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C O N T E N T S
3
CONTENTS
N O R T H A M E R I C A
4 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
6 CANADA
7 MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA
S O U T H A M E R I C A
8 SOUTH AMERICA
E U R O P E
10 BRITISH ISLES
11 FRANCE
12 NORTHERN EUROPE
13 GERMANY AND THE LOW COUNTRIES
14 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
15 ITALY
16 CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
17 SOUTHEAST EUROPE
18 RUSSIA
A S I A
20 MIDDLE EAST
21 SOUTHERN ASIA
22 CHINA
24 SOUTHEAST ASIA
25 JAPAN
O C E A N I A
26 AUSTRALIA
A F R I C A
28 NORTHERN AFRICA
30 SOUTHERN AFRICA
32 INDEX
C O N T E N T S
2
South Pole
ANTARCTICA
First published in 2009 by Orpheus Books Ltd., 6 Church Green, Witney, Oxfordshire OX28 4AW England
www.orpheusbooks.com
Copyright © 2009 Orpheus Books Ltd
Created and produced by Orpheus Books Ltd
Text Claire Aston
Illustrators Gary Hincks, Steve Noon
Map on pages 4-5: Olive Pearson
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner.
ISBN 978 1 905473 44 1
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library.
Printed and bound in Singapore
N O R T H
A M E R I C A
S O U T H
A M E R I C A
AT L AN T I C
O C E AN
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
A F R I C A
E U R O P E
Greenland
S a h a r a
An
de
s
Mount a i n
s
Rocky
Equator
A S I A
I N D I A N
O C E A N
O C E A N I A
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
G o b i
Himalayas
A R C T I C O C E A N
�
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Before the first settlers arrived fromEurope, the Native Americans were theonly inhabitants of the USA. Today,Americans can trace their ancestors from allparts of the world. Many black Americansare the descendents of slaves brought overfrom Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries.
The Gateway Arch stands on the bank ofthe Mississippi river in St. Louis,Missouri. At 192 metres high, it is thehighest monument in the world. It wasbuilt in 1965, to symbolize the“Gateway to the West”. In the 19thcentury, many people travelled westfrom St. Louis to begin a new life inOregon and California.
N O R T H A M E R I C A
5
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
THE UNITED STATES of Americastretches from the Atlantic Ocean in
the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west.Numbered among its 50 states are Alaska,which lies to the northwest of Canada, andthe Pacific islands of Hawaii.Running down the northeastern side of
the USA are the densely-forestedAppalachian Mountains. To their northwestlie the Great Lakes, vast inland seas thatwere gouged out by glaciers during the IceAges and filled by their meltwaters. To theeast lie the coastal lowlands, where great
cities such as New York, Boston andWashington have grown up.Covering the central belt of the USA is a
vast, flat area of farmland. In the northernpart, crops such as wheat and maize aregrown, while cotton, tobacco and nuts arecultivated further south. The vast Mississippiriver cuts through several of the midwesternstates, dividing the USA in two.West of the high Rocky Mountains, the
climate is drier, and the landscape morerugged. Wide areas of hot desert stretchacross the southwestern states of Nevadaand Arizona. Near the west coast, theclimate becomes milder. Rich farmlandnestles among the mountain ranges ofCalifornia and the northwestern states.
The famous symbol of San Francisco, theGolden Gate bridge spans the entrance toSan Francisco bay. It carries cars andpedestrians for 2.7 km across the water.
N O R T H A M E R I C A
4
G r e a t
B a s i n
SEATTLE
PORTLAND
SANFRANCISCO
LOS ANGELES
SAN DIEGO
LAS VEGAS
R a n g e
PHOENIX
EL PASO
ALBUQUERQUE
SALTLAKE CITY
DENVER
DALLAS
NEW ORLEANS
BIRMINGHAM
KANSAS CITY
ST LOUIS
CHICAGO
OMAHA
MINNEAPOLIS
CINCINNATI
INDIANAPOLIS
PITTSBURGH
BOSTON
MIAMI
TAMPA
W Y O M I N G
U TA H
K A N S A S
N E VA D A I OWA
N E W M E X I C O
A R I Z O N A
I D A H O
BALTIMORE
WASHINGTON, D.C.
PHILADELPHIA
CLEVELAND
BUFFALO
M I C H I G A N
F L OR I D
A
WA S H I N G T O N
N E B R A S K A
S O U T HD A KO TA
I L L I N O I S
G E O R G I A
K E N T U C K Y
A L A B A M A
N O R T H C A R O L I N A
ATLANTICOCEAN
VT.
N.H.
MASS.
N.J.
DEL.MD.
CONN.
V I R G I N I A
N E WY O R K
W E S TV I R G I N I A
C o a s t
Rocky M
ountains
Rocky
Mountains
L. Superior
L. Erie
L. Ontario
GreatSalt Lake
Arkansas
Ohio
GULF OF MEXICO
Rio G
rande
Scale 0 400 km
Misso
uri
Red
Snake
Colorado
North Platte
CanyonGrand
L. Huron
Mississippi
L. M
ichigan
Mountains
Appal a
chi a
n
Sierra Nevada
M A I N E
P E N N S Y LVA N I A
S O U T HC A R O L I N A
L O U I S I A N A
I N D I A N A
A R K A N S A S MI S S I S S I P
PI
T E N N E S S E E
N O R T HD A KO TA
M I N N E S O TA
W I S C O N S I N
O H I O
M I S S O U R I
O K L A H O M A
C O L O R A D O
M O N TA N A
CAL I F O
RNI A
O R E G O N
NEW YORK
DETROIT
ATLANTA
JACKSONVILLE
MEMPHIS
T E X A S
HOUSTONSANANTONIO
MILWAUKEE
A L A S K A
ANCHORAGE
Aleutian Is. Scale 0 600 km
R.I.
H AWA I I
HONOLULU
Scale 0 150 km
New Orleans, in thesouthern state of Louisiana,is the home of jazz andblues music. This camefrom the songs of the earlyblack population. The citywas devastated in 2005 byHurricane Katrina.
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Rice winnowing onHaiti (below). Therice is sieved toremove the grain fromthe outer husks.
C A R I B B E A N I S L A N D SThe beautiful islands of the Caribbean arepopular tourist resorts. They also exportcrops such as sugar, bananas and coffee.Volcanic eruptions and frequent hurricanesare a constant threat to the islanders.Many Caribbean people are descended fromblack African slaves. Their cultures are amixture of African and European traditions.
MEXICO ANDCENTRAL AMERICA
MEXICO and the countries that makeup Central America form a link
between North and South America. Mexicois a mountainous country, with desert in thenorth, tropical forest in the south and acentral plateau of fertile land. Its cities sufferfrom over crowding and pollution.Central America is a mainly agricultural
area. Bananas and coffee are grown, andcattle are raised. There is a constant threat ofvolcanoes, earthquakes and hurricanes.The first European settlers of this region
were Spanish. They controlled the land forhundreds of years. Most Mexicans andCentral Americans speak Spanish today.
N O R T H A M E R I C A
7
CANADA
ALTHOUGH larger in size than theUSA, Canada has a much smaller
population than its neighbour. Most of thecountry is covered with vast coniferousforests, mountains and lakes, where bears,wolves, cougars and moose are abundant. Inthe far north, and on the Arctic islands, theground is permanently frozen. On thisbarren land, known as the tundra, plantsgrow only in the short summer.Some native peoples, including the Inuit,
live in the icy northern territories, but mostCanadians live in the south, near the borderwith the USA. The largest cities are locatedin the east. Further west, in the provinces ofAlberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, lies awide expanse of fertile, low-lying landknown as the Great Plains, or prairies,where most of Canada’s wheat crop isgrown. The western part of Canada isdominated by mountain ranges, includingthe Rocky Mountains, which stretch onsouth across the USA.
