Chenigma Feb 2013

Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur

Boys Hostel

Presents,

Monthly magazine

Issue for the

Month

of

Feburary 2013

2013

A Renaissance Of Thoughts…

CHENIGMA Feb 2013

Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Student Development Cell Page 2

Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur

NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME

Organize,

A Monthly Student Magazine

Chenigma is a monthly magazine where Technical staff, Non technical staff and students can share their views

from student‟s development point of view and new developments and programs involved and conducted in

college and hostel.

The articles accepted for the magazine are as below,

1. Technical literature.

2. Research work

3. Fictions and non fiction

4. Leisure

5. Puzzle.

6. Cartoons.

7. Poems

All the students of B.Tech/ M.Tech are invited to participate in forming the magazine committee. Article in

English, Hindi & Marathi language for the magazine are welcome from all.

Please submit the articles for MARCH-13 issue to any of following

Amol Ramning Ashwin Bomble Sayyad Farhan Ali

Mobile No- 9850356640 Mobile No- 9373064031 MobileNo.9175414563

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Head, Editor, Secretary,

Magazine committee, Magazine committee, Magazine committee

Student Development Cell, Student Development Cell, Student Development Cell,

LIT Boys Hostel, Nagpur. LIT Boys Hostel, Nagpur. LIT Boys Hostel, Nagpur.

mailto:[email protected]



CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Supporting Team-

1. Nikhil Patil (Final year B. Tech. Chem. Engg.)

2. Pravin Mali (Final year B. Tech. Chem. Tech.)

3. Dhanjay ghuge (Final year B. Tech. Chem. Tech.)

4. Aniket Tongale (Final year B. Tech. Chem. Engg.)

5. Amey Wankhede (Final year M. Tech. Chem. Tech.)

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Thoughts from the Warden’s Desk,

The dream of a CHENIGMA Magazine with a bunch of quality and diverse articles comes in reality and we are very glad

to present CHENIGMA in your hands on this auspicious occasion. Keeping in mind that good start is a half finish; we

started with a great positive frame of mind. The sincere efforts and dedication ensures the dream coming to a reality. We

realize if there is a desire a path with apprehensive hurdles sounds like a cake walk, a ray of light follows our path; the

uncertainty fades up to convert expectations to an achievement.

In this journey of joy we express our gratitude towards all of those who are responsible to make this Magazine a

success. The involvement of the volunteers and the dedication of the contributors is a fascinating. We are thankful for the

support gained by the faculties and other departments in the form of the contribution. The articles in this newsletter with

different colors and shades have made this white paper to blossom. The articles ranging from the warm emotions which

are close to the heart to the mind-blowing thoughts. The inspiration can be drawn from the Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti

function and Hostel day celebration-2013. It reminds us about the fascinating personalities who have set themselves as an

example. The talent has to be challenged to get out of the shell is proved in the Rowling‟s struggle which gave birth to a

great fantasy “Harry Potter”, which shows the power of silent tears, poured on papers supported by a rare imagination.

From the question mark it is clear that things are never trivial and the mystery unfolds with history. The couple of poems

remind childhood for a while. Poets cherish the past golden era along with the great future vision regarding the blending

of academic subjects.

The poems suggest sacrifices to be made in Love and segregate it from the materialistic world. The philosophical

touch to a hole in street teaches a fruitful lesson. The philosophy of life is unfolded in the rhythmic way. The technical

events conducted in the event and the Cultural events would develop the personality of the students. The Industrial

defined problem competition conducted will help the students to think in a creative way. We hope this offering of a bunch

of articles will be a memorable one. We hope we will be successful in exploring the raw talent and giving an ample

opportunity to express them in the forthcoming editions.

- Dr. N. M. Patil

Warden, LIT Boys Hostel,

Nagpur.

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Thoughts from the Presedent’s Desk,

CHENIGMA Magazine - A renaissance of thoughts…I give me a great pleasure to express my thoughts on the

occasion of the inauguration of the magazine. All the students have contributes there best for the success of the

Hostel day cum Shivaj Maharaj jayanti function “Garjana”which was conducted for last 4 days from 16th

February – 19th

February.

Various activities were conducted with a view to give a back ground for student developments. The

Technical activities like Industrial defined problem, General knowledge Quiz competition, Chemical

Engineering Quiz competition were outstanding.

