PHYSICAL SCIENCE – UNIT ONE DO NOT PRINT this entire document. It is quite large, and many of the pages are given in class as handouts. PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this document is as a resource for students who are absent. It will also be useful to students who need additional copies of class documents, or who want to work ahead. FORMAT: Each unit will appear as a separate document. We will cover the units in the order listed. Each unit is broken into three parts: o Objectives for that unit o Short descriptions of each lesson o Supporting materials (worksheets, practice tests, etc.) PLEASE NOTE: “Lesson” is not the same as “day.” Most lessons are one period in length. At times, lessons will NOT be taught in the order listed. A given unit may include multiple quizzes and tests. A district assessment is given at the conclusion of each unit.
Transcript
PHYSICAL SCIENCE – UNIT ONE
DO NOT PRINT this entire document. It is quite large, and many of the pages are given in class as handouts.
PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this document is as a resource for students who are absent. It will also be useful to students who need additional copies of class documents, or who want to work ahead.
FORMAT: Each unit will appear as a separate document. We will cover the units in the order listed. Each unit is broken into three parts:
o Objectives for that unito Short descriptions of each lessono Supporting materials (worksheets, practice tests, etc.)
PLEASE NOTE: “Lesson” is not the same as “day.” Most lessons are one period in length. At times, lessons will NOT be taught in the order listed. A given unit may include multiple quizzes and tests. A district assessment is given at the conclusion of each unit.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE – UNIT ONE OBJECTIVES
Students will be able to correctly (successfully):
1. Answer questions about, and follow procedures: class policy, signing out, emergency evacuation, etc.2. Describe the interrelationships of branches of science.3. List and describe Science Process Skills4. Employ the Science Process Skills5. Describe and determine range, mode, median, and mean for a set of data.6. Define terms, describe concepts, etc. from the assigned reading in chapters 1 and 2.7. Define accuracy and precision.8. Describe the accuracy and precision of a set of data.9. State the meanings of kilo-, centi-, and milli-.10. Utilize the metric prefixes.11. Estimate metric measurements (the six metric approximations).12. Measure, using a variety of instruments.13. Measure to the correct degree of precision (one tenth of "marks").14. Complete calculations and round to the correct number of sigfigs.15. Solve equation problems (GUESS method).16. Identify and use laboratory equipment.17. Describe experiments in terms of independent and dependent variables and constants.18. Create Experimental Design Diagrams for given experiments.19. Design their own experiment.20. Conduct their own experiment.21. Create neat, complete, and correct graphs.22. Use the factor label method to solve easy conversion problems.23. Use the factor label method to solve more difficult and multi-step problems.24. (Possibly optional) Pace off distances.25. Define and describe density and other derived quantities.26. Complete density (and other derived quantity) calculations.27. Conduct a lab.28. Write a lab report, using the assigned format.29. Peer review lab reports.30. Work in a group.31. Use formulas within spreadsheets.32. Use spreadsheets and graphs to analyze and present data.33. Evaluate work based on any of these objectives.
Lesson 1 Topics: Introduction Class policies and procedures Fire Drill procedures and safety What is meant by “reading” the text What is meant by “additional participation points”
Homework assigned: Class Policy, Communication Log, and Student Data Sheet Cover text List any problems with the textbook Read pp 2-7 List individual skills scientists use Bring an orange (for “additional participation points”) Study for quiz tomorrow
Lesson 2 Topics: Quiz Grading procedures and feedback Review: Class policies and procedures Review: Fire Drill procedures and safety Science Process Skills (SPS)
Homework assigned: Read pp 8-11 Ten observations and inferences
Lesson 3 Topics: Continue: Science Process Skills Identifying and manipulating variables Experimental Design Diagrams
Lesson 7 Topics: Go over measurement page in-class measurement activity Investigation: drops of water on various surfaces
Homework assigned: Exp. Design Diagram for the investigation
Lesson 8 Topics: Review Graphing Metric Approximations Range, mode, mean, and median
Homework assigned: Graph: Drops Investigation Metric Approximations R, M, M, M homework Review for upcoming quiz
Lesson 9 Topics: Pacing Activity
Homework assigned: Pacing Activity Review for Quiz
Lesson 10 Topics: Factor-label
Homework assigned: F-L page 1 Review for quiz
Lesson 11 Topics: More F-L
Homework assigned: F-L page 2 Review for quiz
Lesson 12 Topics: QUIZ
Homework assigned: F-L p.3
Lesson 13 Topics: F-L: percentages F-L: more complex problems
Homework assigned: F-L p.5
Lesson 14 Topics: In-class (final) investigation
Homework assigned: Experimental Proposal F-L p.6
LAB REPORT FORMATThe following format should be used for all written lab reports.