In the 16th century, the first Europeansettlers arrived in Canada from both Franceand Great Britain. French and English arestill the official languages spoken today.Most French-speaking Canadians live in theprovince of Québec, and many wish to seeit declared a separate country.
Grain from the fertile prairies is stored ingrain elevators before being distributedaround Canada and abroad.
N O R T H A M E R I C A
6
VANCOUVER
CALGARY
TORONTO
MONTRÉAL
EDMONTON
WINNIPEG
OTTAWA
QUÉBEC
ST. JOHN’S
B R I T I S HC O L U M B I A
N E WB R U N S W I C K
Melville I.
UngavaPeninsula
VictoriaIsland
HUDSONBAY
BAFFINBAY
Hudson Strait
Gulf of St. Lawrence
GreatBear Lake
Great Slave Lake
L. Winnipeg
L.Superior
L. HuronL. Ontario
Macken
zie
Rocky M
ountai n
s
Scale 0 500 km
P R I N C EE DWA R D I .
N O VA S C O T I A
N O R T H W E S TT E R R I T O R I E S
N U N AV U TY U KO N
EllesmereIsland
N E W F O U N D L A N D
SASKATCHEWAN
B a f f i n I s l a n d
BanksI.
A L B E R TA
Q U É B E C
O N TA R I O
M A N I T O B A
HALIFAX
DAWSON
REGINA
LABRADOR
ARCT IC OCEAN
YELLOWKNIFE
MEXICALI
CIUDADJUÁREZ
RioGrande
M E X I C O
GUADALAJARA
MEXICOCITY
VERACRUZ
MONTERREY
GULF OF MEXICO
BELIZE
HONDURAS
SAN SALVADOR
GUATEMALA
COSTA RICA
NICARAGUA
MANAGUA
SANJOSÉ
TEGUCIGALPA
EL SALVADOR
MÉRIDA
YucatánPeninsula
Scale0 600 km PANAMA
PanamaCanal
PANAMA
VILLAHERMOSA
CULIACÁN
Scale0 600 km
BELMOPAN
Baja California
HAITI
DOMINICANREPUBLIC
JAMAICAKINGSTON
HAVANA
CUBA
BAHAMAS
CARIBBEAN SEA
PUERTORICO(US)
SANTODOMINGO
AB
C
DE
F GHI
J KL
M
N
A VIRGIN IS. (Br. & US)B ST. MARTIN (France & Neths)C ANGUILLA (Br.)D ST. KITTS & NEVISE ANTIGUA & BARBUDAF GUADELOUPE (France)G DOMINICA
H MARTINIQUE (France)I ST. LUCIAJ ST. VINCENT
& THE GRENADINESK BARBADOSL GRENADAM TRINIDAD & TOBAGON NETHERLANDS
ANTILLES (Neths)
This volcano, Arenal,rises from the rain -forest of Costa Rica.
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The northern Andean countries of
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia are
also rich in minerals. Fertile farming land is
scarce, so farmers have cut terraces into the
hillsides to form level fields. Cotton,
sugarcane, coffee and bananas are grown in
the warm lowlands, while cereals and
potatoes grow in higher, cooler regions.
Economic problems and political unrest
have caused poverty in these countries.
Further south is the long, narrow country
of Chile. Mining, especially copper, is very
important in the Andes Mountains, while
the valleys are fertile, producing cereals,
fruits and vines. East of the Andes are the
open grasslands, known as pampas, of
Argentina and Uruguay. Here, millions of
cattle and sheep graze on vast ranches. They
are exported for their meat and wool.
Chile, Uruguay and Argentina all have
modern cities and a high standard of living.
The Gran Chaco, a dry, scrubland plain,
covers much of northwest Paraguay. Cattle
are farmed and cotton grown in the more
fertile south and east. Paraguay has the
world’s largest hydro-electric project, the
Itaipú Dam on the Paraná river.
The “Train of the Clouds” crosses th
eviaduct o
f Polvorilla in
northern Argentina.
South Am
erican ra
ilways are am
ong the
highest in the world.
S O U T H A M E R I C A
9
SO
UT
H A
ME
RIC
A
VENEZUELA, the Guianas (Guyana,
Surinam and French Guiana) and
Brazil are rich in natural resources such as
oil, bauxite, silver and other minerals. Brazil
also produces coffee, sugar and fruit for
export, while Guyana has large sugar
plantations. Despite these resources, there is
a great contrast in the distribution of
wealth. A few people are very rich, while
others live in poverty. The towns and cities
are densely populated with people looking
for work. Clusters of poor housing known
as shantytowns, built from whatever
materials can be found, sprawl around the
edges of cities such as Rio de Janeiro and
São Paulo.
This girl is a native of th
e Am
azon ra
inforest. T
hefew Amazon In
dian tribes th
at still live in th
e forest
rely on it for food, shelter a
nd medicines. S
ome
build villages and grow crops while others are
nomadic hunters.
S O U T H A M E R I C A
8
CARIBBEAN SEA
BELÉM
FORTALEZA
RECIFE
SALVADOR
COLO
MBIA
Mountains
Andes
BOGOTÁ
CALI
MARACAIBO
CARACAS
Orinoco
VEN
EZ
UELA
MEDELLÍN
G U Y A N A
GEORGETOWN
PARAMARIBO
SURINA
MCAYENNE
FREN
CHGU
IANA
Negro
Japurá
Amazon
Amazon
MANAUS
Madeira
Scale
0 600 km
PORTO ALEGRE
CURITIBA
SÃO
PAULO
CAMPINAS
RIO DE JANEIRO
BELO HORIZONTE
ParanáB
RASÍLIA
Brazilian H
ighlands
B
R
A
Z
I
L
Xingu
Tocantins
São Fran
cisco
Guiana
Highlands
ATLA
NTIC OCEAN
QUITO
Ucayali
AREQUIPA
IQUIQUE
SUCRE
A n
d e s
M
n t a i n
s
ANTOFAGASTA
PARAGUAY
ASUNCIÓN
TUCUMÁN
CORDOBA
VALPARAÍSO
SANTIAGO
CONCEPCIÓN
MENDOZA
Aconcagua
o u
BO
LIVIA
SANTA CRUZ
P E
R U
LA PAZ
L. Titicaca
CUZCO
LIMA
TRUJILLO
Marañón
ECUA
DOR
GUAYAQUIL
Paraná
SANTA FE URUG
UAY
MONTEVIDEO
MAR DEL PLATA
P a
m p
a s
Cape Horn
Magellan
’s Strait
FALK
LAND
ISLAND
S (Br.)
COMODORO
RIVADAVIA
s M o u n t a i n s
A n d e
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Atacama Desert
Tier
ra d
elFu
ego
Gran Ch
aco
Paraguay
C H I L E
ARGENTIN
A
P A T A G O N I A
BAHÍA BLANCARio de la Plata
BUENOS AIRES
ROSARIO
Salado
IQUITOS
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FRANCE
FRANCE shares borders with severalother countries on its eastern side, butthe north and west look on to the sea. Inthe south, the Pyrenees mountains separateFrance from Spain, while the Alps form aborder with Italy in the east. TheMediterranean Sea gives the south coast itswarm climate and makes it a populardestination for tourists.Much of France, especially in the north,
is strongly agricultural. Many large riverswind across fertile, undulating plains. Franceexports large quantities of food and wine,famous for its quality. It also has modernmanufacturing and chemical industries.Nuclear power provides much of thecountry’s electricity supplies.
