Chief Engineer (Yamuna) Okhla, New Delhi- 110...

PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT

Project for Construction of Rubber Dam at 1.5 K.M Downstream of Taj Mahal on River Yamuna in Agra City

Submitted to:

The Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change,

New Delhi

April 2019

Submitted by:

Chief Engineer (Yamuna)

Okhla, New Delhi- 110 025

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Irrigation and Water Resource Department, Uttar Pradesh


Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND ........................................................................ 3

1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 3

1.2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... 3

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................. 4

1.4 LOCATION & CONNECTIVITY............................................................................................. 5

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................. 8

2.1 LAND REQUIREMENT ...................................................................................................... 12

2.2 RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENT ..................................................................................... 13

2.3 MANPOWER REQUIREMENT .......................................................................................... 13

2.4 WATER REQUIREMENT ................................................................................................... 14

2.5 ENERGY REQUIREMENT .................................................................................................. 14

2.6 GENERATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE ................................................................. 14

2.7 FACILITIES AT PROJECT SITE............................................................................................ 14

2.8 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE ............................................................................................ 14

2.9 PROJECT COST ESTIMATE ............................................................................................... 14

3. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES .................................................................................................. 16

4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS ............................................................................... 16

4.1 PHYSICAL FEATURE ......................................................................................................... 16

4.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY .................................................................................... 16

4.3 CLIMATIC CONDITION ..................................................................................................... 16

4.4 LAND USE PATTERN ........................................................................................................ 17

4.5 GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 18

4.6 SEISMICITY AND EARTHQUAKE ...................................................................................... 18

4.7 DRAINAGE ....................................................................................................................... 19

5.1 RIVER SYSTEM ................................................................................................................. 19

5.2 HYDROGEOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 19

6.1 FLORA AND FAUNA ......................................................................................................... 20

6.2 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ................................................................................................. 21

6.3 ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP ................................................................................................ 21

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7. PROJECT BENEFITS ................................................................................................................. 22

8. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 22

Table of Table

Table 2-1 Salient Features of the Project ........................................................................................ 8

Table 2-2: Land Requirement ........................................................................................................ 13

Table 2-3: Detail of Material Requirement ................................................................................... 13

Table 2-4: Break-up of the Project Cost ........................................................................................ 15

Table 4-1: Climatology of the district ............................................................................................ 17

Table 4-2: Land use Pattern ........................................................................................................... 18

Table of Figure

Figure 1-1: Location and accessibility of the Project Site ................................................................ 6

Figure 1-2: Location of Rubber dam on google earth ..................................................................... 7

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Irrigation and water resource Department, Uttar Pradesh


1 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Agra is an important historical city of India situated on the right bank of the river Yamuna. A large number of rich monuments in the city untold the medieval period. The place is a great attraction not only to scholarly but in a very large measure to the tourists from all parts of the world. Thus Agra has developed in to one of the most important tourist centres of the country. The Taj Mahal is the focal point which is daily visited by several thousand people from all walks of life from the whole world.

The idea of beautifying the surroundings of the Taj is under consideration from a long time. Water front is always fascinating. Hence, there has been a proposal to create a lake by constructing a low height rubber dam on river Yamuna, 1.5 km down stream of Tajmahal. Construction of Rubber dam for the creation of water front at Taj is essential to restore the beauty of Taj as it was in ancient Mughal Period.

The construction of Rubber dam at 1.5Km downstream of rubber dam will not only improve the Taj Mahal area from aesthetic point of view but will also facilitate the navigation on National waterway no 110.

After the construction of Rubber Dam, the environment of nearby area will improve significantly. The ground water level is also likely to go up. Due to ponding acquaintance will develop and the humidity of the atmosphere is expected to increase, which will decrease the dryness and hotness of atmosphere resulting in major improvement of Taj Trapezium area.

The main object of this project is to create storage of water at all the time in Dry River upto the level of 146.00 m , Improvement of the ground water level in Agra, valued or non-valued navigation through river routes reducing the pressure on other mode of transport.