The cultural events like Dance and drama competition were very up to the sprit. The other competations like

debate and speech competitions were very motivational and energetic. I invite all the Boys and Girls from

college and hostel to take participation in the competition and make the event a grand success.

I thank the magazine committee for bringing out the monthly magazine within a short time.

- Sushil Patil

President

Student development cell,

LIT (Boys) Hostel,Nagpur

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Thought From the Editor Desk

Pen is mightier than sword …

On the very great inauguration of the Chemical monthly magazine I would like to thank all those who directly or

indirectly helped to create the magazine. On this occasion I would like to share one story In an era of Sidney Sheldon,

Erich Segal and, Jeffrey Archer who with their lavish usage of vocabulary and awkward plots had attracted many, here

comes a lady who had emerged successfully with the same formula used by Shakespeare, in “ Hamlet”, but her works are

exclusively for children. It‟s amazing that, her hero had become hugely popular with adults too!

J.K.Rowling, with the creation of a bespectacled hero…Harry Potter mesmerized millions of people all over the world

even children below 5. But then, how come the writer enchanted millions, that everyone is wild about Harry? Harry

walked into her mind not in a day or two…she‟s been a writer from the age of six! A look back at her personal life….She

was teaching English in Portugal and had then married a journalist. The marriage was short-lived but Rowling had just

then given birth to a baby girl, Jessica. Rowling had been abandoned and had to pack off from her in- law‟s place. She

then arrived in Edinburgh .She had a friend who had a baby boy. Following her invitation, she visited her place and she

was bewildered to see his bedroom full of toys while Jessica‟s toys fitted into a shoe box.

Depression and anger tormented Rowling. She started writing the books for herself, and it reached the outside

world, with much difficulty. As years rolled by, with the creation of a hero who enchanted children, her books had been at

the top of best seller‟s lists. And, millions of copies were sold all over the world. Things had revolutionized that, she

bought a house in London by herself. Now that, she has to buy a castle to dump her kid‟s toys! However, Jessica, like all

other children had to wait till the publication day to find out what Harry does next. When her third series of Harry Potter

was released, she got remarried. Simplicity is the charm of Rowling, for whom, “Children are a writer‟s dream”. Having a

writer as a daughter is an immense pleasure for her mother even if only a copy of her books was ever sold! For Rowling,

Jane Austen‟s “Emma” was the “best twist ever in Literature”. Rowling was not revengeful towards her first husband,

rather worked constructively and established a unique strand for herself. To me, had he not divorced her, her identity

would have been lost. The book buyers, hence have to thank him, for the reason that, ditching the helpless philanthropist

had proven to be a blessing in disguise!

Joane Kathleen Rowling rather symbolizes an

ideal feministic character… adventurous,

bewitching, calm, dynamic and peaceful with

silent tears that would not, perhaps did not long

last… Hats off to Rowling!

- Amol Ramning

Editor,

CHENIGMA,

Chemical Magazine.

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Technical Section

Analysis of cooking oil collected from Canteen &Hostel Mess

Sample details:

1. Canteen:

Sr. N o Sample Quantity in ml Temp. of oil in oc @

sampling time

Date

1. Fresh oil 250 25 11/02/2013

2. Fried oil 200 70 13/02/2013

2. Old Hostel Mess:

Sr. No Sample Quantity in ml Temp. of oil in oc @

sampling time

Date

1. Fresh Oil 250 27 11/02/2013

2. Fried Oil 250 75 13/02/2013

3. New Hostel Mess:

Sr. No Sample Quantity in ml Temp. of oil in oc @

sampling time

Date

1. Fresh Oil 250 27 11/02/2013

2. Fried Oil 250 75 11/02/2013

Analysis of cooking Oil:

1. Canteen:

Sr. No Sample Acid Value in mg KOH/gm Peroxide Value Viscosity in sec

1. Fresh Oil 1.27 - 55

2. Fried Oil 8.9 2.19 53

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


2. Old Hostel Mess:


1. Fresh Oil 1.24 - 54

2. Fried Oil 6.55 1.15 44

3. New Hostel Mess:


1. Fresh Oil 1.3 - 51

2. Fried Oil 8.1 1.15 42

“There are certain quality parameters that should be tested while using high quantity oils and fats for masses.”

Peroxide Value

It is an indication of oil freshness and quality. When double bonds of unsaturated fats are oxidized the

peroxides are formed within the product making oil and fat unsuitable for use.