GENERAL GUIDELINESAs with all materials you write, you should use correct paragraph form,
including grammar, spelling, tense, capitalization, etc.Lab reports should be neatly written in ink, or typed.All pages should be of the same type and size of paper, and all pages
should have margins of 2.5cm (one inch) on all sides.You should write on only one side of the page.Past tense should be used, since this is something that has already been
done.Impersonal language should be used throughout -- don't use "you," "I,"
etc. For example, NOT "I massed the block," but "The block was massed."The lab report should be broken into five sections: purpose, procedure,
data and observations, calculations, and conclusions.Each section heading should be in capital letters, and should be
underlined (as they are below). Skip one or two lines between sections.
PURPOSETells WHY you did the experiment. BRIEF: "The purpose of this
experiment was to ..."
PROCEDURETells HOW you did the experiment. BE COMPLETE! Tell what was done, and
include specific names of substances, items, and instruments. Remember: past tense; and don't use "you," "I," etc.
DATA AND OBSERVATIONSInclude ALL measurements and observations taken during the lab. Data
and observations should be presented in an organized manner -- tables, charts, graphs, and/or drawings may be helpful.
Each table, chart, graph, or drawing should appear on a separate page with a label, title, and short explanation. Tables are labeled as "Table 1," "Table 2," etc. All others are labeled as "Figure 1," "Figure 2," etc. LOOK AT YOUR BOOK!
Each table or figure should appear immediately after the page it is first referenced from.
(Obviously) Include units with all numbers.
CALCULATIONSFor each and every calculation, give the following three things:
LABEL -- "Calculation to determine..."WORD EQUATIONNUMBER EQUATION -- plug-in your values and solve.
Organize calculations in a logical manner.Skip one line between calculations.
CONCLUSIONSFirst, state your results -- what did you find, discover, or determine?
What does it MEAN?Second, discuss possible sources of error -- things (other than human
error) that may have thrown your results off. Explain how (what direction) this may have affected your results.
Thirdly, answer any questions that were assigned.
Keep this set of guidelines with you as you write lab reports, and consult them often. Proofread, proofread, PROOFREAD!
CONVERSION FACTORS (EQUIVALNCIES) THAT MAY BE HELPFUL
These are for your use on homework, etc. This page is not used for tests or quizzes, so make sure you memorize the marked items (others are provided on tests/quizzes). BOLD= memorize.
Science Process Skills are the “smaller” skills that scientists employ as they “do science.” These are the things that we would see scientists (including ourselves) doing as they go about their work
Someone who wishes to do well in science (or school, or the workplace, or…) should work at developing these skills.
The skills are broken into two types, BASIC and INTEGRATED.
BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________
INTEGRATED SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________
10. ___________________________________________
11. ___________________________________________
IDENTIFYING AND MANIPULATING VARIABLES
Farmer Smith grows corn, but would like to improve her corn crop.
1. List several variables she could alter in an effort to improve the corn crop:
2. Define: INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
3. Choose ONE from the list above to serve as our independent variable:___________________________
4. ALL other possible independent variables should not be changed, but should remain CONSTANT, and are therefore called _________________________.