1.2 BACKGROUND

The river Yamuna originates from Yamunotri Glacier in the lower Himalayas. The river with its total flow length of 1376 km, travels through number of historical, religious and big cities like Saharanpur, Delhi, Vrindavan, Mathura, Agra, Kanpur, Hamirpur and merges into river Ganga at Allahabad. The Agra city situated on the right bank of river Yamuna, is on the most important tourist and pilgrimage centre of the country and have a large number of monuments in the catchment down stream of Okhla Barrage.

All the water available in Yamuna River is diverted into the canal from Hathnikund Barrage at U.P. border. From downstream of Hathnikund Barrage, water released to Okhla Barrage i.e. diverted in Agra Canal for irrigation purpose of Haryana, U.P. and for B.T.P.S/NTPC Delhi/ Faridabad and specified quantity of water release in downstream of Yamuna river for Gokul

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Barrage at Mathura, which is supplied as drinking water Mathura city. Resulting is that, from downstream of Gokul Barrage to downstream of Taj Mahal, the general hydrology shows that during lean period river has low discharge as practically NIL to few thousands cusecs at different locations and in monsoon period.

In monsoon water varies from 1.00 lac to 3.50 lacs cusecs, it reveals that the river carries inadequate discharge during monsoon from July to October months. Hence there has been a proposal to create a lake by constructing a low height Rubber dam for the purpose of beautification, raising of ground water level and navigation route.

Honourable Chief minister, Uttar Pradesh Government has announced to construct a Rubber dam on river Yamuna at 1.5 Km Downstream of Taj Mahal on 26.10.2017. (Announcement No. YAL-18/2017 Sl. No. GH11Y000040). Since it was demanded by various Jan Pratinidhi and recommended by various committee since long time. After that a Detail Project Report has been prepared costing Rs. 413.34 crore. The Project has been approved by Departmental Chief Engineers Committee. The Proposed Length of Rubber dam is 386 m. The 6 bay and 2 navigation bay is proposed in 386 m length of Rubber dam. As Yamuna River from Delhi to Prayagraj has been declared the National Waterway No.110, Two bay has been proposed for navigation purpose and shall be constructed as per requirement of Inland Waterway Authority of India. The pond level of Rubber dam has been kept 146.00 m. Archaeological Survey of India has recommended the level of 146.00m as it the safe level for Taj Mahal and other monument situated at bank of river Yamuna. The crest Level of Rubber dam is 143.50 metre. Hence approx. 2.5 metre height of Rubber dam is proposed. The propose Rubber dam consist of following.

1. Main Rubber dam

2. Two Nos. Navigation Channel

3. Control Room premises at bank of Yamuna River.

4. Guide Bund of Length around 500 m at both banks.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

There is a perennial shortage of water in the Yamuna during lean months of January to june, as all the major towns situated along its course depends and drawing water from the river. Therefore, there is very little water available behind the Taj Mahal, which is confined in a narrow stream. It paints a very unattractive picture adjacent to such a great monument.

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The main objectives of this project are as follows:

• To create storage of water at all the time in lean season behind Taj up to the level of 146.00 m.

• To recharge the ground water level

• Navigation

1.4 LOCATION & CONNECTIVITY

The nearest Railway Station is Agra cant at a distance of 10km. The nearest airport is Kheria Airport, Agra, at a distance of 13km from the site. The Administrative head quarter of the district is in Agra city. The Administrative headquarter lies between Longitude 27 11’00” N and Latitude 77 4’00” E. The Rubber dam site is located 1.50km downstream of Taj Mahal across Yamuna River near Village Nagla Paima, Tajganj, Agra. The location and accessibility map is provided in Figure 1.1. Location of Rubber dam on Google earth is provided in Figure 1.2.

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Figure 1-1: Location & Accessibility of the Project Site

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Figure 1-2: Location of the Rubber dam on Google Earth

Proposed Location of Rubber dam at 1.5 Km Downtream of

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Irrigation and Water resource department, Uttar Pradesh


2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The construction of Rubber dam is proposed 1.50 km downstream of Taj Mahal across Yamuna River. The location of proposed Rubber dam is at Latitude 27011’05.2” N and Longitude 78003’16.5” E. It is proposed to create storage of water all the time in lean season up to the level of 146.00 m , recharging the ground water and provision of navigation through river routes as it has been declared National Waterway No. 110 between Delhi to Prayagraj, thus reducing the pressure on the other mode of transport, development of green belt around the pond will improve the environment around the Taj Mahal, which is a world Heritage Monument.