When oil is used several times for frying food or when the oil is kept in unsuitable environment such as

in contact with moist atmospheric air, light and heat cause deterioration of oil, loss of nutritive value and

generation of toxic substances. Vegetable oil contains high level of unsaturation which tends to develop

rancidity easily. The products like aldehydes, ketones, alcohol, acid, polymer and peroxide are end products of

cooking oil causing degradation and are responsible for rancidity, colour change off-odours and flavour.

The maximum level for peroxide value of edible fats and oils was established by the Ministry of Public

Health (Notification No.205/B.E.2543) at 10 mill equivalents per kilogram of fats or oils. The rapid

screening on peroxide value of cooking oil should be applied to control the quality of cooking oils.

Health Effects: - Consuming deteriorated cooking oil causes

1. Loss of nutritive value.

2. Linoleic acid and vitamins A, D & E destruction.

3. Polymerized oil and toxic substances present in degraded oil may be carcinogenic.

Acid value

It is a measure of the free fatty acids level in oil. Normally, fatty acids in oil & fats are found in the form

of triglyceride. However, during processing the fatty acids may get hydrolyzed into the free fatty acid (FFA)

due to breakdown of total glycerides at double bonds. The higher level of acid value indicates higher level of

free fatty acids present in oil and decreased oil quality.

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Cooking oil deterioration is accelerated by light, heat, water, acids, enzymes and microorganisms. Its

effects result in the formation of off-odours and flavours, reduction or destruction of essential fatty acids,

generating of glycerol, free fatty acids and toxic products.

The maximum levels for acid value of edible fats and oils were established by the Ministry of Public

Health (Notification No. 205/B.E.2543) at 0.5 mg KOH/1 g oil for refined fats and refined oils or mixed

fats/oils, 1.0 mg KOH/1 g oil for mixed fats and mixed oils, and 4.0 mg KOH/1g oil for natural fats and

natural oils. The rapid screening on acid value of fats and oils should be applied to control the quality of

cooking oil.

Health Impact: - Consuming deteriorated cooking oils:

1. Causes loss of nutritional value due to the destruction of essential fatty acids (For Ex. linoleic acid and

vitamins A, D and E).

2. Causes health hazards due to presence of toxic products.

3. Generation of off-odor and off-flavor making oil unsuitable for use. - Akash More

- Lahu Palave

B. Tech 3rd Year

Chemical Tech.

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Technical Section

Comparison between Steam Ejector three-stage & Hijet single-stage for

VACUUM DISTILLATION UNIT in Petroleum Refinery

Hijet International, Inc. provide vacuum and compression systems which offer the optimum in

efficiency, reliability and cost.

The heart of all Hijet System is the Hijector™, a liquid jet ejector of proprietary design. Basic operating

principle of a Hijector™is a momentum transfer from a high-velocity and high-dispersed motive liquid to gas

or vapours, formation of a supersonic two-phase flow, subsequent braking of the flow and thus converting

kinetic energy of liquid into potential energy of compressed gas.

Discharge from the Hijector is separated in a 2-or 3-phase separator. A centrifugal or

reciprocating pump is used to circulate the motive fluid. Heat from near-isothermal compression is removed in a

cooler. Compressed gas is discharged into pressure lines for clean-up, fuel, venting or other uses. Any process

stream, water or other liquid compatible with the process requirements can be used as a motive liquid. Where

gas clean-up is necessary, the Hijet System can function as scrubbers well as a compressor and can be easily

integrated into existing process units.

Advantages:

1) Do not need steam

2) Eliminates HC losses and reprocessing

3) Controlled pressure to 1 psia

4) No sour water

5) No additional pump

6) Save on utility & maintenance

7) Benefits of HVCS

Nth steam jet replacement Advantages:

