+ All Categories
Home > Education > Chin Lan Sin Vol. 1, No. 2 (The Chin Way)

Chin Lan Sin Vol. 1, No. 2 (The Chin Way)

Date post: 08-Aug-2015
Category:
Upload: chin-league-for-democracy
View: 61 times
Download: 3 times
Share this document with a friend
20
Transcript

jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf[laom jynfaxmifpkpum;&yfonf 1947 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYwGifucsif? csif;? &Srf;? Armtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkh csKyfqdkcJhaom yifvHkpmcsKyft&ay:xGef;vmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ yifrt"dyÜg,frSm vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wnf;jzifU wnfaxmifaomEdkfifiHr[kwfyJ ucsif? csif;?&Srf; ? Arm tp&Sdojzifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh wef;wlnDrQrItay: tajccHwnfaqmufxm;onfUEdkifiHrsdK;udk&nfrSef;cJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ xdkhaMumifU yifvHkpmcsKyfESifh yifvHkuwdu 0wfrsm;tay: wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;toD;oD;uopömapmifUodvsuf tjyeftvSefav;pm;rIjzifhwef;wlnDrQrI&dSaom z,f&,fjynfaxmifpk udk azmfaqmif&efzGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya'ay:aygufvma&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;BudK;yrf;aejcif;jzpfonf/

yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKxm;onf vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;jzpfaomrdrdwdkhcsif;wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onfvGwfvyfa&;&onfUtcg vkyfydkifcGifh&d Saom ] csif;jynfe,f} udk vufcH,l&rnfhtpm; ausmif;? aq;&Hk?aq;cef;aqmufay;rnf[laom EdkifiHa&;vSnfUuGufrsm;\ uwdu0wfrsm;udkom arQmfudk;í csif;0daoowdkif;udkvufcH&,lcJYMuonf/ EdkifiHa&;t& vkyfydkifcGifhESifY udk,fwdkifjyXmef;cGifY&&dSa&;xuf olwpfyg;xHrSay;pm? urf;pmudkomarSsmfvifhaom uwdu0wfarQmfudk;onfY vlrsdK;jzpfcJh&onfudk ordkif;wGiftxift&Sm; oifcef;pm&cJhNyD;jzpfonf/

xdkenf;wl,aeh jrefrmU'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;wGif csif;ynmwwftcsKdYonf,ciftrl tusifhenf;wl csif;ygwDr[kwfaomygwDBuD;rsm;ü udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpfta&G;cH&vQif &mxl;BuD;BuD;&rnf?0efBuD;&rnf? rJ½IH;vQifyif qGJcefh&mxl;&rnf[laom arQmfvifhcsufjzifh 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ EdkifiHa&; rl0g'udkrMunfUyJ&mxl;&&dSa&;udk tm½kHpdkufMuonf/ csif;vlrsdK;wdkYvuf0,fwGif EdkifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifY&&dSa&;? udk,fykdifjyXmef;cGifhESifhz,f&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmifa&;xuf ausmif; aqmufay;rnf? wHwm;cif;ay;rnf? vrf;cif;ay;rnf[kuwdpum;qdkMuNyD; csif;jynfolvlxktm; ] uwdu0wfudkarQmfudk;ol rsm;uwdu0wfudkarQmfudk;ol rsm;uwdu0wfudkarQmfudk;ol rsm;uwdu0wfudkarQmfudk;ol rsm;uwdu0wfudkarQmfudk;ol rsm; ]jzpfvmatmif wGef;ydkYaeMujyefonfudkawGYjrifae&onf/ xdkhaMumifh ordkif;aMumif;rsm;t& csif;vlrsdK;wdkhonf ygwDBuD;rsm;\ ygwD0if? vuf0,fcHtjzpf 0ifa&mufumvufatmufcH0efxrf;ozG,fapcdkif;vkyfcJhMuonfUtwGuf EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGg;a&;? vlrIa&;rsm;wGif wef;wlnDwltqifhra&mufcJhonfudk oifcef;pm,lNyD; csif;wpfrsdK;om;vHk;twGuf &yfwnfaqmif&GufrnfU csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfygwDwGifyl;aygif;yg0ifvufwGJ&ef tcsdefoifhNyD[kwdkufwGef;&if; rdrdwdkYtrsdK;om;a&;udk tjcm;ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwlwef;wl&nfwltajz &SmMuygpdkhvdkh wdkufwGef;EdI;aqmftyfygonf/

OD;id kifqmcfU OD;id kifqmcfU OD;id kifqmcfU OD;id kifqmcfU OD;id kifqmcfUOuúXOuúXOuúXOuúXOuúX

csif;'Drd kua&pDtzGJ YcsKyfcsif;'Drd kua&pDtzGJ YcsKyfcsif;'Drd kua&pDtzGJ YcsKyfcsif;'Drd kua&pDtzGJ YcsKyfcsif;'Drd kua&pDtzGJ YcsKyf

trSmpm

&cdkifjynfe,fpnf;&Hk;a&;waphwapmif;

&cdkifjynfe,fonf yifv,fESifUpdrf;vef;aom awmifwef;BuD;rsm;jzifhvSyaeNyD; a&xGufom;ig;rsm;? tpm;tpmrsm;aygrsm;aomae&mjzpfonf/ csif;vlrsdK;rsm;onf &cdkfifjynfe,f&Sd (17)NrdKYe,fwGif jyefhBuJaexdkifvQuf&SdMuonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifhrsKd;EG,fpk(10)rsKd;&SdNyD;? pkrf;wl? vdkif;wl? avmufwl? ukefwl?vkdif;apm? t½dI? crd? NrdK ? 'dkifeuf? oufvlrsdK;wdkhjzpfMuonf/

uRefronf &cdkifjynfe,fwGifarG;zGm;aom csif;trsdK;orD;wpfOD;jzpfonfUtwGuf &ckdifjynfe,frS csif;vlrsdK;rsm;\wef;wltcGifUta&;rsm;? vGwfvyfpGmudk,fUMur®mzefwD;cGifUrsm;twGufwuf<upGmaqmif&GufEkdif&ef pdwftm;xufoefvsuf&Sdygonf/rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwftwGuf vufawGYtaumiftxnfaz:Ed kif&ef&SmazGvsuf&SdpOfyif csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf\ rl0g'rSm rdrdwdkh&cdkifjynfe,f&Sd csif;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf tmrcHrSKay;Edkifaom wpfckwnf;aomygwDjzpfaMumif;vufcHvsuf wufMupGm yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;vmygonf/ a&S;OD;pGm &cdkifjynfe,f csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfygwD\ pnf;½Hk;a&;ajcvSrf;udk (10-5-2014) trf;NrdKYrSpwifcJU&m yxrOD;qkH;trf; NrdKYe,faumfrwDudk (35)OD;jzifU (14-5-2014)wGifatmifjrifpGmzGJYpnf;NyD; trf;rScsif;vlrsdK;rsm;aexkdifaeaom&Gmrsm;wGif pnf;½Hk;a&;qif;NyD;aus;&Gm tvdkufaumfrwDrsm; toD;oD;zGJYpnf;cJhygonf/

&cdkifjynfe,f&Sdcsif;&Gmtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif &GmaqmfrSaqmfatmfvQif wpftdrfvQif vlBuD;trsdK;om;(odkh) trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufrusef tpnf;ta0;udk wufa&mufMuygonf/ olwdkh\rsufESmrsm;udkMunfUvQif wpfckckudkowif;xl;rnfudk odaeMuonf/

csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfygwDESifh ½kH;zGifUyGJtcrf;tem;tacGrsm;udkjyo&mt*FvdyfbmomjzifU ajymaompum;rsm;udk olwkdhem;rvnfaomfvnf; csif;vlrsdK;rsm;rSmvlawmfrsm;jzpfaMumif;?&cdkifjynfe,f&Sd csif;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf &yfwnfay;EkdifaomaoG;csif;rsm;jzpfaMumif; vufcHcJhMuygonf/ xdkhjyifygwD\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;? rl0g'rsm;? wHqdyf? tvH? aMujimcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;cJUygonf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;raumif;aomae&mrsm;wGifcsif;vlrsdK;rsm;&SdaeMuaomaMumifU wpf&GmESifUwpf&GmoGm;a&;vma&;cufcJygonf/ odkhaomfcsif;vlrsdK;rsm;ta&;twGuf tepfemcHvsufygwD\ vSKyf&Sm;rSKtwGuf yg0ifMuonf/ &Gm\aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;rStp &GmvlBuD;rsm;onf wpf&Gmpnf;&Hk;NyD;jyefoGm;vQif olwdkh\rsufESmESifUrsuf0ef;rsm;wGif yDwdNyHK;rsm;ESifUEIwfqufxGufcGmcJ U Muonf/ pnf;½H k;a&;oGm;onfU&Gmrsm;wpfavQmufwGif csif;&Gmawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ynma&;ESifUusef;rma&; t&rf;tm;enf;rIrsm;udkawGYcJUonf/

rif;jym;NrdKYe,fwGifvnf; qufvufxGufcGmcJh&m acwÅem;NyD; csif;vlrsdK;rsm;trsm;pk aexdkifaom>yefacsacsmif;odkh (2;30)wGif c&D;pwifcJUMuygonf/ >yefacsacsmif;wGif acsmif;urf;eab;a&SYbufwGif "ed? tkef;yifrsm; pdrf;vef;NyD;acsmif;a&rSm MunfvifonfUtrQ &Gm\eab;wGif pdrf;vef;pdkjynfaom awmifwef;rsm;&Sdonf/ csif;&Gmrsm;rSm wpf&GmESifUwpf&Gm qufpyfvQuf&Sdaeygonf/wpf&Gm0ifvQif&Gm\tpwGifZ&yfESifUavSqdyfrsm;udk jrifawGY&ygrnf/yx0Dtaetxm;t& 'Da&twuftus&SdaomaMumifU 'Da&