Most people in France are descendedfrom ancient peoples including the Gauls, aCentral European tribe, and the Franks,after whom the country is named. Morerecently, people from France’s formercolonies in North Africa have made theirhomes in France.
Mont-Saint-Michel and itsmedieval abbey stand just offthe coast of Normandy, innorthern France. At hightide, the sea coversthe roadleading to it.
E U R O P E
11
The United Kingdom was oncedominated by heavy industries such as coal-mining and shipbuilding. Today, lightindustry such as plastics manufacture andelectronics, as well as communications andfinancial services, have become important.Once the hub of a worldwide empire,
Britain still plays a leading role in inter -national affairs. Its language, English, isspoken as a second language all over theworld, and is dominant on the Internet andother areas of international communication.
E U R O P E
10
British towns and villageshave houses that date back
hundreds of years. Manyare still lived in today.
INVERNESS
ABERDEEN
GLASGOW
DUNDEE
EDINBURGH
NEWCASTLE
LEEDS
E N G L A N D
S C O T L A N D
NORTHERNIRELAND
WA
LE
SI R E L A N D
HULL
MANCHESTER
CAMBRIDGE
NOTTINGHAM
OXFORD
CARDIFF
SHEFFIELDLIVERPOOL
LONDON
BIRMINGHAM
NORWICH
BRISTOL
SOUTHAMPTON
BRIGHTON
DUBLIN
I R I S H S E A
A T L A N T I CO C E A N
LONDONDERRY
PLYMOUTH
CORK
E N G L I S H C H A N N E L
BELFAST
NO RTHS E A
Bristol Channel
LochNess
Thames
Severn
Orkney Is.
Mull
Skye
Ou
te
rH
eb
r i de
s
Scale 0 100 km
LILLE
ROUENLE HAVRE
PARIS
REIMS
NANCY
STRASBOURG
DIJON
ORLÉANSLE MANS
NANTES
RENNES
BREST
POITIERS
BORDEAUX
BIARRITZ
TOULOUSE
PERPIGNAN
MONTPELLIER
AVIGNON
MARSEILLE TOULON
NICE
GRENOBLE
LYONCLERMONT-FERRAND
LIMOGES
MONACO
B R I T T A N Y
N O R M A N D Y
B U R G U N D Y
P R O V E N C E
G A S C O N Y
M a s s i fC e n t r a l
Al
psBAY OF
BISCAY
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Seine
Loire
Vien
ne
CherLoir
e
Saône
Rhône
Tarn
Dordogne
Garonne
P y r e n e e s
Scale 0 100 km
CALAIS
AJACCIO
CORSICA
BRITISH ISLES
THE BRITISH ISLES includes the largeislands of Great Britain and Ireland,
and many smaller islands. England,Scotland, Wales and NorthernIreland make up the UnitedKingdom. The rest of Ireland becameindependent in 1922. For many yearsconflict has divided the Catholic andProtestant people of Northern Ireland. Mountains dominate the sparsely
populated north of Scotland. NorthernEngland and Wales also have large areas ofuplands. Central and southern England are adense mix of farmland, towns and cities.Because of its mild, wet climate, Ireland isfamous for its lush green landscape.
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GERMANY AND THELOW COUNTRIES
AT THE CENTRE of Europe liesGermany, with its neighbours Austria
and Switzerland, and the “low countries” ofBelgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Germany is flat and fertile in the north
and heavily forested in the hills of thecentral and southern areas. It is a wealthycountry, and an industrial leader, producingcars, electrical goods and chemicals forexport all over the world.The Alps rise in the south of Germany.
Much of the area of Austria andSwitzerland is taken up by Alpinepeaks and valleys. Thesepicturesque, prosperous countriesalso have modern industries.
The Netherlands is famous for its dairygoods and fields of flowers. Belgium is aland of two regions: the north, Dutch-speaking Flanders, is mostly level farmland,while the south, French-speaking Walloniais hilly, wooded country.
E U R O P E
13
NORTHERN EUROPE
NORWAY, Sweden and Denmark aretogether known as Scandinavia. Along
with Finland and the volcanic island ofIceland, they form the Nordic countries.Some parts of Norway, Sweden and Finlandlie within the Arctic Circle, where the sunnever sets in high summer, but never risesin the depths of the long, cold winter.Norway and Sweden are mountainous
countries, while Finland and Denmark arelow-lying. Finland is covered with denseconiferous forests and many lakes. In the
The city ofStockholm,capital ofSweden.
Skinny Bridge crossesa canal in Amsterdam,Netherlands
past, glaciers have carved out the manyinlets, or fjords, in Norway’s coastline.The Nordic countries are prosperous and
have low populations. They are importantproducers of timber, and are also worldleaders in manufacturing. Denmark is also afarming country, with many dairy and pigfarms.The Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia
and Lithuania used to be part of the formerSoviet Union. Timber, fishing and farmingare their most important industries.
E U R O P E
12
TROMSØ
LULEÅ
OSLO
STAVANGER
MALMO
TRONDHEIM
COPENHAGEN
ÅRHUS
N
O
R
W
A
Y
D E N M A R K
S
W
E
D
E
N
F I N L A N D
L A P L A N D
E S T O N I A
L I T H U A N I A
L A T V I A
G u l f o f
F in l a
n d
S ka g
e rr a
kVänern
Saaremaa
B A L T I C S E A
Gulf of Bothnia
VätternGotland
Åland Is.
Scale 0 150 km
ODENSE
BERGEN
STOCKHOLM
KIRUNA
Inari
HAMMERFEST
TURKU
RIGA
TALLINN
KUOPIO
KAUNAS
OULU
TAMPERE
HELSINKI
LIEPAJA
VILNIUS
UPPSALA
NORRKÖPING
GÖTEBORG
G E R M A N Y
A U S T R I A
S W I T Z E R L A N D
LIECHTENSTEIN
KIEL
BREMENHAMBURG
ROSTOCKLÜBECK
BERLIN
LEIPZIG
DRESDEN
MAGDEBURGBIELEFELD
DÜSSELDORF
DORTMUND
BONN
FRANKFURT
MANNHEIM
STUTTGART
ESSEN
COLOGNE
NÜRNBERG
MUNICH
ZÜRICH
BERN
SALZBURG
BASEL
GENEVA
INNSBRUCK
LINZVIENNA
Elbe
Weser
Ems
Danube
Oder
A
l
p
s
Scale 0 200 km
Black Forest
KLAGENFURT
NORTHSEA
BALTIC SEA
L. Geneva
Rhine Danube
Inn
Main
Rhine
RuhrDUISBURG
NETHERL ANDSAMSTERDAM
THE HAGUE
ROTTERDAM
ANTWERP
B E L G I U M
BRUSSELSLIÈGE
LUXEMBOURGLUXEMBOURG
HANNOVER
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AKUREYRI
I C E L A N D
REYKJAVIK
MÁLAGASierra N
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ITALY
SURROUNDED on threesides by the MediterraneanSea, Italy is shaped like a boot about to kicka stone—the island of Sicily. The Alps,including the jagged, limestone Dolomites,form the border in the north. Running thelength of the boot down to the toe are thethickly-wooded Apennines. Both Sicily andSardinia are rugged, hilly islands. Italy also has three active volcanoes:
Vesuvius, Stromboli and Etna. In AD 79,Vesuvius erupted, burying the town ofPompeii. The remains of a great Romancivilization have since been uncovered. Northern Italy is more prosperous than
the south, Sicily and Sardinia. There aremajor industrial cities such as Milan andTurin, vineyards, and fields of wheat, maizeand tomatoes. The Vatican City, which lies within the
city of Rome, is the smallest independentstate in the world. It is home to the Pope,the head of the Catholic church.