1) Reduce steam

2) Reduce CW

3) Eliminate problems of burning off gas in low pressure burner

4) Amine treatment

5) Simple & Reliable to Operate

Parameter Steam Ejector three-stage Hijet single-stage

Vacuum column Pressure 40 mm Hg 40 mm Hg

Gas Flow from vacuum

column 1,150 kg/h 1,150 kg/h

Motive steam consumption 7.0 tons/h 0 tons/h

Cooling water consumption 420 m3/h 100 m3/h

Electric power Requirement 0 kW 1,000 kW

Operation time (1 year) 8,520 h 8,520 h

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


HP steam consumption/yr 59,640 t 0 t

CW consumption / year 3,578,400 m3 852,000 m3

Power consumption /year 0 8,520,000 kWh

Cost of HP steam / year $656,040 $0

Cost of cooling water/yr $107,352 $25,560

Cost of electric power/yr $0 $511,200

Comparison between Steam Ejector three-stage & Hijet single-stage

Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump for VDU

Next to ejectors, Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps are the most used vacuum-producing devices in industry. Graham

manufactures a complete line of these pumps in our own factory. The operating principle of the liquid ring

vacuum pump is that the only moving part is an eccentrically mounted impeller within a ring of liquid. Pump

action is created by increasing and decreasing spaces between the impeller blades and liquid ring. Process gases

enter and leave these spaces (impeller buckets) through adjacent ports in sideplates next to the impeller.

These single- or two-stage pumps can achieve pressure ranges from atmospheric to 25 TORR. Graham

units offer design simplicity, high efficiency, low maintenance, and the capability to handle wet corrosive

process streams. A complete line of spare parts is always available at our Batavia, NY plant.

Fig.Liquid Ring vacuum Pump

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Applications:

Liquid ring vacuum pumps are used in the Refining Industry-for crude oil vacuum distillation, lube oil dryers,

and for asphalt production; and in the Power Industry to evacuate steam surface condensers. Other industries

(food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hospitals, pulp & paper, etc.) use liquid ring vacuum pumps extensively.

LIQUID RING VACUUM PUMP BENEFITS

1) Reliable, simple design involves only one rotating part, which is not subject to wear.

2)Can handle condensible vapors or even slugs of liquid entrained in the gas stream without damage to the

pump or affecting performance.

3)Produces a steady non-pulsating gas flow when it is used as either a vacuum pump or compressor.

4) Resistant to contaminants entering with the gas stream; these will be diluted and washed through the pump

by the seal liquid.

5)Wide choice of materials are readily available for handling most gases and seal liquids.

-SAYYAD FARHAN ALI

FINAL YEAR B TECH (PETROLEUM REFINING &

PETROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY)

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Technical Section

NEEM OIL METHYL ESTER A SUBSTITUTE FOR DIESEL FUEL

The Biodiesel can be prepared by use of Neem oil as a feed stock. As Neem trees are commonly found in

Southeast Asia i.e. India, A mature Neem tree produces 30 to 50 kg fruit every season. The neem seed has a it‟s high oil

content of 39.7 to 60%. The Neem oil can be available without shortage of feed stock and with lower cost. Neem oil

contains a high percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1), a low proportion of polyunsaturated acids

(C18:2, C18:3) and a controlled amount of saturated fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0). The aforementioned characteristics of

neem oil plants and its fatty acid composition of the oil make it to be a useful renewable source for biodiesel production.

The main factors affecting the transterification reaction are the amount of alcohol and catalyst; reaction temperature,

Pressure and reaction time; the content of free fatty acids (FFA) and water in oils. The conversion is very complicated if

the Oil contains higher amount of FFA i.e. more than 1% w/w. the acid value of Neem oil is very high i.e. 10.92 mg KOH

/ Gm of oil sample. Due to high acid value of neem oil a two stage esterification cum transterification process has to be

followed to convert neem oil into Neem oil methyl ester (Biodiesel). If 2 stage is not followed the oil sample will get

converted in to soap form. This soap can prevent separation of the biodiesel from the glycerine fraction . The basic

reaction involved in the production of biodiesel also called fatty acid methyl esters.

Reaction between triglycerides with methanol in the presence of a strong base as a catalyst yielding the desired

FAME and a byproduct. The triglycerides used in alkaline transesterification reactions should contain not contain more

than 1% free fatty acids (FFA),which is equivalent to 2 mg KOH/g triglyceride, otherwise saponification reaction will

hinder separation of the ester from glycerine thereby reducing the yield and formation rate of FAME. A two step acid –

base catalyzed esterification reaction followed by transesterification reaction has been shown to be appropriate for

biodiesel production from neem oil due to its high FFA(Acid value) i.e. 10.92 mg KOH/gm of oil sample the pre-

treatment of the oil is critical before the alkaline transesterification .