Total length of bay is 386 metre, total number and type of bays are 6 nos. normal bays and two nos. Navigation bays for provision of navigation lock gate.

The cost of work is Rs. 413.34 crores and approved /sanctioned by Chief Engineers committee of U.P. Irrigation and Water Resources Department, Lucknow dated 07.03.2019. The estimated time of Project completion is 2 years. The B.C. ratio of project is NIL.

Table 2.1: Salient Features of the Project

1. Name of the project Project for Construction of Rubber Dam at 1.5 K.M Downstream of Taj Mahal on River Yamuna

in Agra City

2. Type of project (Irrigation or multipurpose)

• To create storage of water behind Taj Mahal up to the level of 146.00 m • To improve the ground water level • Navigation

3. Location 1.50 Km D/S Yamuna of Taj Mahal at Agra

4 River Basin Yamuna

(a) Name Yamuna

(b) Located in 1.50 Km Downstream of Taj Mahal Agra

(i) State(s) Uttar Pradesh

(ii) Countries (if international river) India

5 River/Tributary Yamuna River , Tributary of Ganga river

6 State(s)/District(s)/Taluka(s) or Tehsil- Sadar, District – Agra, Uttar Pradesh,

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Tehsils in which following are located:

(a)Reservoir 1.50 Km Downstream of Taj Mahal Agra

(b)Headwork 1.50 Km Downstream of Taj Mahal Agra

(c)Command Area Nil

7 Name of village near the Head-works

Garhi Chandini & Nagla Paima

8 Location of Head-works

(a) Latitude 27011’05.2” N

(b) Longitude 78003’16.5” E

(c) Earthquake Zone III

9 Project area reference Survey of India Topo sheet

G44A/4

10 Access to the project

(a)Airport Kheriya Airport

(b)Rail head Agra Cantt Railway Station

(c)Road Head Agra

(d)Sea port Mumbai

11. International/ interstate aspects of the project

(a)Catchments area of the basin 19500 Sq. km

(b)Submergence due to project Total Land area – Area of construction= Area of (Main Rubber Dam + Control Room + Guide Bunds) = 60000+60000+50000)=170000 Sqm say 17 Ha Submergence Area = Area of Submerged portion of River at the upstream w.r.t Pond Level 146.00 m = Length x Average Width=11000x350=3850000 Sqm say 385 Ha Total = 17 ha + 385 ha = 402 ha Since the pond level is below the High Flood Level. The total height of Rubber Dam is 2.50 m high with pond level 146.00 m and crest level 143.50 m. Hence The Submerged area will be within the main river cross section. No additional land will be required for

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Irrigation and water resource department, Uttar Pradesh


submergence area. Only in lean season the water level shall be maintained behind the Taj and upstream area by the Rubber Dam. The total submerged area including river bed will be around 385 Hectare.

(i)In the state Uttar Pradesh

12. Upstream projects Gokul Barrage

Purpose of Project Water supply

(i) Projects Completed Completed

(ii)Projects under Construction -

(iii)Future Projects -

(iv)Any Other -

13. Downstream projects NIL

14. Proposed annual utilization by the project

• To create storage of water behind Taj Mahal up to the level of 146.00 m

• To improve the ground water level • Navigation

Minimum agreed/proposed flow in the river for maintaining ecology

Shall be maintained as recommended by MoEF & CC

14. Estimated life of the project (year) 50 Years

15. Irrigation (ha.) Not applicable

16. Flood control Not applicable

17. Navigation

(a)Location of the navigable reach 1.50 km Downstream of Taj Mahal at Agra

(b)Length of the navigable reach From Gokul Barrage to Taj Mahal

18 Water supply Not applicable

19. Domestic Not applicable

20. Industrial Not applicable

21. Project performance

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(a)Irrigation Not applicable