rD;vQH

2

twuftusESifUBuHKvQif 'Da&qefaomaMumifU pufavSaES;onfUtjyif&Gma&mufvQif &THY AGufajcovHk;tv,ftxd AGufudkeif;íwuf&onfU &Gmrsm;vnf;&SdcJhygonf/

nae(4;00)wGif o&*l&Gmopfodkh a&muf&SdcJU&m &GmaqmfrSaqmfatmf&mwpftdrfvQif trsdK;om;(odkh) trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufEIef;jzifU vmMu&m &Gmawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif naeqdkvQif tvkyfem;csdefrdkh tawmfudkpnfum;cJUygonf/ xdk&GmwGif csif;trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfrS OD;ausmfEdkifrStm;&0rf;om BudKqdkygonf/ygwDOuú| OD;idkifqmcfh\taMumif;rsm;ajymjy&m 1990ckESpfwGifcsif;trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;a[mif;wpfOD; &cdkifjynfe,f&Sdcsif;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf pnf;&Hk;a&;qif;cJUyHkrsm;udk ajymMum;NyD; &ckdifjynfe,frScsif;wdkif;&if;om;a&;&m0efBuD;wpfOD;&&Sd&efawmif;qdkcJUyHkudkajymMum;&m atmufcsif;iSufwpfaumifqdkvQif wpfukd,faumif;qefaMumif;? ESpfaumifqdkvQifcsif;wdkh\opömw&m;ESifU yHkyrmEIdif;aMumif; ajymcJUonf/ uRefrrSmt&rf;0rf;omyDwdjzpfrdygonf/ &Gmwdkif;wGif &GmrStbdk;BuD;rsm;onf t&rf;wuf<uNyD; olwdkhukd,fwdkifaumfrwDwGif tqdkwifoGif;wmrapmifUbJ uRefawmfuem,u? uRefawmfuOuú|vkyfygrnf/ udk,fUudkukd,f tqdkwifoGif;cJUonf/ olwkdhudk,fwkdifwm0efcHwm0ef,lrIawG vkyfaqmifoGm;r,fvdkh uwdjyKcJUMuonf/

ri f ; jym; Nr d K Ye,f& Gmrsm;& S d trs d K ;orD ;rsm;vnf;wuf<upGmyg0ifMu&m ,if;wdkh\ b0wGifcsif;EdkifiHa&;taMumif;wpfcgrSrMum;zl;aomaMumifU olwdkhtwGuft&rf;pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfaeonf/ olwkdhoabmuswJUtcsufawGYvQif vufckwfudkwtm;NrdKifNrdKifwD;Muonf/ aemufolwkdhpdwfxJwGif wdkif;&if;om;

vlrsdK;rsm;wef;wlnDrIjzifU udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifU&&Sda&;twGuf t&rf;0rf;omNyD; vufckyfudk rem;wrf;wD;Muonf/ olwdkh\&ifxJwGifwu,fvkdvm;aomtcsufjzpfaeaomaMumifU pnf;a0;NyD;oGm;aomfvufrem;wrf;EIwfqufcJU&ygonf/ aemufaehreuf ajryHkNrdKYe,fodk ha&muf&SdcJhNyD; csif;vlBuD;rsm;ESifh csif;EdkifiHa&;taMumif;?csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfygwD\&nf&G,fcsuf? rl0g? tvH? wHqdyftaMumif;rsm;udk &Sif;jyNyD;olwdkhodcsifaomar;cGef;rsm;ar;NyD;ajzMum;cJUygonf/ olwkdh\pdwfwGif wu,ftrsdK;om;a&;pdwftm;xufoefaomaMumifU aemufvmaemifom;orD;rsm;twGufigwkdhtckuwnf;u twlwuGBudK;pm;&r,f? wu,ftrsdK;om;a&;udkOD;xdyfxm;NyD; vkyfaqmifoGm;oludk olwdkhudk,fwdkifem;vnfw,f? oabmaygufw,fqdkw,fhtaMumif;udk xnfhajymoGm;onf/ ajryHkNrdKYe,f&Sdcsif;&Gmrsm;udk pnf;½Hk;a&;oGm;&m ajryHkrSzvm;usaus;&Gmokdh (6;00)wGif a&muf&SdcJUygonf/ xdk&GmwGif aus;&GmOuú|rSpDpOfay;rSKaMumifh naeae0ifcsdef (7;00)em&DwGif pwifa[majym&m vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;a&muf&SdNyD; atmifjrifpGmjzifUaumfrwDzGJYEdkifcJhygonf/

xdkhaMumifU uRefrwkdh&cdkifjynfe,f&Sd csif;vlrsdK;rsm;onftm;ri,fyJcsif;vlrsdK;ESifh csif;EdkifiHa&;twGuf tem*wfc&D;wGifvlrsdK;udkcspfNyD;EdkifiHtwGuf apwem&Sdaomolrsm; EdkifiHESifUvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf owdÅ&Sd&Sd OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKEdkifolrsm;udk tm;ay;yl;aygif;NyD; tem*wfcsif;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf? EdkifiHom;rsm;twGufvGwfvyfpGm? Nidrf;csrf;pGmESifU aysmf&TifpGm touf&SifaexdkifMu&efppfrSefaomcsif;'Drdkua&pDtwGuf csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfudktm;ay;Mu&efwdkufwGef;vdkuf&ygonf/

3

ed'gef;ed'gef;ed'gef;ed'gef;ed'gef; / / csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfudk 15?7?2014 &ufaeYwGifjynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifu todtrSwfjyKvsufrSwfyHkwiftrSwf 75 jzifhcGifhjyKcJhygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpíjynfaxmifpktqifhygwDBuD;rsm;? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk? vlenf;pkygwDrsm;ESifh awGYqHkaqG;aEG; jcif;?jynfaxmifpkjidrf;csrf;a&;azmfaqmifa&;vkyfief;aumfrwD (UPWC)ESifh NCCT wdkhawGYqHkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif wufa&mufOD;aqmifyg0ifaqG;aEG;EkdifcJhygonf/11-8-2014 &ufaeh11-8-2014 &ufaeh11-8-2014 &ufaeh11-8-2014 &ufaeh11-8-2014 &ufaeh / / 0efBuD;OD;atmifrif;OD;aqmifaom UPWC tzGJYESifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;awGYqHkyGJtpnf;ta0;wGif CLD

OuúXudk,fwdkifwufa&mufcJhNyD;(1) wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJYrsm;ESifh jidrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk&ef aqG;aEG;&mwGifwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJYrsm;\vHkNcHKa&;?¤if;wdkYESifU qufqHxdawGYolrsm;tm; rw&m;toif;Oya't&vnfaumif;? EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSwfyHkwifa&;Oya't&vnf;aumif; ta&;,ljcif;rcH&ap&ef tmrcHcsuf&Sdonfhuwdu0wfudkf pmcsKyfwGifxnfUoGif;&ef/(2) wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifrsm;ESifh tjyeftvSef,HkMunfrIwnfaqmufEkdif&efwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifrsm;tm; rw&m;toif;tjzpf owfrSwfjcif;udk&yfpJay;&efudpö wdkufwGef;aqG;aEG;cJhonf/5-9-2014 &ufaeh5-9-2014 &ufaeh5-9-2014 &ufaeh5-9-2014 &ufaeh5-9-2014 &ufaeh / / Micasa Hotel üjyKvkyfaom Transitional Myanmar Workshop ü CLD OuúX OD;idkfifqmchf wufa&mufcJUNyD; 6-9-2014 &ufaeYwGiftwGif;a&;rI;(1) OD;atmifvdef; wufa&mufcJhonf/- ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmufa&;- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&&Sda&;- vTwfawmfzGJYpnf;yHk- jynfaxmifpk(A[dk)ESifh jynfe,ftmPmcGJa0yHkwdkYudk OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;cJUonf/6-9-2014 &ufaeh6-9-2014 &ufaeh6-9-2014 &ufaeh6-9-2014 &ufaeh6-9-2014 &ufaeh / / wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkedkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh NLDwdkY awGYqHkyGJwGif CLD OuúX udk,fwkdifwufa&mufcJUNyD;NLD ESifU wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;ygwDrsm;taejzifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEkdifonfU wdkif;&if;om;r[mrdwfEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; (EAPP)zGJYpnf;oiUfaMumif; tqdkjyKwifjycJhygonf/ ,if;tqdkjyKcsufudk tpnf;a0;wufa&mufolrsm;uoabmwlí 4-10-2014 &ufaehtpnf;ta0;wGifzGJYpnf;&ef oabmwlqHk;jzwfcJUMuygonf/7-9-2014 &ufaeh7-9-2014 &ufaeh7-9-2014 &ufaeh7-9-2014 &ufaeh7-9-2014 &ufaeh / / Myanmar Peace Center üedkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif OuúXwdkhawGYqkHyGJwGif ygwDOuúXOD;idkifqmcfU wufa&mufcJhygonf/ Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ rusif;yjzpfawmUaMumif; aumfr&SifOuúX OD;wifat;\ajymMum;csufESifh pyfvsOf;í

1/1/1/1/1/ Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ rusif;y&efqHk;jzwf&mwGif EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifUwdkifyifaqG;aEG;rI&Sdr&SdodvdkaMumif;? ta&;BuD;aomqHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&mwGif EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\oabmxm;rsm;udk &,lNyD;nd§EdIif;wdkifyifNyD;rS qHk;jzwfoifhaMumif;/

2/2/2/2/2/ jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifwGif Oya'jyXmef;ydkifcGifhr&Sdaomfvnf;vuf&SdOya't& Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGifEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifh tenf;qkH; rJqE´e,f(3)ae&m 0ifNydKif&rnf[k Oya'jyXmef;csufudk jyefvnfjyifqifEkdif&efjynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfodkYwifjyoifhaMumif; Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJusif;yjcif;rSm vpfvyfaomrJqE´e,ftwGufusif;yjcif;jzpf&m vpfvyfaomae&mrSm (10) *Pef;rQom&Sdojzifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDtm;vHk;u vpfvyfaomae&mwpfae&mtwGuf pkNyHKí0ifNydKif&efrjzpfEkdifaMumif; aiGukefaMu;usvnf;rsm;aMumif;? odkhjzpfíyHkrSef taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGifomEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; tenf;qHk;rJqE´e,f(3)ae&m 0ifNydKif&efowfrSwfoifhaMumif;/

