
gen atom is
8 Who discovered electrons?
J. J. Thomson What are the neutrons and
protons in an atom collectivelyknown as?
Nucleons The scientist who introduced
the model of the atom similarto the solar system?
Rutherford What are isotopes?
Atoms having same atomicnumber but different massnumber.
Father of Periodic Table
DMITRI IVANOVICHMENDELEEV
JOHN DALTONJohn Dalton was born in aweavers family in England. Hebegan his career as a teacher atthe age of twelve. After sevenyears he became principal. In1808 he stated his atomic theoryof matter. According to histheory “all matter is made upof very tiny particles, whichcannot be further brokendown.” He called this tiny par-ticles as atoms. All the atomsof the same element behave inthe same way.
2
Chemistry
What are isobars?
Atoms having same massnumber but different atomicnumber
What are isotones?
Atoms having equal numberof neutrons.
PERIODICCLASSIFICATION
What is the basis for modernclassification of the elements?
Atomic number What was the basis for
Mendeleev classification of el-ements?
Atomic weight The horizontal rows of ele-
ments in the periodic table arecalled
Periods Modern periodic table was de-
veloped by
Henry Moseley The vertical columns of the pe-
riodic table are called
Groups Which group contains the ele-
ments with largest atomic size?
First group As the size of the atom increases
the electronegativity
Decreases
What kind of elements gener-ally form coloured compounds?
Transition metals Who studied the relationship
between atomic volume andatomic weight?
Lothar Meyer The first group elements are
called
Alkali metals
How many groups are there inthe modern periodic table?
Eighteen A solution which turns red lit-
mus to blue is called
Alkaline The elements which show the
properties of both metals andnon metals are called
Metalloids Which period having the mini-
mum number of elements
First period The elements of the s-block and p-
block are together referred to as
Representative elements Where are the smallest atoms
seen at the modern periodictable?
Right hand top
The different blocks of the Longform periodic table are
s, p, d and f
Where are the Largest atomsseen at the periodic table?
Bottom left
Which period have the largestnumber of elements in the pe-riodic table?
The sixth period Which is the smallest atom?
Hydrogen The relative tendency of the at-
oms to attract electrons inchemical reactions is called
Electronegativity The scientist who prepared the
electronegativity scale
Linus Pauling
ELEMENTS Which is the first artificial ele-
ment?
Technetium
Most electropositive elements
Francium or Caesium
The element which shows high-est electron affinity
Chlorine (348) The most common element in
the atmosphere
Nitrogen The natural element having
highest atomic weight
Uranium The heaviest gaseous element
Radon Most stable element
Lead The element which is used to coat
the photo copying drum of xerox
Selenium The element present in Thyroid
hormone
Iodine The element present in DNA
and RNA
Phosphorus
The outermost orbit of anatom is called
Valence shell.
The electrons present in theoutmost shell of an atom is
Analgesics - Chemicals used for getting relief from painAntipyretics - Chemicals which bring down body temperatureAntiseptics - Chemicals which prevent the growth of micro
organisms and may even kill them.
11
Chemistry
Isotope used for cancer treat-ment
Cobalt 60
Angiogram test is done by us-ing
Sodium 24
Isotope used for the treatmentof Leukaemia
Gold 198
Bone cancer can be diagnosedby using
Phosphorus 32
Coolants used in nucelar reactor
Liquid sodium
Moderators used in NuclearReactor
Graphite and Heavy water
Strongest Radioactive element
Radium
Liquid Radioactive metal
Francium
Gaseous Radioactive element
Radon
Unit of Radioactivity
Bequerrel
The principle of atom bomb
Uncontrolled chain reactionof nuclear fission
Radiocarbon dating was devel-oped by
Willard F. Libby
Radioactivity is measured byusing the instrument
Geiger counter
Isotope used for the treatmentof Hyperthyroidism
Iodine 131
The Radioactive elementpresent in Pitch Blende
Uranium
Half life period of Carbon 14
5730 years
Half life period of thorium 234
24 days
Rays which travels in the speedof light
Gamma rays
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM The steady state from which no
spontaneous change takes placeis called
Equilibrium
The chemical reactions whichnever go to completion arecalled
Reversible reactions
The reaction in which the for-ward and backward reactionsoccur simultaneously is called
Reversible reaction
Those reactions in which theproducts cannot react and giveback the original reactants arecalled
Irreversible reactions
The temperature most suitedfor conducting an industrialprocess involving a reversible
reactions, most convenientlyand profitably is called
Optimum temperature
The reaction in which productmolecules react and give backthe original reactants is called
Backward reaction
A system of reacting substancesfrom which neither the reac-tants nor the products are takenaway or added to is called
Closed system
MISCELLANEOUS At what temperature water has
the maximum density?