E U R O P E
15
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
THE IBERIAN PENINSULA, dividedbetween the countries of Spain and
Portugal, is separated from the rest ofEurope by the Pyrenees mountains. Thecore of the peninsula is a plateau called theMeseta, a landscape of plains crossed byseveral mountain ranges.Spain has four official languages—
Galician, Catalan, Basque as well asSpanish—and several dialects. The north ofthe country, Spain’s industrial heartland, iscooler and wetter. Central Spain is muchdrier. Large areas are barren or given overto rough pasture for sheep and goats. Touristresorts have grown up along theMediterranean coast. Andalucia is famousfor bull-fighting, sherry, orange trees andflamenco dancers.Portugal has long held close ties with the
sea. Famous for its explorers, Portuguese
sailors founded colonies in Africa, Asia andAmerica more than 500 years ago. Today,farming and fishing are among the mainindustries—supplying the world withanchovies, sardines, shellfish, cork and port,a sweet wine produced in the region nearPorto. Along the drier south coast is theAlgarve, popular with tourists.
E U R O P E
14
A p
e n
n i n
e s
TURIN
CATANIA
SASSARI
CAGLIARI
PALERMOMESSINA
TARANTO
BARI
NAPLES
ROME
PESCARA
PERUGIA
ANCONALIVORNO
FLORENCE
BOLOGNA
PARMA
GENOA
TRIESTE
VENICE
BOLZANO
MILAN
S A R D I N I A
Scale0 100 km
Tiber
Arno
Adige
Po
Po
A D R I A T I CS E A
Vesuvius
MEDITERRANEANSEA
T Y R R H E N I A N S E A
EtnaS I C I L Y
SAN MARINO
VATICAN CITYSTATE
Al p
s
A p e n n i n e s
Elba
Stromboli
S P A I N
P O
R T
U
G
A L
ANDORRA
GIBRALTAR (BR.)
A CORUÑA SANTANDER
BILBAO
DONOSTIA
BARCELONA
LLEIDAZARAGOZA
BURGOS
LEÓN
PORTO
VALLADOLID
MADRID
VALENCIA
ALACANT
MURCIA
LISBON
SEVILLAGRANADA
CÁDIZ
PALMA
Mallorca
Menorca
Ibiza
MEDITERRANEANSEA
EbroDouro
Tagus
Guadiana
Guadalqui
vir
ATLANTIC OCEAN
P y r e n e e s
G A L I C I A
A R A G O N
C A T A L O N
I A
A N D A L U C I AA L G A R V E
BASQUEPROVINCES
ALBACETECIUDAD REAL
La Mancha
Scale 0 100 km
Venice was built on an island in alagoon. Instead of streets and cars,there are canals and gondolas.
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.The Luiz I bridge spans the River Douro atPorto, Northern Portugal.
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SOUTHEAST EUROPE
THE BALKANS, which make up mostof south-east Europe, are lands of
rugged mountains and deep valleys. Wintersare cold, but cotton, tobacco and grapes canbe grown in the warm summers. Several ofthese countries were once part ofYugoslavia. The creation of new borders, as
The Corinth Canal cutsacross a narrow stretchof the Greek mainland tocreate a sea route.
well as clashes between ethnic groups, hasled to conflict.Greece is one of the oldest nations in
Europe. As a mountainous country, farmingspace is limited, and its olive groves andvineyards are scattered along the hillsides.Greece has many islands, and a large part ofits economy relies on a large shippingindustry and tourism.
Slovenian farm buildings have a woodenframe called a kozolec to store hay.
E U R O P E
17
CENTRAL ANDEASTERN EUROPE
MUCH OF CENTRAL and EasternEurope is flat, low-lying land. A large
part of this is given over to farming, butnative forest still remains in upland areas,where elk, wolves and bison roam. Thenorthern part of this region has warmsummers but cold winters. Crops such aspotatoes and cereals are grown, and animalsare farmed for their milk and meat.Heavy industries such as mining, metal -
working, car production and glass-makingare important for the economy of Poland.Pollution from the burning of coal toproduce electricity, and from factories andcars, threatens the environment.In the south, the forested Sudetes and
Carpathian Mountain ranges rim the CzechRepublic and cover much of Slovakia.Cereals, root vegetables and livestock arefarmed in the valleys. The fertile lowlands ofHungary are scattered with orchards andvineyards. All three countries have vehicle,chemical and textile industries.The undulating lowlands of the Ukraine
with their fertile “black earth” have long
been intensively cultivated. There are fieldsof wheat, barley, sugar beet and sunflowers.Manufacturing is concentrated in theUkraine’s southeastern cities. The borders of Central and Eastern
Europe have changed many times over theyears. Until recently, many countries werecontrolled by, or were part of the formerSoviet Union. They are now independent,and starting to grow in prosperity.
Odesa is a major industrial port on thesouth coast of the Ukraine. The warmwaters of the Black Sea have made thiscoast a popular destination for tourists.
E U R O P E
16
SZCZECIN
WARSAW
WROCL/ AW
KRAKOW
BRNO
PÉCS
GDANSK
KALININGRAD
POZNAN
PRAGUE
BRATISLAVA
BUDAPEST
LVOV
VITSYEBSK
MINSK
KHARKIV
DNIPROPETROVSK
DONETSK
MARIUPOL
KHERSON
ODESA
U K R A I N E
B E L A R U S
P O L A N D
C Z E C H R E P U B L I C
S L O V A K I A
BLACK SEA
BALTIC SEA
Sea of Azov
Dnieper
Danube
Dnieper
Bug
Dniester
Pripet
Vistula
H U N G A R Y
C a r p a t h i a n M t s .
S u d e t e s
PripetMarshes
C R I M E A
KIEV
PART OF
RUSSIA
Scale 0 300 km
LJUBLJANA
SARAJEVO
ZAGREB
SPLIT
BELGRADE
SKOPJE
Carp
athian Mts.
Bosporus
SOFIA
CHISINAU
BUCHAREST
ISTANBUL
TIRANË
ATHENS
THESSALONIKI
IZMIR
ANKARA
SAMSUN
ADANA
ANTALYA
ERZURUM
NICOSIA
SLOVENIAC ROAT I A
BO S N I A
SERBIA
R O M A N I A
MOLDOVA
B U L G A R I A
MACEDONIAALBANIA
Scale 0 300 km
G R E E C E T U R K E Y
CYPRUS
A D R I AT I CS E A
AEGEANSEA
B L A C K S E A
Danube
Euphrates
Tigris
L. Van
L. TuzKefallonia
Corfu
Lesbos
Khios
Rhodes
KarpathosCrete
HOMYEL
Turkey is split between Europe andAsia by a narrow stretch of water calledthe Bosporus. Turkey’s coasts are warm,but the dry grasslands of its interior canbe bitterly cold in winter. Turkey isfamous for its craft industry, especiallycarpets and pottery. Its Mediterraneancoastline and ancient sites also make ita popular tourist destination.
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
MONTENEGRO
PODGORICA
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Many people in Tajikistan work in smallfactories, making carpets and textiles.
C E N T R A L A S I AKazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are theCentral Asian republics. Much of the regionis desert and dry grassland, with mountainsto the south. There are reserves of coal, gasand metal ores.South of the Caucasus mountain range lie
Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Theirfertile land produces many crops, and alsohas reserves of oil and gas. The Caucasuscontains many different ethnic groups andoften experiences conflict.