3/3/3/3/3/ edkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifh ygwDpmapmif*sme,frsm;xkwfa0vdkygu usyfaiG 6 odef; tmrcHwifoGif;&onf[kod&aMumif;?2014ckESpfwGif jyXmef;xm;aomyHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;Oya't& EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; *sme,fpmapmif xkwfa0cGifhay;xm;aMumif;? xdkhaMumifUEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; tmrcHaiGay;oGif;apjcif;onf Oya'ESifhrnDaMumif;wifjy&m jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifu edkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ay;oGif;cJhonfU tmrcHaiGusyf 6 odef;udk jyefvnfxkwfay;apcJhonf/13-14?9?2014 &efukefNrdKY Green Hill Hotel üjyKvkyfusif;ycJhaom (56)ygwDpHknDtpnf;ta0;wGifEkdifiHa&; rlabmifwpf&yf

csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf OuúX ESifh

wm0ef&Sdolrsm;wufa&mufcJhaomtpnf;ta0;ESifhaqG;aEG;csufrsm;

4

a&;qGJ&ef jidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhedkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrlabmifa&;qGJa&;aumfrwD (Peace and Political Dialogue Inintiative

Committee PPIC)udkEkdifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;rSyk*¾dKvf(15)OD;jzifhzGJYpnf;cJU&m csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfOuúX OD;idkifqmchfvnf;a&G;jc,fwifajrmufjcif;cH&ygonf/

9-20 ?9?2014&ufaeh9-20 ?9?2014&ufaeh9-20 ?9?2014&ufaeh9-20 ?9?2014&ufaeh9-20 ?9?2014&ufaeh / / MPC ü jidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfESifhywfoufí tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJwGif OuúXESifhtwlqvdkif;atmifvdef;wufa&mufcJhonf/21 ?9?2014&ufaeh21 ?9?2014&ufaeh21 ?9?2014&ufaeh21 ?9?2014&ufaeh21 ?9?2014&ufaeh / / MPC üjyKvkyfaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOf pmwrf;zwfyGJodkh OuúXudk,fwdkifwufa&mufcJhonf/23 ?9?2014 &ufaeh23 ?9?2014 &ufaeh23 ?9?2014 &ufaeh23 ?9?2014 &ufaeh23 ?9?2014 &ufaeh / / EkdifiHa&;ygwD 56 ygwDrSzGJYpnf;ay;aom Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifUEkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrlabmifrsm;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;odkh OuúXudk,fwdkifwufa&mufcJhonf/27?9?2014 &ufaeh27?9?2014 &ufaeh27?9?2014 &ufaeh27?9?2014 &ufaeh27?9?2014 &ufaeh / / MPC ü jyKvkyfaomEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh UPWC jynfaxmifpkNidrfcsrf;a&; vkyfief;aumfrwDodkhawGYqHkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif OuúX OD;idkifqmchf udk,fwdkifwufa&mufcJhNyD;- UPWC ESifUwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJYtpnf;rsm;csKyfqdkaompmcsKyfrsm;udkavhvm&mwGif jidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;onfhumvüvufeufudkiftzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifhxdawGYqufqHaomolrsm;udk ta&;,lrIrjyKvkyf&efyg&SdaMumif;? txl;ojzifh CNF ESifhcsKyfqdkaompmcsKyftydk'f 4 wGif CNF ESifh xdawGYqufqHolrsm;tm; ta&;r,l&ef oabmwlxm;cJUaMumif; okdYaomfvuf&Sdyvuf0NrdKYe,fwGif CNF ESifhqufqHrI&Sdonf[kpGyfpGJjyD; ta&;,lzrf;qD;rIrsm;&Sdonf[kod&aMumif; pmcsKyfudkazmufzsufjcif;onf Nidrf;csrfa&;azmfaqmif&mwGif tjyeftvSef,HkMunfrIudkysufpD;apaMumif; ta&;,lcH&aomyvuf0NrdKYe,f a'ocHrsm;udk tjrefqHk; jyefvTwfoifhaMumif; trI&kyfodrf;oifhaMumif;ESifh pmcsKyfwpf&yfudk jyXmef;Oya'uvTrf;rdk;aomaMumifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJumvtwGif;wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJYtpnf; rsm;ESifUxdawGYqufqHaomolrsm;tm; Oya't& ta&;,ljcif;rjyK&ef edifiHawmfor®wBuD;taejzifhOya'uJhodkU tmPmwnfaom trdefhwpf&yfxkwfjyefoifhaMumif; aqG;aEG;cJhonf/- tjyeftvSef ,HkMunfrIwnfaqmuf&mwGif tajymomr[kwfyJ tvkyftm;jzifh wef;wlnDrQrIjzifhaqmif&GufrIudk jyKvkyfoifhaMumif;rMumcifu zGJYpnf;wm0efay;tyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;om;vlUtcGifhta&;aumfr&SifwGif csif;? ucsif ? u&ifponfh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;? c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;xJrS wpfOD;wpfa,mufrSrygaMumif; ,cifu csif;? ucsif ?u&ifponfjzifh yg0ifcJhaMumif;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkESifU bmomaygif;pHkyg0ifygu vlUtcGifha&;csdK;azmufrIudpörsm; udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&mwGif ydkrdkxda&mufvG,fulrnfjzpfaMumif;? ryg0ifjcif;xufyg0ifjcif;u ydkítusdK;&SdrnfjzpfaMumif; 0efBuD;XmetoD;oD;wGifomru oD;jcm;zGJYpnf;aomjynfaxmifpktqifhwGif csif;wdkif;&if;om;tygt0if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkpHknDpGmyg0ifa&;udkaqmif&GufoifhaMumif;aqG;aEG;wifjycJhonf/ xdkaeUwGifyif Summit Parkview Hotel ü jyKvkyfaom DIPD \ workshop odkh twGif;a&;rI;(1) OD;atmifvdef; wufa&mufcJhonf/4? 10? 20144? 10? 20144? 10? 20144? 10? 20144? 10? 2014 / / NLD XmecsKyf&Hk;wGif jyKvkyfaom EAPP tpnf;ta0;odkY OuúX OD;idkifqmcfUwufa&mufcJhNyD; EAPP

tm;cdkifrmaom r[mrdwftkyfpktjzpfzGJ Ypnf;&efwifjyaqG;aEG;cJYonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;ützGJY0iftjzpfyg0ifvdkaomygwDonftjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDr[mrdwf tkyfpkwGifyg0ifolrjzpfap&? odkhaomfEdkifiHa&;ygwDr[mrdwftkyfpktvdkuf EAPP wGifyg0ifcGifY&dSaMumif;rlwpf&yfcsrSwfEdkifcJYonf/1? 11? 20141? 11? 20141? 11? 20141? 11? 20141? 11? 2014 / / EAPP tpnf;ta0;udk NLD &Hk;csKyfwGifjyKvkyfcJY&m OuúXudk,fwdkifwufa&mufcJUonf/12? 11? 201412? 11? 201412? 11? 201412? 11? 201412? 11? 2014 / / rav;&Sm;EdkifiHuGmvmvrfylNrdKYü jyKvkyfaom UMCC Conference wGif OuúXudk,fwdkifwufa&mufcJhNyD;vuf&dSjrefrmUEdkifiHa&;tajctaeESifUOya'rsm; acgif;pOfjzifUa[majymydkhcscJUonf/15? 11? 201415? 11? 201415? 11? 201415? 11? 201415? 11? 2014 / / A[dkOuúXonf rav;&Sm;EdkifiHodkhc&D;oGm;a&mufonfUumvjzpfjzpfojzifU EAPP tpnf;a0;odkYpnf;&Hk;a&;rI; qvdkif;wif&dk,mvf wufa&mufcJYonf/18-19? 11? 201418-19? 11? 201418-19? 11? 201418-19? 11? 201418-19? 11? 2014 / / csif;jynfe,fuefyufvufNrdKYodkhoGm;a&mufcJUNyD; NrdKYe,faumfrwDudk zGJYpnf;wm0efay;cJUonf/25? 11? 201425? 11? 201425? 11? 201425? 11? 201425? 11? 2014 / / &efukefNrdKY yef'g[dkw,fü usif;yjyKvkyfaom (56) ygwDpHknDtpnf;ta0;odkh OuúXESifU taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rI;qvdkif;yDyDwdkh wufa&mufcJUonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifU EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrlabmifa&;qGJa&;aumfrwD0if (15) OD;udk,fpm;OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;rIjyKvkyfcJYonf/26? 11? 201426? 11? 201426? 11? 201426? 11? 201426? 11? 2014 / / &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf&Hk;wGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJUaom EdkifiHawmf or®wOD;odef;pdefESifU EdkifiHa&;ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;awGYqHkyGJwGif OuúX OD;idkifqmcfUESifU 'k-OuúX (1) OD;tGrfa,mwdkY yg0ifwufa&mufcJYonf/ ygwD OuúXOD;idkifqmcfUuaqG;aEG;wufjy&mwGif (u) vuf&dSjrefrmUEdkifiHa&;tajctaeudkoHk;oyfvsif USDP, NLD, NDF ponfUEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;taejzifYusef;rma&;? ynma&;? ajr,mjyomemrsm;udkom t"duwifjyaqG;aEG;MuaMumif;? tqdkygjyomemrsm;onf vwfwavajz&Sif;&rnfU