4°C
A rain coat is made of
Polychloroethene
The absence of cobalt in minutequantities in human bodycauses
Pernicious anaemia
Which material is used in dis-play devices, such as digitalwatches?
Liquid crystal
Le Chatellier
Who put forward a prin-ciple relating to the equilib-rium system?
ACID RAINAcid rain is caused due
to industrial pollution. Gasessuch as Sulphur dioxide, Ni-trogen oxides etc. producedby industries, power plantsand vehicles rise up in the at-mosphere and react with wa-ter vapour and oxygen in theatmosphere to give sulphuricacid and nitric acid. They dis-solve in water and comedown with rain (acid rain). Itcauses damage to vegetationand fertility of soil.
12
Chemistry
Which drug is present in coladrinks?
Caffeine
What is the modern standard forrelative atomic mass?
Carbon isotope with mass
number 12
What happens when an electronmoves nearer to the nucleus ofthe atom?
Its energy decreases
What is molarity?
Number of moles of solutein one litre of the solution.
What do you mean by a buffersolution?
Solution which can maintain
constant PH
Which halogen is highly metal-lic in character?
Astatine Which gas has the smell of rot-
ten eggs?
Hydrogen sulphide
The phenomenon by which thesame element exists in the samephysical state in different formsis known as
Allotropy
Isotopes - Atoms of the sameelement havingsame atomic num-ber but differentmass number.
Isobars - Atoms of differentelements whichhave the same massnumber but differ-ent atomic number.
Isotones - Atoms of differentelements whichcontain the samenumber of neu-trons.
Substances used for removingexcess of chlorine from textilesafter their bleaching are in gen-eral called
Antichlor The substances which are capable
of absorbing combined water orelements of water from mol-ecules of compounds are called
Dehydrating agent The substances which are ca-
pable of removing watervapour from other substancesare called
Drying agents Smell of white phosphorus
Garlic What is the acid present in milk?
Lactic acid What is the colour of chlorine?
Greenish yellow What is the colour of ruby?
Red Which mineral is known as
‘fool’s gold’?
Iron pyrites The iron obtained direct from
the blast furnace is called
Pig iron What is agate?
Naturally occuring silica Which is the germicidal com-
ponent in bleaching powder? Chlorine
Write the name of a liquid inwhich phosphorous dissolves: Carbondisulphide
Which element is used as a dis-infectant, as a bleaching agentand to purify water? Chlorine
What is the common name forsodium chloride?
Salt
An enzyme which helps in di-gestion is
Protease What do you understand by 22
carat gold?
22 parts gold, 2 parts copper What is sublimation?
Converting a solid directlyinto its vapour
The ashes of plants contain al-kali metals, 90% of which is
Potassium Which gas turns litmus
colourless?
Chlorine What is the common name for
hydrogen hydroxide?
Water Who is known as the “Father of
Polymer Science?
The German scientistHerman Staudinger
The substances which conductelectricity with the help of theions present in them are called
Electrolytes The atoms or groups of atoms that
carry electrical charge are called
Ions Which chemical reaction takes
place in a torch cell?
Chemical energy is con-verted into electrical energy.