5. What values of the independent variable should be used in this experiment?
6. Farmer Smith wants to “improve” her corn crop. This is a horribly vague term, and we need a measurable indicator of “quality.” List several possibilities:
7. Now choose ONE of these to serve as our DEPENDENT VARIABLE: _________________________
8. Propose a hypothesis for this experiment:
9. A general method of titling experiments is: The Effect of __(independent variable)___ on __(dependent variable)__.
10. Complete the Experimental Design Diagram on the back of this page, for this experiment.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DIAGRAMS
As a way of visually representing a particular experimental design, we will use experimental design diagrams. These diagrams will all follow the same format, as illustrated below:
TITLE:
HYPOTHESIS:
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
In this space, describe in detail the values of the independent variable that will be used in the experiment – how the variable will be altered.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
CONSTANTS:
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DIAGRAM
Complete the diagram, based on the following experiment description.
Mr. Kudrick has a huge pile of leaves he wishes to compost. Without additional nutrients, leaves take years to compost, so he will try making four piles of leaves and mixing in various other materials. Each pile will contain 5 loads of leaves and one load of "additive." The additives he will use are: dirt, grass clippings, chicken manure, and horse manure. As an indication of how well each additive is working, he will wait ten days and measure the temperature at the center of each pile. (A "working" pile will easily reach temperatures of 160oF.)
TITLE:
HYPOTHESIS:
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
CONSTANTS:
QUIZ -- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DIAGRAMS
Complete the diagram for the experiment described:
DESCRIPTION ELIMINATED…
TITLE:
HYPOTHESIS:
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
CONSTANTS:
INVESTIGATIONS
You will be conducting two investigations this period. Work in pairs. Clean up and return to your seats with 5 minutes remaining in the period so that you may begin work on the follow up assignment.
For each investigation you (EACH student) should have a neat experimental design diagram and a neat data table. In addition, there will be a “follow up” assignment. All work is due tomorrow.
First Investigation
Determine which side of a penny will hold more drops of water before “spilling over.” Do three trials on each side, and wash (with soap) and dry the penny before each trial. Think about constants! For example, use the same dropper throughout the experiment, and always hold it, vertically, exactly 2.5 cm (one inch) above the surface.
Second Investigation
Determine “The Effect of Surface on the Diameter of a Drop of Water.” Choose 4 flat surfaces, such as wax paper, Saran wrap, Al foil, typing paper, lab table, etc. Place one drop of water on the surface and measure the diameter in mm. Do five trials on each surface (for a total of 20 drops).
Alternative Second Investigation
Determine “The Effect of Percent Isopropanol on the Diameter of a Water/Alcohol Drop.” For each of the solutions, place one drop of water on the surface and measure the diameter in mm. Do five trials for each solution. (for a total of 20 drops).
Clean up, placing all materials where originally found, and wiping and drying the lab tables.
After you have completed the work as described above, begin working on the follow up assignment, which is due tomorrow.
Follow-up Assignment:
Complete an experimental design diagram for each of the investigations you conducted.Complete a graph for each of the investigations you conducted.
DATA ANALYSIS
It is often useful to determine characteristics of a given set of data by determining what are called “measures of central tendency.” These help us understand how “spread out” a set of data is.
_________________ This indicates the range (spread) of values from highest to lowest. Simply state the lowest and
highest values in a sentence, such as: “The values range from ____________ to ____________.”
__________________This is the most ____________ value in a given set of data. In this set of data, the mode is _____.
MEDIANAlternate meaning: _____________________________________________________________The median is the central value in a data set, AFTER the values are __________________.
1. Ranked values: _____________________________________________________________2. Circle the median3. State: “The median is _________.”
MEANSynonym: _____________________________Compute the mean:
State: “The mean is ________”
CHEM NOTES:
HOMEWORK:
PACING EXERCISE
OBJECTIVES:1. To understand the need for standards of measurement.2. To explore the concepts of accuracy and precision.3. To determine the length of our pace (for use in measurement).
1. PRELAB:A. Define accuracy:
B. Define precision:
C. How precisely will we count the number of paces?
2. Pace a distance of _______________. I took ______ paces.
My friend ________________ took ______ paces.