5

EdkifiHa&;r[kwfyJ 0efBuD;Xmetvdkuf tpdk;&tzGJYuajz&Sif;&rnfU jyomemomjzpfaMumif; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkygwDrsm;taejzifU vwfwavm ajz&Sif;&rnfU jyomemomjzpfaMumif;? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkygwDrsm;taejzifY vufwavmajz&Sif;&rnfY EdkifiHa&;jyomemrSmzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmifa&;ESifU udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifU&&dSa&;jzpfaMumif; ,cifu z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmufvQif jynfaxmifpkNydKuGJrnf? wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;rINydKuGJrnf[k 0g'rdIif;wkdufcH&ojzifU wyfrawmftpdk;&uvnf; 'dkYta&;(3)yg;udkjynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJa&;? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIrNydKuGJa&;? tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwHUcdkifNrJa&;[k csrSwfcJUaMumif;?,aeh EdkifiHawmf\vwfwavmjyomemjzpfonfU z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmufa&;udk EkdifiHom;tm;vHk;uvdkvm;awmifUwMuonfUtwGuf 'dkYta&; (3) yg;udkvnf; jynfaxmpfkwnfwHUcdkifNrJa&;? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI ydkrdkcdkifrma&;? jynfaxmifpkESifU jynfe,frsm;\ tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwHUcdkifNrJa&;[k ajymif;vJzdkYtcsdefwefNyD;jzpfaMumif;/(2) EkdifiHawmfor®wBuD;OD;aqmifaomtpdk;&tzGJYtaejzifU wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJYrsm;ESifU Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJMumjrifUpGmjyKvkyfcJUaomfvnf; ,aehxdpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;Edkifjcif;r&dSao;aMumif;? aiGukefaMu;usrsm;onfUtjyif tcsdefukefvlyifyef;jzpf&aMumif;?wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifrsm;taejzifU cGJxGufa&;udkvdkvm;jcif;r[kwfyJ z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGufomwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;jzpfaMumif;? ,cktcg EdkifiHawmfor®wBuD;tygt0if jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfem,uESifU umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwdkhuvnf; z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmufa&;udkvdkvm;onf[k twddtvif;ajymqdkMuonfudkod&aMumif;? odkhjzpfíEdkifiHawmfor®wBuD;? jynfolYvGwfawmfOuúX? trsdK;om;vTwfawmfOuúX ? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf? a':atmifqef;pkMunftygt0ifwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tvdkufjynfe,fwpfckpDrS udk,fpm;vS,fwpfckpDyg0ifonfU 12 yGifUqdkif&mawGYqHkyGJjyKvkyfí z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfudk awGYqHktajz&SmoifYaMumif;? z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmufEdkifygu EdkifiHawmfwGifjynfwGif;ppfNidrf;csrf;oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;odkhjzpfí Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf z,f'&,fpepfwnfaqmufa&;udk tajymoufoufr[kwfyJ tvkyftm;jzifU oufaojy&efvdktyfaMumif;?(3) z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;udk EdkifiHawmfor®w taejzifU jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfodkY o0PfvTmydkhí tajccHOya'jyifqifEdkif&efaqmuf&GufoifYaMumif;? txl;ojzifUtajccHOya'yk'fr 436 (c) t&jyifqif&efvG,fulaomyk'frrsm;udk jyifqifEdkif&efjynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfodkY o0PfvTmay;ydkhoifUaMumif;/(4) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tvdkufjynfe,fwpfckpDrS udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;pDESifU or®wBuD;? jynfolYvTwfawmfOuúX? trsdK;om;vTwfawmfOuúX?umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfESifUa':atmifqef;pkMunfwdkhpkpkaygif; (12) OD;yg0ifonfUawGYqHkyGJudk tjrefqHk;jyKvkyfoifUaMumif;aqG;aEG;wifjycJUonf/5? 12? 20145? 12? 20145? 12? 20145? 12? 20145? 12? 2014 / / &efukefrS rif;wyf - rwlyDodkY OuúXESifUtwl OD;cGgzkef;? qvdkif;ausmfrdk;xGef;wdkhtzGJYonf pnf;&Hk;a&;oGm;a&mufcJUMuonf/ rwlyDNrdKYe,fbav;aus;&GmwGif vli,fESifU trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; tajccHOya'ESifUtrsdK;orD;qdk&m Oya'rsm;ykdYcscJYygonf/17/18/19? 12? 201417/18/19? 12? 201417/18/19? 12? 201417/18/19? 12? 201417/18/19? 12? 2014 / /rwlyDNrdKYe,ftwGif;&dS CLD ygwDukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;ygwDrl0g'ESifU a&SYvkyfief;pOfrsm;aqG;aEG;ydkhcscJhonf/4? 1? 20154? 1? 20154? 1? 20154? 1? 20154? 1? 2015 / / vGwfvyfa&;aeh Adkvf&Iobiftcrf;tem;ESifU EdkifiHawmfor®wrS wnfcif;{nfUcHaomnpmpm;yGJodkh OuúXOD;idkifqmcfUudk,fwkdifwufa&mufyg0ifcJYonf/5? 1? 20155? 1? 20155? 1? 20155? 1? 20155? 1? 2015 / / nDñGwfaom'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (UDP)rS uruxjyKvkyfaom wpfEdkifiHvHk;typftcwf&yfpJa&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfBuD;wGif jynfolwpf&yfvHk;wuf<upGm yg0ifvmapa&; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif ygwDpnf;&Hk;a&;rI; qvdkif;wif&dk,mvfwufa&mufcJYonf/

4if;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS ygwDpHkNidrf;csrf;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIvkyfief;aumfrwDudkatmufygtwdkif;zGJYpnf;cJUonf/1/ OD;vSjrifU (nDñGwfaom'Drdkua&pDygwD)2/ OD;aumif;jrwfxG#f (jrefrmtrsdK;om;uGef*&ufygwD)3/ OD;apm'pfqifxGef;vif; (u&ifjynfolYygwD)4/ OD;rsdK;ñGefh ('Drdkua&pDESifU Nidrf;csrf;a&;ygwD)5/ a'gufwmat;armif (&cdkiftrsdK;om;ygwD)6/ OD;odef;Bunf (trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;r[mrdwftzGJYcsKyfygwD)7/ OD;at;vGif (jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;tzGJYcsKyfygwD)8/ OD;pdkif;armifwif (&Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdku&ufwpfygwD)9/ qvdkif;wif&dk,mvf (csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf)10/ a':at;oDwmjrifU (vm;[l;trsdK;om;zGHY NzdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD) wdkhjzifUzGJYpnf;cJUygonf/

6

5? 1? 5? 1? 5? 1? 5? 1? 5? 1? 20152015201520152015 / / &efukefrS uav;-wrl; OuúXESifU twl 'k-OuúX (1) a':pHkZD;refwdkh oGm;a&mufNyD; (7? 1? 2014) &ufaehwGifwrl;NrdKYe,f qdkif;bkwfwifyGJESifU &Hk;cef;zGifUyGJtcrf;tem;udkwufa&mufcJUonf/ zGifUyGJwGifA[dkwGJYzufb@xdef;OD;cspfarmifESifU NrdKYe,fOuúXOD;wkdufa0;wdkhu zJBudK;zGifUvSpfum A[dkOuúXrS rdefhcGef;ajymMum;cJUonf/8? 1? 20158? 1? 20158? 1? 20158? 1? 20158? 1? 2015 / / uav;NrdKYe,f CLD qdkif;bkwfwifyGJESifU &Hk;zGifUyGJtcrf;tem;udk eHeuf (8) em&DwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJUonf/zGifUyGJwGif A[dkOuúX (2) a':pHkpD;refESifU NrdKYe,fOuúX OD;vsefaemefwdkhu zJBudK;jzwfzGifhvSpfcJUNyD; A[dkOuúXrS rdefhcGef;>rwfMum;cJUygonf/10? 1? 2015 10? 1? 2015 10? 1? 2015 10? 1? 2015 10? 1? 2015 / /zvrf;NrdKYe,f CLD qdkif;bkwfwifyGJESifU &Hk;zGifUyGJ tcrf;tem;udk eHeuf (8) em&DwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJYygonf/zGifhyGJwGif CLD twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf OD;cGmxD,dk;ESifUNrdKYe,ftwGif;a&;rI; OD;[&efwifZrf;wdkhu zJBudK;zGifUvSpfcJhNyD; A[dkOuúXrSrdefcGef;>rwfMum;cJYonf/12? 1? 2015 12? 1? 2015 12? 1? 2015 12? 1? 2015 12? 1? 2015 / / [m;cg;NrdKYe,f CLD qdkif;bkwfwifyGJESifU &Hk;zGifUyGJtcrf;tem;udk eHeuf(8) em&DwGifjyKvkyfcJYygonf/zGifhyGJwGif A[dkrS OuúXBuD;ESifUtwl 'kuúX- (2) a':pHkZD;ref? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rI;qvdkif;yDyD? pnf;&Hk;a&;rI; qvdkif;wif&dk,mvf?Oya'wm0efcHurfcefY'drf;? vli,fwm0efcH qvdkif;a';ApfAefabG;rmefwdkh wufa&mufcJUMuygonf/ zGifUyGJwGif A[dkOuúX OD;idkifqmcfUESifU NrdKYe,fOuúX a':a&Tqkefwdkhu zJBudK;jzwfzGifUvSpfcJhNyD; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rI; qvdkif;yDyDrS tcrf;tem;rI;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJUygonf/A[dkOuúXrS rdefhcGef;ajymMum;cJUNyD; NrdKYe,fOuúX a':a&TqkefrS aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymMum;cJUygonf/14/16? 12? 2014 14/16? 12? 2014 14/16? 12? 2014 14/16? 12? 2014 14/16? 12? 2014 / / csif;trsdK;om;nDvmcH bHkoabmwlnDcsufrsm; nd§EdIif;taumiftxnfazmfaqmifa&;aumfrwD\'kwd,tBudrfajrmuftpnf;ta0;wGif OuúX OD;idkifqmcfUESifUtwl a':pkefpD;ref? qvdkif;yDyD? qvdkif;atmifvdef;? a':urfcefY'drf;?qvdkif;a';ApfAefabG;refwdkhwufa&mufcJhMuNyD; OuúXBuD; OD;idkifqmcfUrS yxrqHk;aeYtpnf;ta0;wGif csif;jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJYrSvlrIa&;0efBuD; a'gufwmbarmif? a':csifcsif? qvdkif;atmifrif;vIdifwdkhESifUtwl obmywdBuD;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJUonf/ xdkYtjyifcsif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf OuúXtaejzifU vuf&dSjrefrmUEdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;acgif;pOfjzifU a[majymcJUygonf/17? 1? 201517? 1? 201517? 1? 201517? 1? 201517? 1? 2015 / / xefwvefNrdKYe,f qdkif;bkwfwifyGJESifU &Hk;cef;zGifUyGJtcrf;tem;udk eHeuf (8) em&DwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJUonf/zGifUyGJodkh A[dk OuúXESifUtwl taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rI; qvdkif;yDyD? twGif;a&;rI; (1) qvdkif;atmifvif; ? pnf;&Hk;a&;rI; qvdkif;wif&dk,mvfwdkY wufa&mufcJYonf/ zGifYyGJ wGif A[dktwGif;a&;rI; (1) qvdkif;atmifvdef;ESifU NrdKYe,f,m,D OuúX OD;axmiftJ&fwdkhrS zJBudK;zGifUvSpfay;cJUNyD; A[dkOuúXBuD;rS rdefhcGef;ajymMum;cJUonf/ tcrf;tem;rI;tjzpftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rI; qvdkif;yDyDrS aqmif&GufcJUonf/

Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESif U EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yG J rlabmifa&;qGJa&;aumfrwDNidrf;csrf;a&;ESif U EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yG J rlabmifa&;qGJa&;aumfrwDNidrf;csrf;a&;ESif U EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yG J rlabmifa&;qGJa&;aumfrwDNidrf;csrf;a&;ESif U EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yG J rlabmifa&;qGJa&;aumfrwDNidrf;csrf;a&;ESif U EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yG J rlabmifa&;qGJa&;aumfrwD ( PPIC) 0ifrsm; 0ifrsm; 0ifrsm; 0ifrsm; 0ifrsm;1/ 2014 pufwifbmv 13-14 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKY ? Green Hill Hotel ü usif;ycJYaom (56) ygwDpHknDtpnf;ta0;wGifEdkifiHa&;rlabmifa&;qGJ&ef Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifU EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrlabmifa&;qGJa&;aumfwD ( Peace and Political Dialogue Initiative

Committee/ PPIC) udk atmufazmfjyyg EdkifiHa&;ygwDtodD;oD;rS yk*¾dKvf (15)OD;jzifU zGJYpnf;cJUygonf/1/1/1/1/1/ OD;idkifqmcfY csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfygwD2/2/2/2/2/ OD;vSapm &cdkiftrsdK;om;ygwD3/3/3/3/3/ OD;pdkif;vSausmf? pdkif;atmifjrifUcdkif &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdku&ufwpfygwD4/4/4/4/4/ OD;aerif;ausmf trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk5/5/5/5/5/ OD;apmoef;jrifU zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkygwD6/6/6/6/6/ OD;'pfqifxGef;vif; u&ifjynfolUygwDf7/7/7/7/7/ OD;rsdK;ñGefh 'Dfrdkua&pDESifUNidrf;csrf;a&;8/8/8/8/8/ OD;odef;xGef; wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;ygwD9/9/9/9/9/ OD;ausmfpGm;rdk; jrefrmEdkifiHawmifolv,form;zGHY NzdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD10/10/10/10/10/ a'gufwmaemfvD ucsif;trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDuGef*&uf11/11/11/11/11/ OD;at;vGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;tzGJYcsKyf12/ 12/ 12/ 12/ 12/ OD;at;BudKif &cdkifjynfe,ftrsdK;om;tiftm;pkygwD13/13/13/13/13/ OD;oef;OD; 88 ausmif;om;vli,frsm; (jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH)14/14/14/14/14/ OD;aumif;jrwfxG#f jrefrmtrsdK;om;uGef*&uf15/15/15/15/15/ OD;ZdkZrf csif;trsdK;om;'Drdku&ufwpfygwD

7

csif;jynfe,ftwGif;&SdNrdKYe,frsm;ESifU &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd NrdKUe,frsm;wGifcsif;'Drkdua&pDtzGJYcsKyfrS ½kH;cef;ESifhqkdif;bkwfrsm;ukd atmifjrifpGmzGifUvSpfEkdifcJUonfU rSwfwrf;"gwfykHrsm;

8

2010ckESpfaemufydkif;jrefrmUEdkifiHa&;wdk;wufrIwjznf;jznf;t&dSef&vmonfESifUtrQ EdkifiHwumtwdkif; t0ef;uvnf;nifomaomEdkifiHa&;wdk;wufrItay:csD;usK;cJUMuaomfvnf; (2014)ckESpf ESpfv,fydkif;avmuftwGif;ay:aygufvmonfU zGJYpnf;yHkjyifqifa&;udpörsm;jzpfaom yk'fr 436 jyifqifa&; ? yk'fr 59 (p) jyifqifa&;udpö&yfrsm;ü ADdwdktmPmydkifqdkifaom wyfawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS wnDwnGwfwnf; uefYuGufrJay;cUJMuovdk ? wzufrSvnf;wpfEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mtypftcwf&yfpJa&;rsm;ESifUywfoufNyD;pufwifbmv22&ufrS 26&uftwGif; National Ceasefire Coordinating Team(NCCT) ESifU Union Peace Working Committee (UPWC)

wdkhtMum;aqG;aEG;rIwGif wyfrawmfzufrSzGJYpnf;yHkjyifqifa&;udk t[efhtwm;jzpfaprnfU wyfrawmfrl(6)csufwifjyvmjcif;? z,f'&,ffwyfrawmfudk vufrcHjcif;wdkhaMumifY jrefrmYEdkifiHa&;wpfckvHk; a&SYrwkd;EdkifawmUyJ &yfwefYoGm;cJhonf/ xkdYtjyif 4if;aqG;aEG;rIudk jyefvnftpjyKEdkif&ef ESpfzuftzGJY jzpfwJU UPWCESifUNCCT wdkhtvGwfoabmawGYqHkrIumtwGif; wyfrawmfrS KIA Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;udktajrmufESifU ypfcwfNyD; wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifrS Adkvfavmif; (23) usqHk;oGm;&mrS ESpfzuftwGif; tjyeftvSef,HkMunfrI ydkrdkavQmUMuoGm;cJYonf/

&yfwefYoGm;aomEdkifiHa&;wdk;wufrIudkjyefvnftpjyKEdkif&ef 2015 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif (12)zGJYESifUawGYqHkNyD; azazmf0g&Dv (12) &ufaeYwGifwpfEdkifiHvHk;typftcwf&yfpJEdkif&ef BudK;pm;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;awGYvmonfUtjyif?ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;ppfyGJjzpfyGg;aeqJjzpfonfUtwGuf ucsifvlrItzGJYtpnf;rsm;uefhuGufonfUMum;u Zefe0g7D (10) jrpfBuD;em;wGifusif;yonfUraemyGJwGif or®wOD;odef;pdefrS wpfEdkifiHvHk; typf&yfpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;Edkif&ef BudK;yrf;vsuf&dSNyD; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&dS&efvufwpfurf;udka&mufaeNyD;jzpfaMumif; ajymMum;cJYonf/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;typftcwf&yfpJa&;twGufudk jynfaxmifpkaehwGifvufrSwfa&;xdk;rnfU or®w\ urf;vSrf;rIudk tqHk;jzwfay;rnfUtpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk wpfEdkifiHvHk;typftcwf&yfpJa&;nd§EdIif;a&;tzGJY( NCCT)wdkh Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufaehwGifxdkif;EdkifiH? csif;rdkifNrdKYwGifaqG;aEG;aepOf wdkufqdkifpGm &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif; aumif;cg;aus;&GmrSc&pf,mefomoemjyKq&mESpfOD;tm; t"r®jyKusifUNyD; &ufpufpGmowfjzwfcH&rltay: a'ocHrsm;u wyfrawmftay:oHo,&dSaerIuwpfEdkifiHvHk;typftcwf&yfpJa&;twGuf ESpfzuf,HkMunfrIudk ydkrdktm;enf;apEdkifonf/ xkdhtjyif 4if;aeY&uftwGif;wGifwyfrawmfumuG,ffa&;OD;pD;csKyfrif;atmifvIdifrSwdkif;&if; om;vufeufudkiftzGUJtpnf; tcsKdY pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;vdkufemrIr&dSojzifUppfwyfESifUwdkufyGJrsm;jzpfaMumif; e,l;at;&Sowif;XmeESifU oD;oefhjyKvkyfonfU tifwmAsL;wpfckwGif ajymMum;cJYonf/

wzufwGifNyD;cJYonfY 2014 ckESpf eSpfukefydkif;u zGJYpnf;yHkjyifqifa&;ESifYywfoufNyD; vGwfawmfrS ta&;BuD; tqdkjyKonfh(6)yGifUqdkifaqG;aEG;yGJudk EdkifiHawmfor®rS wHkhjyefonfUtaejzifU Zefe0g&Dv (12) &ufaeh 2015 ckESpfwGif wdkif;&if;om;a&;&m0efBuD;rsm;tygt0if wdkif;&if;om;ygwDacgif;aqmifwcsKdYESifUawGYqHkNyD; vGwfvyfrQwaom a&G;aumufyGJjzpfay:vma&;? Nidrf;csrf;pGmtoGiful;ajymif;a&;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJUonf/ 4if;awGYqHkrIudk wzefwHkjyefonfUtaejzifU ol&OD;a&Tref;u ta&;BuD;tqdktjzpftwnfjyKcJYonfUtajccHOya'jyifqifa&;ESifU trsdK;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;wdkhtwGuf ajcmufyGifYqdkifawGYqHk&ef tpdk;&udkwdkufwGef;aMumif;tqdktm; jyefvnf&kyfodrf;rnfr[kwf[k jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf em,u Zefe0g&D 13 &ufaeh wdkif;&if;om;a&;&m 0efMuD; rsm;ESifUawGYqHkpOffwGif ajymMum;cJYonf/ xdkYtwlEdkif0ifbm (17) &uf? 2014 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;rS &ufaygif; (60) twGif;ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifY nd§EdIif;&efwdkufwGef;ay;NyD; cwå&yfqdkif;xm;vdkuf&onfU trsdK;om;ynm;a&;Oay'qefhusif uefhuGufonfUqExkwfazmfrSmvnf;NyD; cJUonfUZefe0g&Dvv,fydkif;avmufrS wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmtaejzifU jyefvnfpwifaeNyD; Zefe0g&D (17)&ufawmifomNrdKYwGif tpdk;&wm0ef&dSolrsm;ESifU av;yGifUqdkifawGYqHkndSEdIif;&ef tMurf;Nzif;oabmwlnDrI&&dScJUaomfvnf; ausmif;om;or*¾zGJYpnf;a&;ESifY tjcm;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tay: rnfrSstavSsmYtwif;vkyfEdkfifrnfenf;qdkonfrSm ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfaeqJjzpfonf/