Response Surface Methodology

The production of a fuel is experimental process which involves the experimental process like the reaction time

required for the chemical process, the reaction temperature, the type catalyst used and its concentration, Number of stages

required, the reaction time required for the process, the type of reaction method. This all data cannot be received by

literature survey. Some experimental works have to be carried out to get a final conclusion. The Experimentation is an

application of treatment to experimental units, and then measurement of one or more responses. With the increasing

competition and existence in market, the manufacturer needs to produce the products i.e. quality and quantity with a least

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


cost. The process product yield and quality depends on operational parameters which can be optimized using

mathematical models. This is possible by optimizing every step in manufacturing line i.e. Chemical process and Chemical

Operations. This can be achieved with experience and research in the corresponding field but these things require plenty

of time. In recent time there is a method which can be used which works on the principle of statics and mathematics which

can optimize the process parameter in very less time. This Mathematical modeling of the process is called as RESPONSE

SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM). It is a scientific method which require observed and gathered data regarding the

working of process and system works with less use of chemicals, laboratory equipments and setups, manpower, and saves

valuable time with getting perfect results .

Here the project work explains the finding of experiment carried out to optimize the pretreatment process for

reducing the FFA content of oil below 1% for maximum biodiesel production. The work focuses on the reaction

parameters that affect conversion of FFA‟s from oil in a double reaction i.e. Esterification reaction and Transterification

reaction with methanol using H2SO4 as a catalyst in Esterification reaction followed by Methanol with KOH as a Catalyst

in Transterification reaction. The main focus of the project is to develop an approach that would enable researchers to

develop a better understanding between the variables i.e. Methanol to Oil ratio, Catalyst Concentration, Reaction Time

and the response is against the Acid value of the Treated oil after Etherification reaction and acid value of Biodiesel after

Transterification reaction. This is done by doing the mathematical modeling for getting the optimum condition for

„Production of Neem oil Methyl Ester (NOME) in a batch process using Response surface methodology (RSM)‟.

For full length Research paper refer Research Journal of Recent science ISC-2012 www.isca.in

- Amol Ramning

M. Tech 2nd

Chemical Tech.

http://www.isca.in/

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Poem section

Let me wish!!

Those were the days when life was best, Joys were more and sorrows less.

Open air all around, when bird was in nest, Caring was more and burdens less.

Time has beard of all hues now, Bright less and greyish more. Songs have

lost their charms now, Music less and instruments more,

Life clashes with joys and sorrows, For, now it is an open ring. Sorrows

here and joys in burrows, Who knows when bells will ring?

Dawn is breaking and night a past Year is ending to follow again. Hope is

nearing and expectations vast But will I be a child again?

Nilesh Mali

B. Tech 2nd

Chemical Tech.

Subjects…

There’s lot to learn besides Physics and Chemistry

There’s Thermodynamic, Mass Transfer and bits of CRE.

Mathematics you can’t do without

If you don’t know it, ideas in your brain won’t sprout.

For first aid and emergencies Mechanics is what you need to know,

It is as important as the others, I’m telling you so.

To know where you are going Electrical is what you’ll need,

Whether it is east or west it will lead.

Computers are essential in today’s world,

It is impossible to do without one I am told.

By reading the newspaper your G.K. you must build,

Keep your brain updated and filled, with news and information that interest you,

And remember to take note of anything new.

So, come on friends let’s put these together,

And stir until a student who will ace and excel emerges.

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


- Akshay Pawar

B. Tech 2nd

Chemical Tech.

I wish…

It does not interest me

to be keen at your

fame, money and share-

But I wish…

to be touched with your

sweet affection and care.

It does not interest me

to celebrate your

joys and happiness

but I wish…

to cry with you when

you are in deep distress

it does not interest me

to pay attention to you

whenever you are nearbut

I wish…

to tell you

my eyes follow you

wherever you are

it does not interest you

if I utter that

all are rest-first in my life

but I wish…

to refrain because

it is you and only you

who is my life!!

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


- Farhan Ali

B. Tech Final year

Chemical Tech.

Learning to do things better…

I walk down the street.

There is a hole.

I didn’t see it.

I fall in.

It isn’t my fault.

It takes a very long to get out.

I walk down the same street.

There is still a deep hole.

I pretend not to see it.

I fall in.

I pretend it is still not my fault.

It takes a long time to get out.


There is still the same deep hole.

I see it.

I fall in anyway.

It’s a habbit.

I get out quicker this time.


There is the same deep hole.

I see it.

I walk around it.

I don’t fall in

Next time when I walk,

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


I choose a different street.