19
Scattered around the fringes of the ArcticOcean are a number of small communities.They herd reindeer or cattle, and use animalskins to keep warm as their ancestors did.The Trans-Siberian Railway runs from
Moscow across the southern part of Siberia.It is a vital link for people and industry
Many old Russian buildings are made ofwood. This church stands on an island inLake Onega, near St. Petersburg.
between east and west. The longest line inthe world, it takes eight days to travel.Since the collapse of the Soviet Union,
Russia, for all its natural mineral wealth,long-established industries and advancedtechnology, is struggling to develop itseconomy.
E U R O P E
18
ST. PETERSBURGL. Ladoga
L. Onega
MURMANSK
MOSCOW
TULA
NIZHNIY NOVGOROD
KAZAN
VORONEZH
ROSTOV
VOLGOGRAD
Caucasus M
ts.
ASTRAKHAN
SAMARAYEKATERINBURG
TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY
OMSK
NOVOSIBIRSK KRASNOYARSK
NORVIK
YAKUTSK
IRKUTSK
ULAN-UDE
KHABAROVSK
VLADIVOSTOK
MAGADAN
TBILISI
YEREVAN
BAKU
SAMARKAND
TASHKENT ALMATY
ASTANA
DUSHANBE
BISHKEK
K A Z A K H S T A N
TURKMENISTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
UZBEKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
AZERBAIJAN
ARMENIA
GEORGIA
A R C T I C O C E A N
SEA OFOKHOTSK
Sakhalin
KamchatkaPeninsula
New Siberian Is.
SevernayaZemlya
Lena
S I B E R I A
Amur
BARENTSSEA
CaspianSea
Aral Sea
L. Balkhash
L.Baikal
WhiteSea
ObVolg
a
R U S S I AUra
l Mountain
s
Yenisey
Lower Tunguska
Angara
IrtyshSyr Darya
NovayaZemlya
Scale 0 600 km
ASHKHABAD
RUSSIA
STRETCHING between two continents,Europe and Asia, Russia is the largestcountry in the world. Until 1991 it was partof the Soviet Union. Most of Russia’spopulation live west of the Ural Mountains,in the European part, many in the big citiesof Moscow and St. Petersburg. Also in thisarea lies a good part of Russia’s farmland,producing cereals and root crops. East of the Ural mountains is Siberia, a
vast area of sparsely populated land. Theclimate is harsh, with frozen tundra in thenorth and thick coniferous forest, known astaiga, further south. The deepest lake in theworld, Lake Baikal, is found in the south-east. Siberia is rich in coal, oil, gas and metalores. The region has a small population, buta large number of different peoples.
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SOUTHERN ASIA
THE INDIAN subcontinentencompasses India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka.Much of the northern region ismountainous, with the Himalaya andKarakoram ranges forming a border withthe rest of Asia. A region of desert coverseastern Pakistan and northeast India,bordering areas of more fertile land, wherefarmers grow rice and cotton. The Gangesvalley is one of the most intensely cultivatedregions in the world. Sri Lanka has large teaplantations, and is a popular tourist resort.Southern Asia is home to many peoples,
with thousands of different languages andseveral religions. But many people are alsovery poor. Most are farmers who rely onthe monsoon rains to water their crops.They suffer badly when there are droughtsor floods, especially in low-lying countriessuch as Bangladesh. Years of civil war havealso added to the poverty in Afghanistanand Burma.However, some Southern Asian countries
are becoming more and moreindustrialized. India has an importantmanufacturing industry, producing textiles,clothing and machinery. Its large cities areovercrowded with people who have comefrom the countryside looking for work.
A S I A
21
A S I A
20
KUWAIT
DAMASCUS
BEIRUT
MEDINA
MANAMA
DOHA
MAKKAHJIDDAH
ALEPPO MOSUL
TABRIZ
TEHRAN
MASHHAD
KERMAN
ESFAHAN
SHIRAZ
BANDARABBAS
ABADAN
BAGHDAD
JERUSALEM
TEL AVIV
BASRA
AMMAN
ABU DHABIRIYADH
DUBAI
MUSCAT
RE
ADEN
PERSIAN GULF
R u b al
K h a l i
S A U D I A R A B I A
I R A N
Y E M E N
O M
A N
S Y R I A
JORDAN
UNITED ARABEMIRATES
QATAR
ISRAEL
LEBANON
BAHRAIN
KUWAIT
KURDISTAN
MESOPOTAMIA
A nN a f u d
ARABIAN SEA
Tigris
Euphrates
L. Urmia
Dasht-e Kavir
I R A Q
CASPIANSEA
D SEA
SAN‘A
MUKALLA
GAZASTRIP
OMAN
Scale0 400 km
VARANASI
KANPUR
NEW DELHI
DELHI
ISLAMABAD
RAWALPINDI
MULTAN
KARACHI
KABUL
A F GH AN I S TA N
PA K I S T A N
ARABIAN SEA
K a r a k o r a m
D e c c a n
W e s t e
r n G
h a t s
T h a rD e s e r t
G ha t
s
KASHMIR
Indus
Ganges
Brahm
aputra
HYDERABAD
JAIPUR
Irrawaddy
Salween
H i m a l a y a s
Andaman Is. (India)
B A Y O F B E N G A L
I N D I A N O C E A N
ASSAM
Scale 0 500 km
SRI LANKA
BHUTAN
BANGLADESH
NE P A L
B U R M A(MYANMAR)
MUMBAI(BOMBAY)
KOLKATA(CALCUTTA)
DHAKA
THIMPHU
CHITTAGONG
CHENNAI(MADRAS)
BANGALORE
COLOMBO
MANDALAY
HYDERABAD
NAGPUR
INDOREAHMADABAD
KATHMAND
YANGON
I N D I A
East ern
LAHORE
MIDDLE EAST
THE COUNTRIES of southwest Asiaare known as the Middle East. Much of
this region is covered with mountains ordesert, and has a hot, dry climate. The mostfertile areas are along the Mediterraneancoast and the river floodplains of easternIraq. Here, crops such as cereals and citrusfruits can be grown. Other Middle Eastern countries, such as
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United ArabEmirates, have become very wealthy despite
their lack of water and mostly barren land.They have huge reserves of oil, which theyexport to the rest of the world.Some Middle Eastern cities date back
thousands of years. Many have a pattern ofnarrow, winding streets around a centralmarket and mosque for worship. OutsideIsrael, a Jewish state, most people follow thereligion of Islam, but there is also frequentconflict between religious and ethnicgroups. Border and territorial disputesbetween countries have also led to wars inthe Middle East.
In many cities, taxicabs compete withhorse- or evenhuman-drawn taxis.
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A S I A
23
Farmers bring their produceinto the city markets to sell.
A S I A
22
PYONGYANG
SEOUL
JINAN
Grand CanalHuang
HONG KONG
GUANGZHOU
Hainan
WUHAN
NANJING
ZHENGZHOUXI'AN
SHANGHAI
T'AIPEI
Yangtse
TAIWAN
C H I N A
EASTCHINASEA
SOUTHCHINA SEA
CHONGQING
CHENGDU
KUNMING
CHANGSHA
TIANJIN
PUSANQINGDAO
TAIYUAN
BEIJING
SOUTHKOREA
NORTHKOREA
YELLOW SEA
SHENYANG
HARBIN
Scale0 400 km
LHASA
LANZHOU
G
O
B
I
ULAN BATOR
M O N G O L I A
T I B E T
KASHI
ÜRÜMQI
YUMENT a k l a M a k a n
LopNor
KokoNor
Him
alayas
Mt. Everest
China has manyimportant religiousbuildings. This is theTemple of Heaven, inBeijing.