(b)Power Not applicable

(c)Flood control Not applicable

(d)Water supply Not applicable

(e)Navigation is to be developed

22. Hydrology

23. Catchments area at headwork site 19500 sq. km.

24. Historical-period of record 1992 to 2012

(a)Maximum water level 154.920 m at CWC site Poiya Ghat, Agra

25. Estimated Flood 50 Year return period

9927 m3/s

26. Design flood (m3/s) 9927 m3/s

27. Infiltration in the reservoir Up to 11 km but in the main river cross section

28. Rubber dam

Length 386 m

Height 2.5 m

30. Spillway bays

(a)Total length 386 m

(b)Full pond level 146.00 m

(c)Maximum water level (m) 154.06 m

(d)Maximum-height of spillway crest above deepest foundation

143.50 m

(e)Length of each normal bay(m) 60.5 m

(f)Crest level (m) 143.50 m

(g)Number and Type of gates 6 bay of Rubber dam

(h)Type of energy dissipation arrangement

Stilling pool

(i)Maximum discharging capacity 9927 m3/s

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(j)Tail water level (EI-m) 143.20 m

31. Navigation bay

(a)Total length 2x6 m

(b)Crest level 142.50 m

(c)Sill level 142.50 m

(d) Length of bay 6 m

(e)Number of gates/bays 2

(f)Type of gates Rectangular Opening

32. Guide bunds/afflux bunds

(a)Guide bunds

(i)Upstream Left Top level 155.56 m

(ii)Downstream Right Top level 155.56 m

(b)Afflux bunds Not applicable

(c)Other protective works (if any) Not applicable

33. Cost of the project INR 413.34 Crores

34. O&M for 10 Year INR 5759.59 lacs

Provision of strengthening/ augmentation training work may be taken if tendency of shifting of deep channel is indicated in river after construction or work

INR 900 lacs

35. Benefit cost ratio NIL

2.1 LAND REQUIREMENT

The land requirement for the project is 17.00 hectare as detailed in Table 2.2.

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Table 2.2: Land Requirement

Sl. No. Description Quantity (in Hectare)

1 Main Rubber dam 6.00

2. Control Room 6.00

3. Guide Bunds 5.00

4.

Total Land Requirement 17.00 Hectare

2.2 RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENT

The construction materials mainly including cement, sand, coarse aggregates, revetment stones, reinforcement steel and structural steel are required for construction of Rubber dam including bridge/roadway. The construction material to the extent mentioned below will be procured from respective sources to the work sites. Slight variation is possible after detailed drawing/ design preparation.

Table 2.3: Details of Material Requirement

Material Quantity Cement 22713.00 MT Stone Chips 74032.00 cubic meter Sand 34970.00 cubic meter Boulder 112054.00 cubic meter

2.3 MANPOWER REQUIREMENT

As the course of the project involve different components, locally available manpower shall be utilized in the nearest place of work.

Unskilled, Semi-Skilled & Skilled personnel will be deployed along the entire stretch of the project. The labours can be hired from the surrounding areas, if available, in order to avoid large scale congregation of outside labour.

At any point of time and place the number of people on the work site shall not be more than 300. The people will be spread over the entire stretch of the Rubber dam network area.

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2.4 WATER REQUIREMENT

The total quantity of water required during construction period is 142 KLD (100 KLD for construction purpose and 42 KLD for domestic purpose). Water requirement during construction stage will be met from surface water.

2.5 ENERGY REQUIREMENT

Power requirement during construction phase is 200 KVA. Power to various lift points is to be availed from the Local Electrical distribution agency.

2.6 GENERATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE

The municipal solid waste generated during construction will be about 115 kg/day considering the entire project and it will be managed &handled in accordance with Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.

2.7 FACILITIES AT PROJECT SITE

Proper site services such as First Aid, Canteen / Rest Shelter, Drinking Water will be provided to the construction workers. Various facilities to be provided during construction and operation of the project are as follows:

1. Electricity will be provided by transmission lines.

2. Potable drinking water will be provided to the workers by tankers during construction.

3. To provide the first aid for any sort of injuries encountered during the operation, one first aid room will be provided. First aid kit and sufficient stock of material / medicines needed for first aid shall be provided as per requirement.