NyD;cJYonfYESpfu vlYtcGifYta&;vIyf&Sm;rIw&yfjzpfonfU aMu;eDpDrHudef;ESifUpyfvsOf;NyD; a':cif0if;aoqHk;rItay: oufqdkif&mzufrSjynfolrsm;vufcHEdkifavmufonfYajz&Sif;csufrsdK;ray;cJYonfYtjyif w&kwfoH&Hk;a&SYwGif oGm;a&mufqE´jyolrsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHawmftMunftnd§ysufaprIESifU w&m;pGJqdkxm;cJhonf/ 4if;udpötay: auseyfrIr&dSaom vufyHawmif;a'ocHrsm;? NrdKYcHEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;?rHk&GmNrdKYaejynfolrsm;u Zefe0g&D (5) &ufESifU (6) &ufwdkhu qE´jycJhNyD;4if;qE´jyyGJudkazazmf0g&DvtwGif; wpfurÇmvHk;twdkif;twmjzifU vkyfaqmif&ef MATA Myanmar tzGJYrSaqmif&Guf&efajymqdkcJYonf/

tcsKyfqdk&&ifvuf&dSjrefrmYEdkifiHa&;wGifta&;wBuD;vdktyfaeonfU typftcwf&yfpJa&;ESifU jynfwGif;Nidfrf;csrf;vkyfief;rsm;ESifY ESpfzufvufeufudkiftkyfpkonf oHo, rsm;Mum;wGifom w0Jvnfvnfjzpfaeao;onf/ ESpfzuf\xm0&Nidrf;a&;tay:t"dyÜ,fzGifUqdkrIjcif;vnf; wlnDrIr&dSaMumif; KIA AdkvfcsKyfuGrfarmfESifU {&m0wDtifwmAsL;wpfckwGif ajymMum;cJYonf/ vuf&Sdtypftcwf&yfpJa&;wGif wyfrawmfzufrS tqHk;tjzwfay;EdkifrnfU umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu rdrdtNidrf;pm;r,lcif typftcwf&yfpJa&;udkNyD;ajrmufatmifjrifapcsifonf[kqdkaomfvnf; vufawGYwGif vG,fulrnfr[kwfao;ay/ wzufrSvnf; jynfwGif;vlYtcGifUa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udkvnf; tpdk;&taejzifUxda&mufpGmajz&Sif;EdkifrIr&dSao;jcifaMumifU vlxktaejzifU w&m;Oya'ESifU vuf&dStpdk;&udkoHo,taejzifUom apmifUMunfUaeMuao;aMumif; wifjyvdkuf&onf/

wpfvtwGif;EdkifiHa&;oHk;oyfcsuf csif;tzdk;BuD;

9

urÇmhordkif;tqufqufwGif acgif;aqmifaygif;rsm;ay:xGufcJhonf/ acgif;aqmifwpfOD;pDonfvnf; taMumif;t&mwpfrsdK;

pDjzifh ausmfMum;cJhMuonf/ txl;ojzihf *sL;vD,ufpDZm? eydkvD,HuJhodkYaom wdkufcdkufa&;üuRrf;usifaomacgif;aqmifrsm;

ay:xGef;vmouJhodkY *E´D? csif&SDawmifoD? vDuGef,luJhodkhaom rsdK;cspfacgif;aqmifrsm;pGm ay:xGufcJhonf/ xdkuJUodkhaom acgif;

aqmifrsm;udkqef;ppfvdkufygu ]acgif;aqmifaumif;[lonfrSm}]acgif;aqmifaumif;[lonfrSm}]acgif;aqmifaumif;[lonfrSm}]acgif;aqmifaumif;[lonfrSm}]acgif;aqmifaumif;[lonfrSm} uJhodkYaom ar;cGef;twGuf tajzrsm;pGm&SdEdkifayonf/ tu,f

pifppfwGif acgif;aqmif[kqdk&mü tajctaersdK;pHkESifh? t&nftcsif;rsdK;pHk cGJjcm;odjrifEkdifygonf/ Oyrmqkd&vQif *sL;vD,ufpDZm

ESifh eydkvD,HuJhodkhaomacgif;aqmifrsm;rS urÇmBuD;udktkyfpdk;cJhMuouJhodkh csif;&SDa[mifoDrSm w½kwfEdkifiHudkpkpnf;ay;EdkifNyD; *ED

uJhodkhacgif;aqmifrSm vGwfvyfa&;udk&,lay;EdkifcJhonfudk ordkif;wGifawGY&SdEkdifygonf/ vDuGef,lrSmvnf; puFmylEkdifiHudkwnfaxmif

cJhNyD; urÇmhtcsrf;omqHk;EkdifiHjzpfatmifyHkaz:ay;Edkifaom rSwfausmufwifzG,facgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonfudk awGY jrifEdkifonf/

xdkacgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS xl;jcm;csufrSm *sL;vD,ufqDZmESifh eydkvD,HuJhokdYaomacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm ppfwdkuftEdkif,lwuf

aomoabm&SdNyD; aoG;pGef;aomvufrsm;jzifh urÇmudkudkifvSKyfcJhMuonf/ odkYaomfa&&Snfxdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf;r&SdbJ NydKvJjcif;rsm;jzifh tqHk;

owfcJhMuonf/ xdkaMumifh ½dkaoav;pm;rSKrSm cg;oD;rSKrsm;ESifha&m,Sufaeonf/ odkYaomfudkvdkeDpepfBuD;udkwGef;vSefaom *EDESifh

vDuGef,lrSm rsufarSmufacwfpHjywpfcktjzpf usefcJhonf/ EdkifiHudkOD;aqmifEdkifrSK? w&m;rQwrIESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGmEkdifiHtusdK;xrf;&Guf

EkdifrItwGuf wpfurÇmvHk;rS av;pm;cJhMuonf/ vDuGef;,lrSmvnf; EdkifiH\taumif;qHk;yJhudkif&SifjzpfcJhNyD; ,aehwkdif 4if;\t,ltq

rsm;? 'omersm;udk EkdifiHwdkif;rS twk,lcJhMuonf/ 4if;wdkh\BudK;pm;rI? ½dk;om;rIESifhÓ Pf&nfÓ PfaoG;xufjrufrIrSm trsm;\

av;pm;*kPf,lzG,fjzpfcJhMuonf/

xkdhaMumifhacgif;aqmifrItwufynmrSm wdusaomtajctaeay:wGifrlwnfvQuf trltusifhajymif;vJrIudk OD;aqmifEkdif

oludk todtrSwfjyKjcif;jzpfaMumif; awGY&SddEkdifygonf/ acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD;onf olwpfyg;xHrSavhvmrI&SdNyD; vufawGYusifhoHk;

umxda&mufaom OD;aqmifrIudk vrf;jyay;Ekdifygonf/ a,bHk,stm;jzihf acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH(6)rsdK;udk awGY&SdEdkifygonf/

acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;udk&SmazGjcif;

(1) twif;t"r®OD;aqmifjcif; (Coercive) acgif;aqmifwpfOD;rS trdefhay;apcdkif;jcif;jzpfonf/

(2) tmPm&SifyHkpH (Authoritative) tmPm&SifqefqefOD;aqmifNyD; vufatmufi,fom;rsm;udk rdrdaemuftwif;vkdufapjcif;jzpfonf/

acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH

tzGJYtpnf;twGif;ü OD;aqmifrIray;EdkifyJ vufatmufi,fom;rsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfusqif;aponf/

acgif;aqmif\yef;wkdifrSm taumif;qHk;r[kwfyJ uRrf;usif0efxrf;rsm;rS qefYusifrIjzpfaponf/

tm;enf;jcif;

a':pkHZD;rmef

10

xdkYaMumifh acgif;aqmifrIrSmarG;&mygr[kwfyJ vufawGYusifhoHk;&aom tavUtxyifjzpfaMumif; od&SdEdkifygonf/ rdrdü&Sdaom tBuHOmPfaumif;rsm;? pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;udk vufawGYtoHk;cswufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifhacgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD;rSmarQmfrSef;csuf (Vision) &Sdudk&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkarQmfrSef;csufrSm½dk;&Sif;&rnfjzpfNyD; tem*wfü trsm;tusdK;tvdkYiSm taumif;qHk;udkk yHkazmfay;Edkifaomt,ltq? tawG;tac:jzpf&rnf/xdkYaMumifhxdk&nfrSef;csufrSm rdrd\vrf;udktrSefjyay;aom vrf;jyajryHkwpfckjzpfaMumif; ,HkMunfvufcH&rnf/