M O N G O L I A A N D K O R E AMongolia occupies the grassy plainsbetween the mountains to the north andthe Gobi desert to the south. Many peoplestill live a nomadic life on the central plains.Mongolia has coal and oil resources.North and South Korea are both
mountainous and forested, but while NorthKorea has little contact with the outsideworld, and relies on enormous state-controlled farms, South Korea has thriving,modern industries and many trade links.
CHINA
THE THIRD largest country in theworld, China also has the highest
population—more than one-fifth of all thepeople in the world today. The west of thecountry is mountainous, with bleak desertsand grassland plains or steppes. The desertsare freezing cold in winter. The highestpoint is Mount Everest, which lies on theborder between Tibet and Nepal. Tibet usedto be an independent country, but has beenoccupied by China since the 1950s.In contrast, the eastern part of China has
a warm climate, with fertile soil and rivervalleys. Great rivers, including the Yangtseand the Huang He, or Yellow River, windtheir way from the western mountains tothe sea. The Grand Canal, the world’slongest waterway, stretches for 1790kilometres. Most of the population of Chinalive in the east. China is a major producerof tea, wheat and sweet potatoes as well asrice, which is grown in the flat, floodedpaddyfields of the south. Pigs and poultryare kept everywhere.Many Chinese cities have populations of
more than a million people. Most peoplelive in apartment blocks. China has naturalresources such as coal and oil, and alsoheavy industry such as steel and chemicalplants. It is an important producer oftextiles, clothing and electronics. Thoughmany people in China are poor, it is arapidly developing country.
GREAT
WALL
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High-speed “bullet” trains run onJapan’s railway network. This trainis passing Mount Fuji, Japan’shighest mountain and a dormantvolcano. Mount Fuji is a sacred
place for followers of Shinto,a major Japanese
religion.
A S I A
25
SOUTHEAST ASIA
THE SOUTHEAST corner of mainlandAsia, together with thousands of islands
further south, make up the region ofSoutheast Asia. On the mainland are themountainous, forested countries ofThailand, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia.Great rivers flow through the region,creating fertile valleys where large quantitiesof crops such as rice and tropical fruits aregrown. Thailand also has successful touristand manufacturing industries. Cambodia,Vietnam and Laos have been devastated bywar, although Vietnam now has a growingindustrial economy.Malaysia is made up of the mainland
Malay peninsula, and most of northernBorneo. Southern Borneo, together withother islands including Sumatra and Java, ispart of Indonesia. The climate is hot andwet, with areas of dense rainforest that arehome to many kinds of plants and animals.Malaysia and Indonesia are rich in natural
resources such as oil, gas and rubber. Theyalso have strong manufacturing industries. North of Borneo are the Philippines,
thousands of small islands, many of whichare uninhabited. Although their country isrich in mineral resources, many people areobliged to leave to find work in othercountries. Both the Philippines andIndonesia are frequently threatened bytropical storms, volcanoes and earthquakes.The small countries of Singapore and
Brunei are among the world’s richcountries. While Brunei has huge resourcesof oil and gas, Singapore is a worldwidecentre of manufacturing and business.
An ox cart on the streets of KualaLumpur, Malaysia, an increasinglyrare sight in this prosperous,rapidly growing city.
A S I A
24
I N D O N E S I A
M A L A Y S I A
PHILIPPINES
THAILAND
PAPUANEW GUINEA
V I E T N A M
L A O S
CAMBODIA
BRUNEI
SINGAPORE
EAST TIMOR
Su
ma
tr
a
J a v a
B o r n e oS u l a w e s i
Luzon
Mindanao
Moluccas
N e w G u i n e a
SARAWAK
Flores
SOUTHCHINASEA
INDIAN OCEAN
CELEBES SEA
BANDA SEA
Bali
Mekon
HANOI
HO CHI MINH CITY
BANDAR SERIBEGAWAN
PHNOM PENH
VIANGCHAN
BANGKO
KUALA LUMPUR
MANILA
PORT MORESBY
PALEMBANG
JAKARTA
YOGYAKARTA
SURABAYA
BANJARMASIN
MEDAN
PACIFICOCEAN
H O K K A I D O
H
O
N
S
H
U
SEA OFJAPAN
PACIFICOCEAN
SAPPORO
HAKODATE
AOMORI
SENDAI
NIIGATA
TOYAMA
TOKYOYOKOHAMA
Mt Fuji
NAGOYA
SHIKOKU KYUSHU
KYOTO
OSAKAKOBEOKAYAMA
MATSAYUMA
HIROSHIMA
KITAKYUSHU
FUKUOKA
NAGASAKI
Scale 0 200 km
Scale0 800 km
JJAPAN
LYING OFF the east coast of mainlandAsia, Japan is made up of four largeislands, where most of the population live,and thousands of smaller ones. The fourmain islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushuand Shikoku. Much of Japan is coveredwith mountains, some of them volcanic. Itis also densely forested. Winter is cold in thenorth, but the south of the country hasmild winters and hot summers. With limited land available for farming,
and a lack of natural resources, Japan hasturned to industry and technology for itslivelihood.Today, it is a leading producer ofcars, ships and electronic goods such ascomputers, televisions and cameras. It is alsoa powerful financial centre. Most people livein the cities, several of which have apopulation of over one million. Theirbuildings are designed to withstand theearthquakes that frequently occur.
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About 200 years ago, the British andother Europeans began to arrive on theshores of Australia. They routed many of thenative Australians already living there, andseized their land. Today, much of Australia’spopulation is of European descent, althoughthere are substantial numbers of immigrantsfrom Asia. The small number of nativeAustralians that remain are working toreclaim some of their land and sacred sites.
N E W Z E A L A N DLike its neighbour, Australia, New Zealandis a prosperous country. It farms hugenumbers of cattle and sheep, producinglarge quantities of wool, meat and dairyproducts for export. Its fertile land andwarm climate also make it ideal forvineyards and fruit and vegetables. Thepower of New Zealand’s many rivers, andalso the underground heat from volcanicactivity on North Island, are harnessedthrough non-polluting electricity schemes.The native peoples of New Zealand are
the Maoris, who originally came fromPolynesia. They still make up about nine percent of the population, and have retainedmuch of their culture and traditions.
New Zealand is home toseveral kinds of birds thathave lost the ability to flybecause of a lack ofnatural predators. One ofthese, the kiwi, hasbecome the symbol ofNew Zealand. Othersinclude the rare takahe(left), which lives in themountains of South Island.
New Zealand includes two mainislands, North Island and SouthIsland, and several smaller ones.Most people live on North Island.
O C E A N I A
27
AUSTRALIA
APART FROM a long range ofmountains running down its eastern
side, most of Australia is flat, hot and dry. Itis rich in natural resources such as coal andminerals including gold, copper andiron.The vast interior, or outback, is mostlydesert, or dry scrublands. To the east, this
An Australian boy. On the most isolatedcattle and sheep stations, far from towns,children must learn their lessons at home.If there is a medical emergency, doctorsfly in by aeroplane.
gives way to open grassland—stock-raisingcountry, where Australia’s sheep and cattleranches, or “stations”, are situated. With itsmillions of sheep, Australia is the world’slargest producer of wool.Most Australians live around the coasts,
where the climate is cooler and the landfertile. Crops such as wheat and tropicalfruits are grown for export, and vineyardsproduce world-famous wines. A highproportion of people live in the largestcities, such as Sydney, Brisbane andMelbourne. The cities have modernmanufacturing industries.
Sydney HarbourBridge, and thefamous Opera House.
