CHICAGO SCHOOL

SUMIT KUMAR JHA

BARCH/15006/14

BIT Mesra, Patna Campus

• Beginning in the early 1880s, the Chicago School pioneered steel-frame construction and, in the 1890s, the use of large areas of plate glass.

• These were among the first modern skyscrapers.

• The Chicago school of Architects defines a group of architects and engineers who in the late 19th century developed the skyscraper.

• Chicago in 1885 was the scene of a great building boom.

• The new construction activity was more than a rebuilding in more permanent materials.

Chicago Krause

Chicago Library

Marina City

Tribune Tower

• Piling up stories to structures of 18 or more floors accessible by the elevator that had been developed in the 1850’s and 60s.

• The first modern architectural movement was generated in this cauldron is due to several factors, not the least of which was the prevailing cultural climate.

• William LeBaron Jenney's Home Insurance Building of 1885 is often considered to be the first to use steel in its structural frame instead of cast iron, but this building was still clad in heavy brick and stone.

• In the history of architecture, the Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century.

• They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings.

• They developed a spatial aesthetics which then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism.

• While the term "Chicago School" is widely used to describe buildings in the city during the 1880s and 1890s.

Some of the distinguishing features of the Chicago School are the use of steel-frame buildings with masonry cladding (usually terra cotta), allowing large plate-glass window areas and the use of limited amounts of exterior ornament.

Crown Hall

• Sometimes elements of neoclassical architecture are used in Chicago School skyscrapers.

• Many Chicago School skyscrapers contain the three parts of a classical column.

• The first floor functions as the base, the middle stories, usually with little ornamental detail, act as the shaft of the column, and the last floor or so represent the capital, with more ornamental detail and capped with a cornice.

Chicago Building

• The "Chicago window" originated in this school.

• It is a three-part window consisting of a large fixed center panel flanked by two smaller double-hung sash windows.

• The arrangement of windows on the facade typically creates a grid pattern.

• The Chicago window combined the functions of light-gathering and natural ventilation; a single central pane was usually fixed, while the two surrounding panes were operable.

Chicago Window

These windows were often deployed in bays, known as oriel windows, that projected out over the street.

• Some of the more famous Chicago School buildings include:• Louis Sullivan's

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Building

• Reliance Building • Chicago Building • Brooks Building • Monadnock Building • Wainwright Building

• Architects whose names are associated with the Chicago School include

• Henry Hobson Richardson,• Dankmar Adler, • Daniel Burnham, • William Holabird, • William LeBaron Jenney, • John Root, and • Louis Sullivan.

•Frank Lloyd Wright started in the firm of Adler and Sullivan but created his own Prairie Style of architecture.

•Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who had run the Bauhaus in Germany before coming to Chicago, is sometimes credited with the rise of a second "Chicago school" between 1939 and 1975.

Monadnock Building

Reliance BuildingHome Insurance Building

Marquette Building Reliance Building

Richardson's Marshall field store

• The Sullivan Center (formerly known as the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building or Carson, Pirie, Scott and Compnay Store)is a commercial building at 1 South State Street in Chicago, Illinois.

• A Chicago Landmark, the building was designed by Louis Sullivan, built in 1899 for the retail firm Schlesinger & Meyer.

• The building was part of the Loop Retail Historic District.

• It was used for retail purposes from 1899 until 2007.

• The building is remarkable for its steel structure, which allowed a dramatic increase in window area.

• This has in turn allowed more daylight into the building interiors, and provided larger displays of merchandise to outside pedestrian traffic.

• The lavish cast-iron ornamental work above the rounded tower was also meant to be functional.

• Sullivan designed the corner entry to be seen from both State and Madison, and that the ornamentation, situated above the main entrance, would be literally attractive.

The building is one of the classic structuresof the Chicago school. The ornate decorative panels on the lowest stories of the building are now generally credited to George Elmsliewho was Sullivan's chief draftsman after Frank Lloyd Wright left the firm.

• The Wainwright Building is a 10-storey red-brick landmark office building in downtown St. Louis, Missouri.

• Built in 1890-91 and designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, it was among the first skyscrapers in the world.

• It was named for local financier Ellis Wainwright.• Most historians consider the Wainwright Building

one of the most important works in American architecture.

• It is described as "a highly influential prototype of the modern office building" by the National Register of Historic Places.

• Architect Frank Lloyd Wright called the Wainwright Building "the very first human expression of a tall steel office-building as Architecture."

• Aesthetically, the Wainwright Building exemplifies Sullivan's theories about the tall building, which included a tripartite (three-part) composition (base-shaft-attic), and his desire to emphasize the height of the building.

• According to him the skyscraper must be tall, every inch of it tall.

• A building with a strong, vigorously articulated base supporting a screen that constitutes a vivid image of powerful upward movement.

• The ornamentation for the building is adopted from Notre-Dame de Reims in France.

• After a period of neglect, the building now houses Missouri state offices and is well maintained.

THANKING YOU

SUMIT KUMAR JHABIT MESRA, PATNA

BARCH/15006/14