8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

1/23

+

Child Psychology??? Psych 171First Semester, SY 2011-2012

UP Visayas

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

2/23

+ Developmental Psychology

- takes into account development throughout thelifespan

- the branch of psychology devoted tounderstanding all changes that human beingsexperience throughout the lifespan

Child Psychology- takes into account development from conception

through adolescence

- field of study devoted tounderstanding all aspects of

human growth fromconception throughadolescence

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

3/23

+Historical Foundations

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

4/23

+Historical Foundations

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

5/23

+Historical Foundations

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

6/23

+Historical Foundations

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

7/23

+Historical Foundations

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

8/23

+Historical Foundations

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

9/23

+Historical Foundations

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

10/23

+Historical Foundations

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

11/23

+An Emerging Consensus

All domains of development are interrelated Normal development includes a wide range of individual

difference

Children help shape their own development and influenceothers responses to them

Historical and cultural contexts strongly influence development Early experience is important, but children can be remarkably

resilient

Development in childhood is connected to developmentthroughout the rest of the life

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

12/23

+Important Concepts

Quantitative Change Change in number or amount Can you give an example?

Qualitative Change Change in kind, structure or organization Can you give an example?

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

13/23

+Important Concepts

Influences on Development Heredity Inborn influences or traits inherited from biological

parents

Environment Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influenceson development

Maturation Unfolding of a natural sequence of physical andbehavioral changes, including readiness to master new abilities

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

14/23

+Important Concepts

Normative Influences

Nonnormative Influences

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

15/23

+Important Concepts

Major Contextual InfluencesFamily : Nuclear or ExtendedSocioeconomic Status : Income, Education,

Occupation

Neighborhood, Nutrition, Schooling Risk Factors conditions that increase the likelihood of

negative developmental outcomes

Culture and EthnicityThe Historical Context time

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

16/23

+Important Concepts

Normative Influences Normative age-graded influences - are highly similar for

people in a particular age group

Normative history-graded influences are common to aparticular cohort (group of people who share a similar experience)

Nonnormative Influences unusual events that have a major impact

on individual lives and may cause stressbecause they are unexpected

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

17/23

+Important Concepts

Critical Periods Specific time when a given event, or its absence has the greatest

impact on development

Plasticity Modifiability of performance

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

18/23

+Domains of Development

Physical Development e.g., growth of the brain and body, sensory and motor skills,

health

Cognitive Development e.g., learning, memory, language, thinking, reasoning

Psychosocial Development e.g., personality, emotional life, and social relationships

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

19/23

+Periods of Development

Prenatal Period Conception to birthInfancy Birth to age 3

Early Childhood 3 to 6

Middle Childhood 6 to 11

Adolescence 11 to about 20

SocialConstruction

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

20/23

+Theoretical Issues

Theory Coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to

organize, explain, and predict data

Hypotheses Tentative explanations or predictions that can be tested by further

research

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

21/23

+Issue 1: Heredity or Environment

Theorists have differed in the relative importance they giveto nature and nurture

How do these two work together?

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

22/23

+Issue 2: Are children active or

passive in their development?Mechanistic ModelViews development as a passive predictable response to stimuli

Organismic ModelViews development as internally initiated by an active organism

and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages

8/6/2019 Child Psych Historical Foundations

23/23

+Issue 3: Is development continuous

or does it occur in stages? Can you think of Theories that adhere to a continuous view of

development?

Theories that adhere to a discontinuous view ofdevelopment?

N.B.: lessons were culled

from Berk (1997) and

Papalia, Olds & Feldman (2007, 2010)