My friend ________________ took ______ paces.
My friend ________________ took ______ paces.
3. Why do we need standards for measuring?
4. What are some common standards of measurement? (List 5 or 6:)
5. We will pace a second and third time. Do you expect to get EXACTLY the same result? Why or why not?
6. My number of paces: Trial 1______ Trial 2______ Trial 3______
7. Compute the average number of paces it took you to walk 100m:
8. It would take me _______ paces to walk 200 meters.
UNIT CONVERSIONS
Often, it is necessary to change a quantity from one unit to another unit. For instance:
A. A blueprint says to measure 4 yards, but you only have a one foot ruler. How many feet should you measure? ______________ NOTE: This is EXACTLY the same distance as 4 yards -- You completed a "unit conversion."
B. A recipe calls for six teaspoons of sugar, but you only have a tablespoon. How many tablespoons of sugar should you add? __________NOTE: This is EXACTLY the same volume as 6 teaspoons -- You completed a "unit conversion."
These examples were easy to do in your head, but we need to establish a method for solving more complicated unit conversions. We will follow a simple four step method, as explained below. NOTE that we look at the UNITS first, while IGNORING the numbers.
STEP 1: State the problem as "Convert _________ to __________.
STEP 2: Set up the problem with an empty conversion factor (or draw the line and slash) as below, and insert your KNOWN QUANTITY and DESIRED UNITS.
STEP 3: Fill in the units portion of the conversion factor.
STEP 4: Fill inthe numbers SO THAT THE CONVERSION FACTOR IS EQUAL TO ONE. (The quantities on top and bottom are EXACTLY the same.)
STEP 5: Solve it!
SAMPLE PROBLEM: It is 90 feet from home plate to first base. How many yards of string will be needed to mark this line for chalking?
STEP 1:
STEP 2:
STEP 3:
STEP 4:
STEP 5:
FACTOR LABEL, P.1
1. List the five steps we will use to solve factor label problems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. Solve the following problem, writing all five steps out completely: A fence measures 75.3 feet long. How many inches of wire would be needed to run the length of the fence?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Homework:1. How many quarters would it take to pay off a $16.75 debt?2. How many minutes would it take to watch a 2.4 hour movie?3. How many centimeters of rope would be needed to make a 17.3 m clothesline? 4. How many grams of Vitamin C are present in a 200 milligram tablet?
FACTOR LABEL (PAGE 2)
1. Convert 122cm to m: 2. Convert 82mg to g:
3. Convert 242.8cg to g: 4. Convert 17.1 L to mL:
5. Convert 2.44g to cg: 6. Convert 45g to kg:
7. Convert 155 min to hr: 8. Convert 1350 s to min:
9. Find the number of 350kB picture 10. Find the number of 12 ftfiles that can be stored on a straps that can be cut from4.2 gigabyte hard drive: 500m spool of nylon webbing:
11. Determine the value of $120 in 12. How many pencils are in aChina, where $1 = 5.4 yuan. Case marked “320 dozen”?
13. Find the number of 3.2g rings 14. Find the number of .5 galthat can be produced from 1.77 kg cartons that can be filled of silver: with 1.2 kL of milk:
FACTOR LABEL, P.3
SIMPLE (ONE STEP) CONVERSIONS: For each, show the completed conversion set-up and answer ("step 5").
1. Convert 12.88m to cm: 2. Convert .082m to mm:
3. Convert 242.8L to kL: 4. Convert 13.2ml to L:
5. Convert 200mg to g: 6. Convert 27.9kg to g:
7. Convert 4.2hr to min: 8. Convert .45min to s:
9. Find the number of 120g charcoal 10. Find the number of 250mlbriquettes that can be produced from cartons that can be filled 200kg of charcoal: with 800L of milk:
11. Find the number of 3.5 minute 12. Find the number of .30mspeeches that can be recorded on a pencil blanks that can be cut120 minute videotape: from a 4.1m board:
13. $17.75 is the same as __nickels: 14. How many dozen eggs mustyou buy if you need 550 eggs?
