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hInvestigativeProjectand the Role of ScientificMethod
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Revisiting theScientific Method
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Scientific Method
an orderly and systematic approach
a way of answering questions about the
world that we live in
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Processes in the Scientific Method
Problem
Observation
Hypothesis Experiment
Results
Conclusion
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Design the Experiment
Develop and follow a procedure.
The outcome must be measurable.
Determine the variablesthe factors being
tested
independentcan be purposely manipulated
dependentchanges in response to the IV
controlvariable/s that is/are not changed
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control group
IV is kept constant.
Variables are identical to the experimentalset-up except for IV.
experimental group
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Analyzing the Result
Confirm the results by retesting.
Modify the result if needed.
Construct tables or graphs.
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Conclusion
Include a statement that rejects or
accepts the hypothesis.
Recommend for further study andpossible improvement to the procedure.
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What is an IP?
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DEFINITION
A research activitythat aims to develop
ones ability to identify and determine
possible solutionsto a particular
problem in the communityor possible
explanations of a particular
phenomenon
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TYPES OF PROJECT
1. SURVEY
a study that attempts to interpret,
analyze and report the present
condition of a thing or place
Example:
Perception of Third Year Regular High SchoolStudents at the Ateneo de Manila HighSchool on the Effect of A(H1N1) Virus onTheir Study Habits
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TYPES OF PROJECT
2. OBSERVATION
a systematic and direct means ofgathering data by watching and
recording various situations andconditions in conducting the study
Example:Changes in Weight of a Person in a Day
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TYPES OF PROJECT
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
a method of research wherein thevariable can be controlled so that
experimental factor is separated formeasurement of its change
Example:
Effect of Hot Water on the Solubility ofNaphthalene Balls
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The Experimental Research
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RESEARCH VERSUS EXPERIMENT
Research
Thorough investigation of a phenomenon ortarget goals
Includes MANY experiments Design of methodology follows the
objectives, competence, and capability ofthe proponent
Needs a thorough review of literature
Experiment
Usually refers to a single activity
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PH SES IN CONDUCTING NEXPERIMENT L RESE RCHI. The Research Proposal
Detailed Written Plan
Background/Significanceof the Study
Problem, Objectives,
Hypotheses
Procedure
Timetable
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PH SES IN CONDUCTING NEXPERIMENT L RESE RCHII. The Investigation
Experiment Proper
Data Gathering
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PH SES IN CONDUCTING NEXPERIMENT L RESE RCHIII. The Output
Written Report
Problem
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Results and Discussion Conclusion
Recommendation
References
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The Research Proposal
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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Provides a clear exposition of what
experiments will be done, time-frame,
methodologies, and expected outcome.
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Top Five Questions in
Making a Research Proposal
1. What
2. Why
3. How4. When
5. Where
Observations
Hypothesis
Testing the Hypothesis
Theorizing
More Observations
New Hypothesis
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1. What TOPIC?
I might as well find about what experts or
Chemists do to find a good topic!
Suggested Themes:
Community-based (Filipino Setting)
Waste Management
Material Recovery
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2. Why should I do it?
World class research is finding real
solutions to real world problems!
To work on projects that will be relevant to
the Philippines
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3. How should I do it?
Survey of community problems
Library research:print and non-print
Use of available research Originality of the topic:procedure, analysis,
application, raw materials,
Raw materials: availability, proximity, cost
Interests and abilities: familiarity of the topic,
personal interest on the topic, topic is within the
scope or level knowledge
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4. When will I finish?
5. Where to communicate?
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Background/Significance of the Study
It answers the following questions:
1. How did you arrive at that kind of problem?
2. Why do you like to investigate that kind of
problem? Cite two reasons.
3. In case your problem will be solved, what
will be its importance to the school or to the
community? Will your findings benefitothers? Cite three instances.
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Statement of the Problem
State the main problem being answered
by your research.
There should be at least three sub-problems that will lead to answering the
main problem.
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Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this study is to determine ifcalamansi juice is effective in prolonging the shelf life ofpeeled apples that are exposed to open air.
In this study, the researchers will seek to answerthe following questions:
1. What substance is present in calamansi juice thatmakes it effective in prolonging the shelf life ofpeeled apples that are exposed to open air?