4. Construction workers engaged in areas of the project will be provided with LPG/Kerosene for cooking purpose to prevent possible tree felling for firewood.

2.8 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE

The Rubber dam and its various components like Rubber dam, Navigation bay, guide bund, Control Room etc. is planned to complete in 24 months from the date of signing agreement.

2.9 PROJECT COST ESTIMATE

The estimated project cost is INR 413.34 crore. The break-up of cost is detailed in Table 2.4.

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Table 2.4: Break-up of Project Cost S. N. Major Head Minor Head sub Head Cost

1 A- Preliminary 191.99 2 B- Land 7421.75 3 C- Work 19198.50 4 M- Plantation 191.99 5 P- Maintenance 191.99 6 Total 271196.22

7 Operation and maintenance including manpower and electricity @3% per year of Civil Works for 10 years 5759.59

8

Provision of an amount or Rs 9.00 crores has been made for strengthening/augmentation of the training works may be undertaken if any tendency of shifting if the deep channel is indicated, for a few years after the construction of the works. A committee of experts in the field may be constituted for this purpose. 900.00

9 Total 33855.81 Add 12% GST on Cost of Works 4062.69 Total 37918.50 Contingency 758.37 Total Cost 38676.87

Add 6.875 % Centage Charge 2659.03

Grand Total 41334.90

Say Grand Total Cost (in Crores) 413.34

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3 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

The Main Objective of Rubber dam is to maintain storage of water behind Taj Mahal throughout the year, to improve the ground water level and Navigation. To achieve the above, the rubber dam is proposed downstream of Taj Mahal. This location pertains on straight reach of river. Below this point the river is meandering. Hence the location selected is suitable to fulfil its objectives.

4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS

4.1 PHYSICAL FEATURE

The average elevation of Agra district is about 169 meter above the mean sea level Agra. Agra is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is 330 kilometres west of the state capital, Lucknow, 206 kilometres south of the national capital New Delhi, 58 kilometres south of Mathura and 125 kilometres north of Gwalior. Agra is one of the most populous cities in Uttar Pradesh, and the 24th most populous in India.

Agra is a major tourist destination because of its many Mughal-era buildings, most notably the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpūr Sikrī, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Agra is included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit, along with Delhi and Jaipur; and the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, tourist circuit of UP state, along Lucknow and Varanasi. Agra falls within the Braj cultural region.

4.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY

The city of Agra is built along the banks of the Yamuna, one of the premier rivers in the nation. The city is located at an average altitude of 171 meters or 561 feet above the sea level. The city of Agra is in Uttar Pradesh, which is a state located in the northern part of India. The geography of Agra is such that it is surrounded by the city of Mathura on the northern side. To the south of Agra is Dhaulpur. Firozabad is located on the eastern side of the city of Agra. Fatehabad lies on the south-eastern side of Agra city. To the west of Agra lies Bharatpur. The city of Agra forms a part of the great northern plains, located at a distance of about 200 kilometers from New Delhi, which is the capital city of the Indian Republic. In geographical terms, the exact location of the city of Agra is 27.10° north and 78.05° east.

4.3 CLIMATIC CONDITION

Agra features a semiarid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate. The city features mild winters, hot and dry summers and a monsoon season. However, the monsoons, though

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substantial in Agra, are not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. This is a primary factor in Agra featuring a semiarid climate as opposed to a humid subtropical climate.

Mean maximum temperature varies from 10.9 to 24.8 0C, whereas mean minimum temperature varies from 2.8 to 16.2 0C. July and August months receives maximum rainfall. NE&SW is the pre-dominant Wind Direction. Climate of Agra has been detailed in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Climatology of the District

Month Mean max.

temp (0C)

Mean min.

temp (0 C)

Monthly Rainfall (mm)

R.H.at 8:30 (%)

R.H.at 17:30 (%)

Mean wind speed

(Km/h)