xdkaMumifh acgif;aqmifaumif;qdkonfrSm tzGJYtpnf;wpfck\atmifjrifrSKtwGuf yHkazmfay;aomoludkqdkvdkonf/ trsm;twGuf a&SYwef;rSrm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfay;Edkifol? rdrdvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf uRrf;usifyg;eyfpGm ta&;qdkay;Edkifoludkom todtrSwfjyKoifhaMumif;awGY&SdEdkifygonf/ txl;ojzifhacgif;aqmifrItydkif;wGiftcsuf(4)ckudk txl;awGY&Sd&onf/ rdrdudk,fudk,HkMunfrI? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;,HkMunfrI? pDrHcefhcGJEkdifrIESifh tzGJYtpnf;udkn§dEdIif;yJhudkifEdkifaomt&nftcsif;wdkhjzpfonf/ xdkhjyif acgif;aqmifaumif;\t&nftaoG;(7)csufudkvnf; rSwfom;zG,f&m wifjyvdkygonf/(1)acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD;ü twk,lzG,faom trltusifh&Sd&rnf/(2) wuf<upGm OD;aqmifwwfaomtavhtusifh&Sd&rnf/(3) rdrdudk,fwdkif,HkMunfrI tjynfh&Sd&rnf/ (4) tajctaet&yf&yfudk aumif;rGefpGmxdef;csKyfEkdif&rnf/ (5) onf;cHEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnf/(6) yef;wdkifwpfckpDtwGuf aumif;pGma0zefoHk;oyfEdkif&rnf/(7) taumif;qHk;udkom tNrJBudK;pm;oljzpf&rnf/ xdkhjyif rsufarSmufacwfwGif tepfemcHwwfaomacgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;&Sm;yg;vmonf/ acgif;aqmifaumif;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;aeaomolrsm;udkyif wdkufcdkufMuNyD; ae&mr&

(3) tzGJYtpnf;qefqefOD;aqmifrI (Affiliative) tzGJYtpnf;yHkpHjzifhtkyfcsKyfNyD; trsm;oabmaqmifvsuf OD;aqmifwwfoljzpfonf/

(4) 'Drdk*&ufwpf (Democratic) qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&eftwGuf trsm;\qHk;jzwfrIudk av;pm;vdkufemwwfrIjzpfonf/vufatmufi,fom;rsm;\yg0ifrIudk tm;ay;onf/

(5) pHjyaumif;wpfOD;tjzpfOD;aqmifrI( Pacesetting) vkyfief;wpfcktwGuf taumif;qHk;pGrf;aqmifEdkifNyD; rdrd\vkyfudkifrIudkusef&SdaomvkyfukdifazmfaqmifzufrS wuf<upGmtwk,lwwfonf/

(6) yJhudkifxdef;ausmif;jcif; (Coaching) wpfOD;jcif;wdk;wufrItwGuf BuD;Muyfxdef;ausmif;ay;jcif;jzpfNyD; vkyfaqmifudkifzuf\wpfOD;jcif; wdk;wufap&ef toHk;wnfUonf/

trsm;oabm[kqdkaomfvnf; trSm;trSefcGJjcm;rIü tm;enf;wwfNyD;trSefudk vrf;jyEdkif&eftm;enf; wwfonf/

wpfcgwpf&HwGif qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&mü ra&r&mjzpfwwfonf/

pGrf;aqmif&nfrwlnDaom vkyfazmfudkifzufrS vufvSrf;rSDtwk,l&ef cJ,Of;wwfonf/

wpfcgwpf&Hvkyfazmfaqmifzuf\ BudK;pm;vdkpdwfr&Sdjcif;udk(Coaching) oufoufjzifh atmifjrifrI r&Edkifay/

atmif z,f&Sm;Muonf/ odkhaomf ueOD;az: jyNyD;jzpfonfUtwdkif;acgif;aqmifaumif;jzpfvm&ef rdrdudk,fudkavhusifh,l&rnf/ acgif;aqmif aumif;wdkh\ vu©Pmudkod&Sd½kHomruyJ vufawGYusifhoHk;wwf&efvdk tyfygonf/ txl;ojzifhrdrdwdkhcsif;vlrsdK;rsm;wGifvnf;&Gufykef;oD;acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;pGm ay:xGufvmrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ tem*wfcsif;EdkifiHa&;twGuf xl;cRefaomacgif;aqmifrsm;udkyHhydk;ay;&efvdktyfouJhodkh twlwuGvufwGJaqmif&Guf&efvdktyfvmrnfjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh csif;vli,frsm;onfjyKjyifajymif;vJrIukd awmif;wMuonf/ &nfrSef;csufwpfcktwGuf ay;qyfekdifonf/ tem*wftwGuf &J0HhpGm vkyfaqmifvmEkdifonfukdowdjyKMu&rnfjzpfonf/ csif;trsKd;orD;rsm;onfvnf; wuf<upGmyg0ifvmonfukd vufcH&rnfjzpfonf/

xkdYaMumifh csif;'Drkdua&pDtzGJYonf csif;vli,frsm;? trsKd;orD;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ yHhykd;rIukd tajcjyKvsuf csif;0g&ifh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl csif;EkdifiHa&;pmrsufESmopfukd avQmufvSrf;aeNyDjzpfonf/ csif;EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;pGmudk arG;xkwfay;Ekdifonfhtxd &yfwnfay;aom wpfckwnf;aom csif;ygwDtjzpf orkdif;a&;xkd;&ef qEjyif;jyvsuf&Sdygonf/ txufwGifazmfjycJhaom acgif;aqmifaumif;wdkh\ t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifhtnDxufjrufaom vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;? trsKd;orD;acgif;aqmifrsm;ay:aygufEkdifa&;twGuf csif;'Drkdua&pDtzGJYrS BudKqkdvsuf&Sd aMumif;ESifh tem*wf\ acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD;jzpfvm&efESifh avhusifh,l&ef tcGifhtvrf;ay;aomae&mwpfckjzpfaMumif; today;vkdygonf/ rdrdwkdhcsif;vlrsKd;rsm;xJwGifvnf; xl;cRefxufjrufaom vli,facgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;ukd arG;xkwfay;&if; csif;vlrsKd;rsm;awmifhwaeaom ppfrSefaomzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkodkh csif;'Drkdua&pDtzGJYcsKyfESifhtwl avQmufvSrf;Muygpkdh[k wkdufwGef;vkduf&ygonf/

11

ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; / ///// csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfudk b,faeYupwifzGJYpnf;cJYygovJ/ajz /ajz /ajz /ajz /ajz / ///// csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf (CLD) udk ( 1-4-2014) &ufaehrSm pwifzGJYpnf;cJYygw,f/jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyJGaumfr&Sif u ( 15-7-2014) &ufaehrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDrSwfyHkwiftrSwf - 75t& cGifhjyKcJhygw,f/ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; / ///// csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf&JY tvHta&mifu tjcm;csif;ygwD&JYta&mifeJhuGmjcm;wmawGY ygw,f/ bmt"dyÜ,fvJqdkwmodyg&ap/ajz/ajz/ajz/ajz/ajz/ /////csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf&JUtvHu tay:ydkif;teDa&mif? atmifydkif;tjyma&mif jzpfygw,f/ teDa&mifu oHk;yHkwpfyHk? tjyma&mifu oHk;yHkESpfyHkyg/ teDa&mif[m pdefac:rIawGudk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;&mrSm &J&ifhjywfom;jcif;ESifh &JpGrf;owÅdudk azmfaqmifjcif;jzpfygonf/z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmufa&;? udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&&dSa&;? ppfrSefaom'Drdkua&pD&&dSa&;[m pdefac:rIrsm;jzpfygw,f/tjyma&mif[m csif;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhwuG csif;vlrsdK;rsm;aexdkif&mae&ma'otoD;oD;ESifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHzGHY NzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGufwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;azmfaqmif&mrSm ta&;BuD;qHk;vdktyfcsufjzpfwJh½kd;om;jcif;? wnfMunfjcif;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm aqmif&Gufjcif;udkt"dyÜ,faqmifygw,f/