O C E A N I A
26
Q U E E N S L A N D
W E S T E R N
A U S T R A L I A
N E W S O U T H
W A L E S
V I C T O R I A
A U S T R A L I A
NEW ZEALAND
BROKENHILL
MELBOURNE
CANBERRA
SYDNEY
NEWCASTLE
BRISBANE
ROCKHAMPTON
CAIRNS
DARWIN
KALGOORLIE
GERALDTON
PERTH
FREMANTLE ADELAIDE
HOBART
AUCKLAND
WELLINGTON
L. Eyre
TA SMANSEA
Great Barrier Reef
Murray
Darling
Gibson Desert
Great Dividing Range
Southe
rn Alp
s
Stewart I.
CapeYork
Peninsula
Scale 0 500 km
Great
Australian Bight
CHRISTCHURCH
DUNEDIN
S OU TH
AU S T R A L I A
T A S M A N I A
N O R T H E R N
T E R R I T O R Y
NORTHISLAND
SOUTHISLAND
Great VictoriaDesert
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South of the Sahara, agriculture is theprimary industry of many countries. Riverssuch as the Nile, Niger and Senegal provideessential water with which to irrigate crops.However, in many countries such asMauritania and Mali, drought is a recurrentproblem. In the driest areas, nomadic cattle-herders travel vast distances in search ofgood grazing.There are many different peoples living
in Northern Africa. Conflict between them
A donkey cart in Burkina Fasocarries a crop of cotton. This maybe sold abroad, to earn money forone of Africa’s poorest countries.Poor soil and droughts mean thateach crop is precious.
Dinka herdsmanfrom southernSudan.
often leads to long and devastating wars.The combination of war, drought andwidespread poverty has led to terriblefamines in Ethiopia and Sudan.West Africa has a wetter climate, and
crops such as coffee, bananas, cocoa,groundnuts and citrus fruits are grown. Formany years, timber has been an importantproduct of countries such as the Côted’Ivoire, but this was carried out at such arate that vast areas of the forest have nowdisappeared. Mining of oil and metal ores isa rich resource, but due to poorgovernment and frequent wars, manycountries are still impoverished.Many people in Northern Africa live in
small towns or villages, producing justenough food and goods for themselves.Others crowd into the cities, looking forwork. They often have to live in very poorconditions on the outskirts of the city.
A F R I C A
29
NORTHERN AFRICA
THE NORTHERN half of Africastretches down from the fertile coast
bordering the Mediterranean Sea, throughvast areas of desert and savanna, into theforests of the west and central Africa. Apartfrom the Atlas Mountains, the EthiopianHighlands and Saharan ranges, much of theregion is a level plateau.
In the far north of Africa, the countriesbordering the coast benefit from naturalresources of oil and gas. They also rely ontourism and the manufacture of textiles andcarpets. The population are mostly Arabs.Berbers, an ancient native people, live in theuplands of Morocco.
A F R I C A
28
A L G E R I AL I B Y A
S U D A N
E G Y P T
M A L I
C H A D
M A U R I T A N I A
N I G E R
E T H I O P I A
N I G E R I A
S O M
A L
I A
C AM E ROON
TUNI S
I A
CÔTED’IVOIRE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
S E N E G A L
G U I N E A
GHANA
BURKINA FASO
G AMB I A
GUINEA-BISSAU
SIERRALEONE
LIBERIA
TOGO
B E N I N
EQUATORIALGUINEA
SÃO TOMÉAND PRÍNCIPE
DJIBOUTI
DJIBOUTI
E R I T R E A
S A H A R
A t l a
s M
o u n
t a i
n s
Ahag g a
r
T ib es ti
Dar fur
E t h i o p i a n
H i g h l a n d s
Niger
Nile
Blue N
ile
White Nile
L. Nasser
L. Chad
L. VoltaBenue
CANARY IS. (Spain)
RE
D
MEDITERRANEAN SEAATLANTIC OCEAN
INDIANOCEAN
GU L F O F G U I N E A
MADEIRA(Portugal)
Scale 0 600 km
CASABLANCA
RABAT
MARRAKECH
LASPALMAS
NOUAKCHOTT
DAKAR
TOMBOUCTOU
BAMAKO
ALGIERSTUNIS
TRIPOLI
CONAKRY
MONROVIAABIDJAN ACCRA
IBADAN
LAGOS
DOUALAYAOUNDÉ
BANGUI
N'DJAMENAKANO
NIAMEY
OUAGADOUGOU
BENGHAZI ALEXANDRIA
CAIRO
SUEZ
SE
A
BUR SUDAN
KHARTOUM ASMERA
FREETOWN
MOGADISHU
ADDIS ABABA
M O R OC C
O
WESTERNSAHARA(Morocco)
LOMÉ
YAMOUSSOUKRO
ABUJA
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A D E S E R T
•
Outside South Africa and the Copper
Belt (southern Congo and northern
Zambia), large industrial areas are scarce.
Countries such as Angola and Mozambique,
with fertile land and rich resources, are
nevertheless poverty-stricken due to years
of civil war. Many people are farmers, and
produce only enough food for themselves.
There are many hundreds of different
tribal groups in Southern Africa, with many
different languages and customs. Violent
clashes between rival groups are frequent. In
the worst affected regions, millions of
people have fled to neighbouring countries
to escape the conflicts.
On th
e Zambia-
Zimbabw
e border,
the Zambezi River
drops 12
8 metres
into a narrow
gorge, fo
rming the
Victoria Falls. To
local p
eople, th
eyare know
n as
Mosi-o
a-Tunya
(“the sm
oke that
thunders”).
A F R I C A
31
SO
UT
HE
RN
AF
RIC
A
THE CONGObasin covers much of
central Africa. Here, the mighty Congo
river winds through dense rainforest, where
animals such as the rare mountain gorilla,
and a host of bird species live.
To the south and east are high plateaux,
with a cooler, drier climate. Much of the
land is flat grassland, called savanna, where
animals such as giraffes, elephants and lions
roam. In the southwest, the savanna gives
way to areas of hot, dry desert. In the east,
deep valleys, high volcanic mountains and
huge lakes have formed along a split in the
Earth’s crust, known as the Great Rift Valley.
Southern Africa is rich in natural
resources such as oil, metals (particularly
copper and gold) and diamonds. Mining is
therefore a vitally important industry.
Tourism is also important to the savanna
regions, where large national parks have
been set up to protect the wildlife. In the
eastern highlands, crops of tea and coffee
are grown for export. Cattle are farmed for
their meat and dairy products.
This M
ozam
bique
wom
an wears cream
made fro
m ground bark
on her skin to protect
it fro
m th
e sun.
Mozam
bique was ru
led
by Portugal u
ntil it
became independent in
1975
.