Pre-dominant

Wind Direction

January 10.9 2.8 66.4 54 67 2.9 SW & S February 11.9 3.7 75.3 55 55 3.5 SW & NE March 15.8 7 81.2 50 57 4.2 SW & NE April 20.5 11.4 60.8 46 47 3.6 SW & NE May 24.1 14.6 90.3 49 48 3.6 NE & SW June 24.8 16.2 181.9 64 62 2.8 NE & SW July 22.6 15.9 329.8 86 85 1.8 NE & SW August 22 15.5 320.4 88 88 1.2 NE & SW September 22.1 14.1 142.3 75 79 1.7 NE & S October 20.3 11.1 36.7 53 63 2.2 NE & SW November 16.7 7.8 18.4 48 61 2.3 NE & SW December 13.5 5.1 24.2 46 60 2.8 NE & SW Average Total 18.8 10.4 1427.7 60 65 2.7

Source: IMD Climatological Normals, 1981-2010

4.4 LAND USE PATTERN

The land use pattern (2005-06) in the State has been indicated. The total cultivated area of the district is 314 lakh ha. The area sown during rabi is more as compared to area sown in kharif. Land use Pattern in Agra district is given in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Land use Pattern of the District

The total area of the Agra district is 4027 sq. km., out of which 3835.20 sq. km. is rural, and 191.80 sq. km. urban. The total reported area is 398970 hectare, out of which 70.88% is under cultivation. The remaining 29.5% area is mainly in the form of barren culturable waste land, fallow land, other fallow land, barren unculturable land, and land used other than agriculture. With proper scientific approach (i.e. land and water management), the present culturable waste land and barren land may be developed in future for agriculture purposes Table–IV.

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4.5 GEOLOGY

The District is mostly covered by a thick pile of Quaternary sediments with restricted patches of rocks of Vindhyan Super group. Vindhyan Super group consists of rocks of Bhander Group, which includes white to purple quartz arenite, medium to fine grained purplish to reddish spotted and laminated sandstone with intermittent partings of shale, shale-pebble-conglomerate, siltstone and greenish sandstone. Quaternary sediments has been classified into (1) Older Alluvium and (2) Newer alluvium. The Older Alluvium is represented by Varanasi Alluvium of Middle to Late Pleistocene age. Newer Alluvium of Holocene age comprises to unit’s viz, (1) Terrace Alluvium and (2) Channel Alluvium. Varanasi Alluvium is a polycyclic sequence of oxidised, brownish yellow silt-clay with kankar dissemination’s and grey to brown fine to medium grained, micaceous and showing laminations, ripply marks and cross bedding. It has been further classified into silt-clay facies and sandy facies. Silt-clay facies cover major part of the district. Terrace Alluvium is exposed along the Yamuna and Gambhir Rivers. It comprises grey micaceous and fine to medium grained sand and grey silt-clay. Channel Alluvium is confined to the present banks of the Yamuna, Chambal and Gambhir rivers. It comprises grayish white to red colored, fine to coarse-bedded micaceous and with thin capping of flood silt at places. The District has three geotechnical provinces viz. Alluvium Residual soil and Older sedimentaries. Alluvium and Residual soil, both have cumulative high permeability, low bearing capacity, compressive strength in the range of 1 to 2 kg/cm2 and poor foundation characteristics. 4.6 SEISMICITY AND EARTHQUAKE

The project area lies within Seismic Zone-III as per seismic zoning map of India (IS: 1893:2002). Therefore, high magnitude earthquakes are not expected. As of now there are no major cyclone

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damages in the region. Structures will be designed following relevant IS codes taking into consideration of earthquake, floods etc.

4.7 DRAINAGE

The total geographical area of the district is 4027 Sq. km. There is about 35379 Hectare of Forest in the District. The drainage system of the area is controlled by the river Yamuna and its tributaries. All the rivers are mainly flowing in accordance with the general slope of the land surface viz. northwest to south east, therefore it is consequent types and broadly exhibiting the 'Dendritic type' of drainage pattern. The main southern bank tributaries of the Yamuna River are Utangan or Gambhir & Khari. The Chambal River is also a very important perennial tributary of Yamuna flowing from West to East forming the south eastern boundary of the district. The Chulhai, Lohenrhi, Bisundri and Kowar are the main tributaries of Utangan River draining the rocky terrain of Jagner block in the southwestern parts of the area. The Khari Nadi is also a tributary of Utangan draining the parts of Kiraoli and Shamsabad tehsils. The Karoan is a seasonal northern bank tributary of the Yamuna draining the northeastern parts of the study area. The comparatively high lands, situated in the middle parts of the Doabs of Yamuna-Khari, Khari-Utangan and Yamuna-Chambal, are acting as the water divides. The ravenous areas along the northern bank of Chambal and along the southern bank of Yamuna under Bah tehsil has intricate network of minor rivulets and gullies through which the drainage of the surface water during monsoon periods takes place. It has been observed that discharge of Chambal River in summer is comparatively more than the Yamuna River.