2. How does calamansi juice prolong the shelf life ofpeeled apples that are exposed to open air?
3. Up to how many hours can the calamansi juiceprolong the shelf life of peeled apples that areexposed to open air?
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Objectives
State the objectives in specific,
measurable, attainable, relevant and
time-bound (SMART) terms that you want
to do in order to answer the problem.
State the objectives in consonance with
the formulated problems.
There should be at least three specificobjectives.
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Objectives
With the desire to determine if calamansi juice is
effective in prolonging the shelf life of peeled apples that
are exposed to open air , the researchers will:
1. identify the substance present in calamansi juice that
makes it effective in prolonging the shelf life of
peeled apples that are exposed to open air,
2. determine how calamansi juice prolongs the shelf life
of peeled apples that are exposed to open air, and
3. determine the number of hours that the calamansi
juice can prolong the shelf life of peeled apples that
are exposed to open air.
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Hypothesis
The hypothesis should be:1. Specific and unambiguous
2. Quantifiable or measurable
3. Testable or falsifiable4. Generalizable
5. As simple as possible
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Hypothesis
State the conditions and predictions of
the experiment.
The independent and dependent
variables should be measurable and
should be explicitly stated.
There should be at least three specific
hypotheses.
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Hypothesis
Given the problem of determining if calamansi juiceis effective in prolonging the shelf life of peeled applesthat are exposed to open air, the researchershypothesize that:
1. Calamansi juice contains enzymes that make iteffective in prolonging the shelf life of peeled applesthat are exposed to open air.
2. Calamansi juice, through the enzymes, slows downthe rate of decomposition process of peeled applesthat are exposed to open air.
3. Calamansi juice can prolong the shelf life of peeledapples up to 72 hours compared to other methodsof food preservation that are exposed to open air.
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Problem
Statement
Sub-problem Sub-problem Sub-problem
Objective Objective Objective
Hypothesis Hypothesis Hypothesis
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Procedure
What are the things (and their quantities)
you need in solving your problem?
What are the orderly steps you are going
to do to solve your problem?
How are you going to present the data
that you will gather? Will it be through
graphs or tables?
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Timetable
TASKS TARGETDATE
TEACHERSDEADLINE
1. Submission of Problem and
Title
2. Writing the IP Proposal3. Submission of IP Proposal
4. Investigation Period
5. Submission of Gathered data
6. Writing the IP Written Report
7. Submission of IP Written Report
8. Preparing for the Oral Defense
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RUBRICS FOR R TINGPROJECT PROPOSAL SCORE
CONTENT
Description of the Study (3 x 6) 18 points
Background/ Significance of the Study (3 x 4) 12 points
FORMAT
Font: Times New Roman size 12 1 point
Line Spacing: Double 1 point
Margins: 1.5 in (left); ; 1 in (top, bottom , right) 1 point
Paper: clean, short bond 1 point
PROMPTNESS
Paper Submitted on Time 1 point
TOTAL 35 points
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RUBRICS FOR R TINGPROBLEM/OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS SCORE
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The general problem statement describes in one
sentence what the project is all about
1 point
The specific problem statement
.. is stated in question form (3 X 1) 3 points
.. will lead to answer the question posed in the
general problem statement (3 X 1)
3 points
.. specifies the variables to be investigated (3 X 1) 3 points
OBJECTIVES
The general objective describes in one sentence the
purpose of the project
1 point
The objectives are appropriate to the problem 1 point
The specific objective is SMART (3 X 1) 3 points
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RUBRICS FOR R TINGHYPOTHESISThe hypothesis is appropriate 1 point
The condition is clearly stated (3 x 1) 3 points
The prediction is clearly stated (3 X 1) 3 points
The variables are measurable (3 X 1) 3 pointsFORMAT
Font: Times New Roman size 12 1 point
Line Spacing: Double 1 point
Margins: 1.5 in (left); ; 1 in (top, bottom , right) 1 pointPaper: clean, short bond 1 point
PROMPTNESS
Paper Submitted on Time 1 point
TOTAL 30 points
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REFERENCES
Fredericks , Anthony and Isaac Asimov. The CompleteScience Fair Handbook. Scott, Foresman and Co., 1990
Perry, Phyllis J. Getting Started in Science Fairs FromPlanning to Judging. McGraw-Hill, 1995.
Rabago, Lilia. et. al. Research I & II.DOST, 2000.
http://www.dost.gov.ph
http://www.geocities.com
http://www.dost.gov.ph/http://www.geocities.com/http://www.geocities.com/http://www.dost.gov.ph/