The negative electrode is called
Cathode Substances, that do not conduct
electricity are called
Insulators Electrode that is connected to
the positive pole of the batteryis called
Anode
13
Chemistry
In a torch cell, which energy isconverted into electric energy?
Chemical
What is isomerism?
Same molecular formulabut different structural for-mula
What material is used for cut-ting glass?
Diamond
Sulphur is required in plantsas a nutrient element for
Making vitamins
Proteins are mainly made upof
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygenand Nitrogen
Amino acids are the buildingblocks of
Proteins Natural rubber is a polymer of
Isoprene
Car tyre cords are made up of
nylon - 66
The drugs used to treat allergyare called
Antihistamins
Substances which prevent theformation of acids in the stom-ach are called
Antacids
6 to 10% solution of acetic acid
Father ofModern Chemistry
Robert Boyle
is used as a preservative forvarious food items. It is com-monly known as
Vinegar
Natural antioxidants are
Vitamin C and E
The hardness of water is due tothe presence of which salts ?
Temporary hardness - Bicar-bonates of Calcium & Mag-nesiumPermananet hardness -Chlorides and sulphates ofCalcium & Magnesium
The most commonly used foodpreservative is
Sodium benzoate
Soaps are the salts ofweak acid and strongbase. Hence their solu-tion is alkaline.
Detergents are the saltsof strong acid andstrong base. Hencetheir solution will beneutral.
Aspirin is used as
an analgesic Paracetamol is used as
both analgesic and anti-pyretic
The drug used against AIDS is
AZT Which metal is used to make
CD
Aluminium The smallest particle of an ele-
ment or a compound, whichshows all the properties of thatsubstance is known as
molecule Non - stick kitchen wares are
coated with
Teflon LPG is a mixture of
Ethane, Propane and Butane The main component of LPG is
Butane The main component of natu-
ral gas is
Methane
The proess of coating Iron withZinc is known as
Galvanisation
CHEMISTSElectron - J.J. ThomsonProton & Nucleus - Ernest RutherfordNeutron - James ChadwickHydrogen - Henry CavendishOxygen - PriestleyNitrogen - Daniel RutherfordSodium, Potassium,Aluminium - Humphry DavyCarbon di oxide - Joseph BlackpH scale - SorensenAtom - John DaltonAtom model - Niels Bohr
14
Chemistry
Which acid is known as the“King of Chemicals” ?
Sulphuric acid The substances which prevent
ageing of food materials arecommonly known as
Anti oxidants A mixture of carbon monoxide
and nitrogen is called producer gas
A mixture of carbon monoxideand hydrogen is called
Water gas A solution of carbon dioxide gas
in water is called
Soda water Which gases are used for gas
welding ?
Oxygen and acetylene Rock cotton is
Asbestos When Iron rusts, its weight
increases Element extracted from
monozite sand is
Thorium The gas used in refrigerators
and ice plants
Ammonia (NH3) The mixture of uranium oxides
is commonly known as
Yellow cake Man made elements are com-
monly known as
Transuranics The inorganic elements or com-
pounds which occur naturallyin the earth’s crust are known as
minerals The mineral from which a
metal can be profitably ex-tracted are called
Ores The process of extraction of
metals from their ores, and thenrefining them for use is known as
metallurgy The main ore of aluminium is
Bauxite The main ore of iron is
Haematite
COMMON ALLOYSAlloy ConstituentsSteel Iron, CarbonStainless steel Iron, Nickel,
ChromiumBrass Copper & zincBronze Copper & tinDuralumin A l u m i n i u m ,
copper, Tracesof Magnesium &Manganese
Invar Iron and NickelAlnico A l u m i n i u m ,
Nickel, Cobalt &Iron
Solder Lead & Tin
SOME COMMON ACIDSSubstance AcidVinegar Acetic AcidOrange &Lemon Citric AcidCurd Lactic AcidTea Tannic AcidApple Maleic AcidTamarind Tartaric acid
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