FACTOR-LABEL, page 4Below is a portion of a letter I am writing to my friend in China,
where the metric system is used. Please convert the underlined measurements to metric equivalents, SHOWING THE CONVERSION in the left margin. If no change is needed, just put "OK." Chinese money is based on the yuan. (one dollar = 5.2 yuan)
Dear Zhao Nong:
Hello!! It's been so long since I've heard from you -- at least 6 months! I hope that all is going well with you and your family.
What classes are you teaching this year? Are you still playing tennis? Are you still swimming one mile each morning?
Jen and I are doing well. We spent some of the summer travelling, after spending the last two summers completing our graduate work. We had a great time visiting my brother and his wife in Florida. We drove the 989 miles in two days, spending a night along the way.
While we were there Jon showed us some of the work he has done at Disney, including some 20 foot high letters on a rooftop, and an 1100 lb sign. The stuff he does is amazing, but he works much too hard -- sometimes 80 and 90 hours a week. At Disney, he has been in charge of projects worth over $2.5 million!
Our dog Rusty has been growing and now weighs 51 lbs. He is eating well and drinking at least 3.0 quarts of water each day -- it's been very hot here. In fact, it has been so hot it reminds me of Jinan -- it was 91 o F yesterday, and the humidity was 80%.
Jen and I continue working on our house. Probably the most fun this year was doing a little landscaping: we bought 5.0 cubic yards of topsoil and about 60 cubic feet of peat. We used that to build a flower bed along the house, then planted roses and petunias. BEAUTIFUL!!!
I hope that this letter makes the 8000 mile journey successfully, and finds you and your family doing well.
FACTOR LABEL PAGE 6 Write the conversion sentence, then solve.
1. Compute the number of trucks needed to haul 225 1200lb tractors if each truck has a capacity of 20.0 tons.
2. What mass of steel (in kg) would be needed to make 4500 chisels that each weigh 1.17 lb.
3. How many computers should be ordered to place 5 in each classroom of a school that has 1200 students and averages 24 students per class.
4. Calculate the number of paces to walk 1.2 miles if it takes 122 steps to go exactly 100m.
5. If YOU walk 1427 paces in a regular day, how many miles is this?
6. Calculate the number of 30.0 inch border strips needed to place a border along 9.7m of wall.
Factor-label problems from prior students (PAGE 7)
1. (A. Englert) An audience of exactly 700 play-goers is expected at a local theater. 83% of the play-goers will purchase a $5 program. How much money will the theater make on programs? ($ 2900)
2. (A. Englert) Jimmy flips through channels at a rate of 110 channels per minute. How many seconds will it take him to flip through 550 channels? (300 seconds)
3. (S. Mance) You’re cooking Thanksgiving dinner for 100 guests. You need to know how many dozen eggs to buy. A dozen eggs makes 24 deviled eggs. You figure each person will eat 4 deviled eggs. (17 dozen eggs)
4. (P. Mehrotra) 34 000 people will attend the National Hair Convention. If 76% of those attending take approximately 2.6 combs each, how many combs should be stocked? (68000 combs)
5. (T. Fisher) 25 000 people are expected to attend a basketball game. 40% of the fans are expected to purchase 1.5 bags of popcorn that each hold 2 pounds of popcorn. How many pounds of popcorn should the stadium buy? (30 000 lb)
6. (S. Cholock) Each day, 6280 customers visit Shop ‘n Save. A new cereal brand wants to put up a display, and 32% of the customers are projected to buy an average of 1.7 boxes each. How many boxes of cereal should be displayed? (3400 b.)
7. (S. Beckett) A farmer wants to take one of his beef cows to market. He will receive $ 0.28 per pound. His cow weighs 630 kg. How much will the farmer receive for his cow? ($390)
8. (T. Alcorn) Annie is catering a party for 74 guests. One of her recipes calls for 8 pints of milk and accommodates 25 servings. How many liters of milk will be needed to complete enough servings to accommodate all of the guests? (1 guest = 1.5 servings) (17 L of milk)