A F R I C A
30
CO
NG
O
G A B O
N
KINSHASA
CONGO-
BRAZZA
VILLE
Congo
Congo
Ubangi
UGAN
DA
KAMPALA
L. Albert
KENYA
L. Turkana
RWAN
DA
TANZANIA
L. Tanganyika
CABIND
A(Angola
)
LUANDA
Cubango
KANANGA
BUKAVU
K A
T A
N G
A
Lualaba
LUBUMBASHI
A N
G O
L A
Bié
Plateau
BUJUMBURA
BURU
NDI
MBANDAKA
LIBREVILLE
BRAZZAVILLE
Cuango
Z A M
B I A
L. Nyasa
M A L A W I
LILONGWE
Zambezi
BLANTYRE
COMOR
OS
M A D A G A S C A R
ANTANANARIVO
M o z
a m b i q u e
C h a n
n e l
HARARE
BULAWAYO
BEIRA
Limpop
o
B O T S W
A N A
N A
M I B
I A
WINDHOEK
ATLA
NTIC
OCEAN
N a mi b
De s
e rt
Kalahari
GABORONE
PRETORIA
JOHANNESBURG
MAPUTO
SWAZ
ILAN
DSO
UTH A
FRIC
A
DURBAN
INDIAN
OCEAN
PORT ELIZABETH
CAPE TOWN
LESO
THO
BLOEMFONTEIN
Orange
BENGUELA
MOMBASA
DODOMA
DAR ES SALAAM
LUSAKA
EAST LONDON
KISANGANI
NAIROBI
L. Victoria
Zanzibar
Scale
0 400 km
M O
Z A
M B
I Q
U E
Dra
kensb
erg
Kilim
anjaro
Cape of
Good Hope
•
••
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Z I M
B A B W E
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AAbu Dhabi 20Accra 28Addis Ababa 29Adelaide 51Afghanistan 21Africa 28-29, 30-31Albania 17Aleutian Islands 4Alexandria 29Algeria 28Algiers 28Alps, Mountains 11Amazon, River 8Amman 20Amsterdam13Andes Mountains 8-9Andorra 14Angola 30Anguilla 7Ankara 17Antigua and Barbuda 7Antwerp 13Apennines 15Appalachian Mountains 5Argentina 9Armenia 18Asia 20-25Asmera 29Assam21Astana 18Asunción 9Athens 17Auckland 51Australia 26-27Austria 13Azerbaijan 18
BBaghdad 20Bahamas 7Bahrain 20Baikal, Lake 19Bandar Seri Begawan 24Bangalore 21Bangladesh 21Barbados 7Barcelona 14Beijing 23Beirut 20Belarus 16Belgium 13Belgrade 17Belize 7Benin 28Berlin 29Bhutan 21Bogotá 8Bolivia 8Bosnia and Herzegovina17
Bosporous, Strait 17Botswana 31Brasília 8Bratislava 16Brazzaville 30Brazil 8Brunei 24Brussels 13
GGabon 30Gambia 28Ganges, River 21Gaza Strip 20Geneva 13Georgia 18Germany 13Ghana 28Gibraltar 14Good Hope, Cape of 31Grand Canyon 4Greece 17Grenada 7Guatemala 7Guinea 28Guinea-Bissau 28Guyana 8
HThe Hague 13Haiti 7Hamburg 13Hanoi 46Harare 31Havana 7Helsinki 12Himalayas, mountains 21Ho Chi Minh City 24Honduras 7Hong Kong 23Hungary 16Hyderabad, India 21Hyderabad, Pakistan 21
IIceland 12India 21Indonesia 24Indus River 21Iran 20Iraq 20Ireland 10Ireland, Northern 10Irish Sea 10Irrawaddy, River 21Islamabad 21Israel 20Istanbul 17Italy 15
JJaipur 21Jakarta 24Jamaica 7Japan 25Jerusalem 20Johannesburg 31Jordan 20
KKabul 21Kalahari Desert 31Kampala 30Karachi 21Kashmir 21Kathmandu 21Kazakhstan 18Kenya 30Khartoum 29
Bucharest 17Budapest 16Buenos Aires 9Bulgaria 17Burkina Faso 28Burma (Myanmar) 21Burundi 30
CCairo 29Calcutta see KolkataCambodia 24Cameroon 28Canada 6Canberra 27Cape Town 31Caracas 8Casablanca 28Cayenne 8Central AfricanRepublic 29
Chad 29Chennai (Madras) 21Chicago 5Chile 9China 22-23Chisinau 17Colombia 8Congo 30Congo-Brazzaville 30Copenhagen 12Corsica 11Costa Rica 7Côte d’Ivoire 28Crete 17Crimea 16Croatia 17Cuba 7Cyprus 17Czech Republic 16
DDamascus 20Dar Es Salaam 30Delhi 21Denmark 12Dhaka 21Djibouti 29Doha 20Dominican Republic 7Dubai 20Dublin 26
EEcuador 8Edinburgh 10Egypt 29El Salvador 7England 10Equatorial Guinea 28Eritrea 29Estonia 12Ethiopia 29Europe 10-19
FFinland 12France 11Frankfurt 13Freetown 28French Guiana 8
Kiev 16Kilimanjaro, Mount 30Kinshasa 30Kolkata (Calcutta) 21Krakow 16Kurdistan 20Kuwait 20Kyoto 25Kyrgyzstan 18
LLa Paz 8Lagos 28Lahore 21Laos 24Latvia 12Lebanon 20Lesotho 31Liberia 28Libya 29Liechtenstein 13Lilongwe 31Lima 8Lisbon 14Lithuania 12Ljubljana 17Luxembourg 13
MMacedonia 17Madagascar 31Madras see ChennaiMadrid 14Malawi 30Malaysia 24Mali 28Manila 24Marrakech 28Martinique 7Mauritania 28Melbourne 27Mesopotamia 20Mexico 7Mexico City 7Miami 5Mississippi, River 5Mogadishu 29Moldova 17Monaco 51Mongolia 23Montenegro 17Montevideo 19Morocco 28Moscow 18Mozambique 31Mumbai (Bombay) 21Munich 13 Myanmar see Burma
NNairobi 30Namibia 31Nanjing 23Nepal 21Netherlands 13Netherlands Antilles 7New Guinea 24New Zealand 27New York City 5Nicaragua 7Niger 28
Nigeria 28North America 4-7North Korea 23Norway 12
OOceania 26-27Oman 20Osaka 25Oslo 12Ottawa 6
PPakistan 21Panama 7Panama Canal 7Papua New Guinea 24Paraguay 9Paris 11Persian Gulf 20Peru 8Philadelphia 5Philippines 24Phnom Penh 24Poland 16Portugal 14Prague 16Puerto Rico 7Pusan 23Pyongyang 23
Q RQatar 20Québec 6Quito 8Rabat 28Reykjavik 12Riga 12Rio de Janeiro 9Riyadh 20Rocky Mountains 4, 6Romania 17Rome 15Rotterdam 13Russia 16, 18-19Rwanda 30
SSahara Desert 28-29St. Kitts and Nevis 7St. Lucia 7St. Martin 7St. Vincent and theGrenadines 7
San Marino 15San Francisco 4San Salvador 7Santiago 9São Paulo 9Sarajevo 17Sardinia 15Saudi Arabia 20Scotland 10Senegal 28Seoul 23Serbia 17Shanghai 23Sierra Leone 28Singapore 24Slovakia 16Slovenia 17
Somalia 29South Africa 31South America 8-9South Korea 23Spain 14Sri Lanka 21Stockholm 12Strasbourg 11Sudan 29Surinam 8Swaziland 31Sweden 12Switzerland 13Sydney 27 Syria 20
TTaiwan 23Tajikistan 18-19Tanzania 30Tblisi 18Tehran 20Tel Aviv 20Thailand 24Tibet 22Togo 28Tokyo 25Toronto 6Trinidad and Tobago 7Tripoli 28Tunisia 28Turkey 17Turkmenistan 18T’aipei 23
UUganda 30Ukraine 16Ulan Bator 23United Arab Emirates 20United Kingdom 10United States of America 4-5
Uruguay 9Uzbekistan 18
VVancouver 6Vatican City 15 Venezuela 8Vienna 13Vietnam 24Vilnius 12Virgin Islands 7
WWales 10Warsaw16Washington, D. C. 5
X YXi’an 23 Yangtse, River 23Yemen 20Yucatán Peninsula 7Yukon 6
ZZambia 31Zimbabwe 31
I N D E X
32
INDEX
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