- Pankaj Waghode

B. Tech 2nd

Chemical Tech.

Have You…

Have you ever fallen in love?

To give one fist of the light,

Ever burnt your life?

In spite of having wounded fingers,

Ever picked thorns from someone‟s way?

To offer someone a shadow,

Ever covered yourself with sunshine?

After losing into someone,

Ever found yourself?

Having seen the lightning of those eyes,

Ever felt the rain within you?

To give a rainbow to the sky,

Ever lost your sun?

In the memory of someone,

Ever cried at the wall of the temple?

Have you ever fallen in love?

- Nikhil Patil

B. Tech Final year

Chemical Engg.

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Rhythmic voice of life...

R-Read

"Read not to contradict and confute,

nor to believe and take for granted,

nor to find talk and discourse, but to

weigh and consider." -Bacon

H-Honesty

“Making our heart honest in this way

brings the blessing of being deeply

trusted by others.”

Y-Your Vision

"Your vision will become clear only

when you can look into your own

heart. Who looks outside, dreams;

who looks inside, awakens." -Carl

Jung

T-Thought of kindness and love

"The best portion of your life is a

little, nameless and unremembered

act of your kindness and love." -

William Wordsworth

H-Hope

"We must accept finite

disappointment, but we must never

lose infinite hope" - Martin Luther

King

M-Marriage

"Marriage is like a Mirage; it's not

what you always think…”

It is the platform to bring spiritual

affinity with inquisitiveness for

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


searching the everlasting and divine

truth of life.

I-Inspiration

“Without inspiration the best powers

of the mind remain dormant, there is

a fuel in us which needs to be ignited

with sparks” - Johann Gottfried Von

Herder

C-Commitment

"The quality of our life is in direct

proportion to our commitment to

excellence, regardless of our chosen

field of endeavor" - Vincent

Lombard

- Dhananjay Gughe

B. Tech Final Year

Chemical Tech.

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


marazI kivata

- Rohit Tak

B. Tech Final Year

Chemical Engg.

- Aniket Tongle.

B. Tech Final Year

Chemical Engg.

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


- Ankush patil

B. Tech 2nd year

Chemical Tech.

- Nishant wanjari

B. Tech Final Year Chemical Engg.

CHENIGMA Feb 2013


Non Fiction Section

Question mark (?)

Who are you? How old are you? These are simple to answer. If one asks this type of WH questions to any

materialistic world, then I am pretty sure, one can discover many new things. Now it wonders what this end

symbol (?) stands for. In any language if any question is asked, it is ended with the symbol (?). It is called a

symbol of question mark. This is the combination of two symbols, one curly line and a dot. The dot

represents the end of a statement. But the curly line along with the dot means a question of the statement. It

means the second person has to reply back some positive response to the asked questions. In the middle age

the writers of Latin were putting this symbol (q) at the end of questionable statement. This (q) is the Latin

word qosochio‟s first letter. According to time chronology the letterq turned into (?) symbol. Although this

symbol (?) looks like human ear, it has nothing to do with ear. According to history around 800AD in the

era of emperor Karlemagne people were using this symbol to indicate resisting something that was

happening. Towards its origin there is a story which is related to the song. In the old days, in some part of

the song, the symbol (~) was used. This means that the pitch of some words of the song will be little higher.

To quote any statement if this symbol was used, it was meant that it has to be given more importance. So

today‟s question mark has some similarity with the song symbol of old Latin literature.

The presently used question mark symbol came around 1400 AD in different manner. This symbol was

based on the humanist script that was being used around 1300AD. Around 1600 AD this symbol was

accepted by all. In other part of Europe, for some time this symbol was used in the opposite manner ( ). But

it did not last for long. It ended around 1600AD. The famous coin maker Aldus Mounituous was using this

symbol. There after all the Roman

and Italian questionable statement were ended with the symbol (?). In Spain a straight question mark symbol

was created 1700 AD. It was assumed at that time that this symbol was not affecting the people too much,

one of the reasons may be due to accepting the other culture. In 1739 this problem was taken in to the

committee and resolved that for any enquiring statement the statement should be started with inverted ( )

and end with (?). But it took around two decades to implement it fully. But it confused with the end of the

previous statement ending with a full stop. So in the later stage the starting inverted ( ) was removed and

only at the end (?) was used and from then it is being used.

- Pravin Mali

B. Tech Final Year

Chemical Tech.

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