Source- http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2013_PART_B_DCHB_PALAMU.pdf

5.1RIVER SYSTEM

The area of the Agra district occupies marginal alluvial plain of Yamuna and Chambal Rivers.

5.2HYDROGEOLOGY

The aquifers system of the study area is made up mainly of the alluvial sandy facies in the form of granular zones of sands, gravels and rock particles occasionally mixed with kankars. These aquifers have good permeability and transmissivity due to the interconnected pore spaces and interstices between the sand grains and gravels. The aquifers of the study area existing in between 21 meter to 220 mbgl have the transmissivity (T) varying from 25 to 1205 m2/day. The storavity (S) values vary from 4.8×10E-6 to 8.5×10E-4. . The clayey facies, mainly constituted of clays occasionally mixed with silt and kankar, occur in the form of beds and lenses. These beds and lenses have very insignificant permeability and transmissivity values, hence act as the confining layers or hard-pans. These confining layers of the clayey facies and the granular zones of the sandy facies are more or less occurring in an alternating pattern, and hence provide a multi layered framework to the aquifer system. The upper most phreatic aquifer exhibits water table conditions, whereas

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comparatively deeper aquifers are semi-confined to confined type. The phreatic or water table aquifers are mainly recharged by rainfall, and seepage from surface water bodies viz. canals, lakes and ponds etc. The withdrawal of ground water from these aquifers is mainly made through the shallow tubewells of cavity/strainer type, borings, hand pumps and dug wells etc. The base flow of the perennial rivers/tributaries and the water requirements of the deep-rooted phreatophitic plants are also met by this upper most phreatic aquifer system. The unconfined aquifers are comparatively more sensitive to the seasonal and environmental changes. The deeper aquifers existing in between the prominent confining layers are under semi-confined to confined conditions, generally encountered below the depth of 50 mbgl. A perusal of subsurface geological sections there is by and large, two tier Aquifer system of the semiconfined to confined aquifers occurring down to the depth of 231 mbgl. In the marginal alluvial plains lying in the southwestern parts of the district under the Jagnair and Fatehpur Sikri blocks, only the upper tier of the semi-confined to confined aquifer system along with the upper most phreatic aquifer system exist where as the deeper second tier of the semi-confined to confined aquifer system is missing. In these two blocks, the ground water in the isolated hillocks, ridge and platues of Vindhyan sand stones/quartzites, generally occur in the joint planes,fractures and rocky residual materials of weathered mantle, and have very feeble prospects of ground water development for major water requirements.

6.1 FLORA AND FAUNA

FLORA – The flora of district is divided into three geographer categories viz. the ravined lands along the Yamuna and the Chambal, the non-ravined lands including the Yamuna-Chambal doab and the xerophytic areas of tehsil Kheragarh. In the first, xerophytic shrubs and stunted trees are also met with, the most common species being reonj (Acacialeucophloea), cheonkar (Prosopisspicigera),hins (Capparis horrid), pilua ( Salvadoraoleoides), arusa (Adhatodavasica), khajur (Phoenix species), hingota (Balanitesroxburghii), kari (Dichrostachyscivera), kakraunda (Carissa spicigera), chapat (Grewiaflavescens), kairukha (Diosphyroscardifolia), makoh (Zizyphusoenoplia), jharberi (Zizyphusnumularia) and ber (Zizyphusxylocarpus). The tops of the ravines are arid and barren and contain the more zerophytic species like kakril (Capparisaphylla) whereas the nullah beds and sides carry comparatively more vegetation of a less xerophytic character. The first six species that grow in the ravined lands are also found along the nullah beds and milder slopes. The vegetation is denser and richer in the parts of the ravines near the rivers but the parts further away are either barren or sparse in vegetation. In such areas useless grasses like safedlappa (Artistdaadscensionis) are found along with patches of bhanjura (Aphudamutica), chhotijargi (Bothriochloapertusa), jargu (Dichnthium annulateum), mueel (Iscilemalexumq) dab (Demostachyacipinnta), anjana (Ceuchrusciliaris) and doob. The ravine along the left bank of the Yamuna are less barren than those in the Yamuna-Chambal doab and on the right bank of the Chambal pilua (Salvadoraoleoides) occurs profusely and grows to a large size. The Yamuna-Chambal doab is almost devoid of any of these forest trees and is under

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cultivation. Groove lands of mango, khini (Manilkara hexandra) and buron (Krataevareligiosa) often occur in this area. In the dry and ravined areas of tehsil Kheragarh the same xerophytic species are two to six miles found as in the ravined lands, the southern part of this area being almost a desert. Forest plantations of babul, sheesham (Dalberjiasissoo), siris (Albizzialabbek) and neem (Azadirachtaindica) have been raised in blocks in all these three botanical divisions.

Fauna – The natural habitat for wild life is not uniform in all parts of the district. The forest cover is

less in the Etmadpur and Agra Sadar tehsils, where as it is more in the tehsils boarding either Madhya Pradesh or Rajasthan. The wild life of the district is more varied to the south of the Yamuna, particularly in the neighbourhood of the ravines along this river and the Chambal and in the hill tracts adjacent to Fatehpur Sikri and Kheragarh but birds are not found in great numbers due to the lack of cover and the sparse vegetation. The species met with are those that prefer wide open spaces rather than dense jungle. The most commonly seen animal is the nilgai or the blue bull (Boselaphustragocamelus). Foxes (Vulpesbengalensis) are also found in the district but are not very common. Small population of wolves is found in forest area. In Bah tehsil, Tigers and leopards were seen. Hyenas, wolves, jackals and foxes are found in the ravines of the tehsil. The ravine deer and nilgai are found in the tehsil, the former being found in both ravines and upland and the later found in the areas adjacent to ravines. In Kiraoli tehsil nilgais are also found.

6.2DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

An official Census 2011 detail of Agra, a district of Uttar Pradesh has been released by Directorate of Census Operations in Uttar Pradesh. Enumeration of key persons was also done by census officials in Agra District of Uttar Pradesh. In 2011, Agra had population of 4,418,797 of which male and female were 2,364,953 and 2,053,844 respectively. Agra had a population of 3,620,436 of which males were 1,961,282 and remaining 1,659,154 were females.

6.3ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP

An official Census 2011 detail of Agra, a district of Uttar Pradesh has been released by Directorate of Census Operations in Uttar Pradesh. Enumeration of key persons was also done by census officials in Agra District of Uttar Pradesh. In 2011, Agra had population of 4,418,797 of which male and female were 2,364,953 and 2,053,844 respectively. Agra had a population of 3,620,436 of which males were 1,961,282 and remaining 1,659,154 were females.

Source- http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2013_PART_B_DCHB_PALAMU.pdf

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7. PROJECT BENEFITS

The benefit from project are also envisaged as follows:

• To create storage of water behind Taj Mahal up to the level of 146.00 m • To improve the ground water level • Navigation

8. CONCLUSION

The main object of this project is to create storage of water in lean season up to level of 146.00 m, re-charging the ground water thus providing clean drinking water in the vicinity of Agra, valued or non-valued navigation through river routes reducing the pressure on other mode of transport. The development of green belt around the pond will improve the environment around the smart city of Agra and the Taj Mahal, which is a “World Heritage Monument”.

After the construction of Rubber dam the environment of nearby area will improve significantly. The ground water level is also likely to go up. Due to ponding acquaintance will develop and the humidity of the atmosphere is expected to increase, which will decrease the dryness and hotness of atmosphere resulting in major improvement of Taj Trapezium area. The

development of green belt around the pond will improve the environment.

The cost of the project is Rs. 413.34 crore.

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