tvH&JYxdyfu Mu,fjzLwpfvHk;uawmUurÇmhtESHh? jrefrmjynftESHhjyefUusJaexdkifMuwJU csif;trsdK;om;a&;twGuf wpfvHk;wpf0wnf;jzpfa&;udk azmfaqmifygw,f/ csif;trsdK;om;a&;twGuf oefY&Sif;pifMu,f&dk;om;aom pdwf"gwfeJh wpfvHk;wpf0wnf;jzpfa&;udk tjzLa&mifu azmfaqmifwmjzpfygw,f/ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; / / / / / / tcsKdYcsif;ygwDawGY&JYygwDwHqdyfrS EGm;aemufacgif;? atmifcsif;iSufwpfaumif&JY yHkudkowfrSwfxm;ygw,f/ csif;tzGJYcsKyf&JYygwDtrSwfwHqdyfrSm atmufcsif;iSufESpfaumiftjyif awmifZvyfyef;oHk;yGifUyHkygwmawGY&w,f/ av;eufwJUt"dyÜg,f? xl;jcm;wJYt"dyÜg,f&dSygovm;/ajz/ajz/ajz/ajz/ajz/ ///// av;eufxl;jcm;wJht"dyÜ,f&dSygw,f/ trSwfwHqdyf&JYatmufcHta&mif[m ygwD&JYtvHudk udk,fpm;jyKygw,f/awmifZvyfyef;oHk;yGifh[m csif;awmifwef;udk tvSqifwJUawmifZvyfyef;udk azmfxkwfjcif;jzpfNyD; jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif vGwfvyfjcif;? w&m;rQwjcif;? wef;wlnDrQjcif;pwJUavmuygv w&m;xGef;um;a&;udk yHkazmfwmjzpfygw,f/ atmufcsif;iSuftzdktrESpfaumif&JY t"dyÜg,fudk tav;teuf&Sif;jyvdkygw,f/ atmufcsif;iSuf[m tvGefopöm&dSwJUXufjzpfw,f/ tzdkaovQifusef&pfwJUtruygaocHNyD;? traovQif usefwJUtzdkuvdkufNyD; taocHwJUiSufrsdK;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifU csif;vlrsdK;awG&JYopöm&dSrIudkatmufcsif;iSufwpfaumifudkom trSwfoauFwjyKvkyfjcif;[m opöm&dSrIudkazmfaqmif&mrSm rSefuefjynfUpHkjcif;r&dSygbl;/ xdkhtwlcsif;trsdK;om;a&;twGuf xda&mufpGmatmif&GufEdkifzdkhtwGuf csif;trsdK;om;rsm;ESifU twlcsif;trsdK;orD;rsm;wef;wlnDwlyg0ifívufwGJaqmif&GufzdkYwm0ef&dSMuygw,f/ trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD; vufwGJvsuf a&SYodkYrsufESmrlvsufcsDwufaqmif&GufEdkifzdkY atmufcsif;iSufarmifESHu udk,fpm;jyKwGef;tm;ay;wmjzpfygw,f/ csif;trsdK;orD;rsm;&JY OD;aqmifyg0ifrIudkvnf; tav;xm;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ararararar;;;;; / // // // // / csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfudk zGJYpnf;wnfaxmif&wJUtaMumif;&if;udkodyg&ap/ajz /ajz /ajz /ajz /ajz / ///// csif;vlrsdK;awG&JY ordkif;udkjyefvSefMunfU&if pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrItvGeftm;enf;wmawGY&ygw,f/ rsdK;EG,fpkta&;udk a&SYwef;wifvGef;NyD; csif;wpfrsdK;om;vHk;ta&;udk rQrQwweJh OD;wnfaqmif&GufwJUygwDtrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifr&dScJUbl;/ yk*¾dKvfa&; xifay:ausmfapmrIudkomOD;pm;ay;NyD;? csif;jynfolwpf&yfvHk;&JY ygwDjzpf&rnfYtpm; ]ighygwD} vdkYwHqdyfcwfwm? ] csif;jynfolawG} [kajymqdkoHk;EIef;&rnfYtpm; ] igYvlawG} vdkYacgif;pOfwyfwm? ]trIaqmifaumfrwD} [koHk;EIef;&rnfY tpm; ] igvkyfwm? igYoabmxm;}vdkh oHk;wmawGyJxGef;um;cJUwmyg/ ygwDudk &mxl;&&dS? wnfNrJa&;? yk*¾dKvfa&;xifay:ausmfMum;a&;twGuf toHk;csolwpfcsKdYudkvnf;xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awGYcJY&w,f/ 'gaMumifU csif;vlrsdK;wdkh&JYEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm csif;vlrsdK;EG,fpktm;vHk;? csif;trsdK;om;wpf&yfvHk;udk vTrf;NcHKwJUygwDeJh trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifr&dSwJU uGufvyfudkjznfYqnf;&yfwnfEdkifzdkh csif;ygwDrsm;? rsdK;EG,fpkygwDrsmpkaygif;yg0ifEdkifrnfU] tzGJYcsKyf}udkOD;wnfNyD;? csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf} qdkwJUygwDudk zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifcJUMuwmjzpfygw,f/ csif;trsdK;om;wpf&yfvHk;twGuf

csif;csif;csif;csif;csif;'D'D'D'D'Drd kua&pDtzG Jrd kua&pDtzG Jrd kua&pDtzG Jrd kua&pDtzG Jrd kua&pDtzG J YY YY YcsKyf\csKyf\csKyf\csKyf\csKyf\rl0grl0grl0grl0grl0g'''''vrf;pOfESifvrf;pOfESifvrf;pOfESifvrf;pOfESifvrf;pOfESifUU UU UpyfvsOf;ípyfvsOf;ípyfvsOf;ípyfvsOf;ípyfvsOf;í

A[dkOuúX OD;id kifqmYcfESifA[dkOuúX OD;id kifqmYcfESifA[dkOuúX OD;id kifqmYcfESifA[dkOuúX OD;id kifqmYcfESifA[dkOuúX OD;id kifqmYcfESifUU UU UtifwmAsL;tifwmAsL;tifwmAsL;tifwmAsL;tifwmAsL;

12

aqmif&Guf&rnfqdkwJY trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"gwfudkrsdK;apUcszdkh ? jyKpkysdK;axmifay;zdkh ? vrf;cif;ay;zdkh ? &nf&G,fwmjzpfygw,f/ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; / ///// csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf&JY xl;jcm;wJh&nfrSef;csufudkvnf;ajymay;ygtkH;/ajz / /ajz / /ajz / /ajz / /ajz / / ppfrSefwJU zuf&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmufa&;ESifU csif;vlrsdK;rsm;? rdrdwdkh uHMur®mudk vGwfvyfpGmzefwD;cGifh&dSwJUudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifY&&dSa&;[m t"du&nfrSef;csufjzpfygw,f/ xl;jcm;csufuawmU z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmuf&mrSmucsif? u,m;? u&if? csif;? Arm? rGef? &cdkif? &Srf;pwJUvlrsdK;rsm;ESifU EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;wef;wlnDrQrIudk OD;wnfaqmif&Gufzdkhjzpfygw,f/ xdkhtjyif rdrdwpfOD;taeeJhvnf; csif;vlrsdK;rsm;tMum;wGifvnf; pnf;vHk;nDnGwftm;enf;w,fvdkh aumuf,lokH;oyf&ygw,f/ csif;vlrsdK;awG&JY ordkif;udkjyefvSefMunfU&if pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrItvGeftm;enf;wmawGY&ygw,f/ rsdK;EG,fpk tm;vHk;wef;wlnDrQ&dSwJYpepfudk wnfaqmufay;zdkYjzpfygw,f/ csif;ordkif;aMumif;t& csif;rsdK;EG,fpkBuD;awGu rsdK;EG,fpki,fawGudk vSpfvSL&Ijcif;?tav;rxm;jcif;? tcGifYta&;ESifU&ydkifcGifUrsm; wef;wlray;jcif;wdkhaMumifU csif;vlrsdK;rsm;tMum; pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrItm;enf;w,fvdkYaumuf,loHk;oyf&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifU ]csif;rsdK;EG,fpkrsm; wef;wlnDrQa&;} [m csif;wpfrsdK;om;vHk;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;twGuftvGefyJta&;BuD;ygw,f/

'gYtjyif csif;jynfe,fjyifyrSm&SdwJUtrsdK;om;rsm;twGuf Oya't&&ydkiftcGifUta&;rsm; tjynfUt0&&dSa&;yJjzpfw,f/ csif;EdkifiHa&;orm;tqufqufu csif;jynfe,fjyifyrSmaexkdifMuwJU csif;vlrsKd;rsm;[m vlrsdK;jcm;wdkh&JYaoG;cGJqufqHrIcH&jcif;?EdSrfUcsqufqHrIcH&jcif;BuHKawGY Mu&w,f/ rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunfrIuif;rJUNyD; tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk txifBuD;pdwf"gwfwdk;yGm;jcif;?rdrdwdkhaexdkif&mae&ma'o&dS vlrsdK;rsm;ESifU wef;wltcGifYta&;rsm;r&dSjcif;? pmay"avUxHk;pHESifU ,Ofaus;rIrsm;arS;rdefaysmufuG,fvkeD;yg;jzpfjcif;wdkhudk awGY jrif&ygw,f/ 'gawGudk tcsdefrDukpm;ay;zdkh vdktyfygw,f/ 2015 ckESpfESifU 2015 ckESpftvGef jrefrmYEdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;rSm zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmufa&;ESifUtwl csif;jynfe,fjyifyae csif;vlrsdK;rsm;ta&;udkvnf;rysufruGuf aqmuf&Gufay;&rSmjzpfw,f/

csif;jynfe,f jyifyvdkYqdkwJYae&mrSm urÇmt&yf&yfrSm&dSwJU csif;vlrsdK;awGtaejzifU EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;ESifY tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlYtcGifUta&;aMunmpmwrf;yg jyXmef;csufrsm;yg &ydkifcGifUrsm;udkvufvGwfqHk;½IH;jcif;r&dSapa&;ESifh &ydkifcGifYrsm;udk xdyg;apmfum;cH&wJU csif;vlrsdK;rsm;&dSygu oufqdkif&mEdkifiH\ oHtrwfrSwqifUjzpfap? oufqdkif&mEdkifiH&dS jrefrmjynfoHtrwfBuD;rSwqifUjzpfap? nd§EdIif;aqmuf&Gufay;jcif;? zdtm;ay;jcif;? awGYqHktajz&Smjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfay;zdkhvnf; yg0ifygw,f/ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; / / / / / / 2010 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJtajctae ESifY ,aeYcsif;ygwDawG&JUtajctaeudk tusOf;csHK; oHk;oyfjyEdkifrvm;/ajz /ajz /ajz /ajz /ajz / ///// 2010ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJrSm CNP ygwDESifh CPP ygwDwdkh[m csif;jynfe,frSm t"duNydKifcJUMuw,f/ ZCD u0ifrNydKifcJYbl;? CNP ygwDu jynfe,fwGif;udkyJ OD;wnfvIyf&Sm;NyD;? CPP uawmU jynfe,fwGif;? jynfe,fjyify OD;wnfvIyf&Sm;wmawGY&w,f/ 'gayr,fU &cdkifjynftwGif;rSm&dSwUJcsif;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf yg0ifaqmif&Gufay;wmr&dScJYbl;/ CNP udk pwifzGJYpnf;wnfaxmifwkef;u uGsefawmft"du OD;aqmifzGJYpnf;ay;cJYwmyg/ csif;jynfe,fwGifomrubJ csif;jynfe,fjyifyrSm&dSwJYcsif;wpfrsdK;om;vHk;a&;twGuf &yfwnfaqmuf&GufEdkifzdkh zGJYpnf;ay;cJYwmyg/ 'gayr,fh 2010 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm csif;jynfe,fudkyJOD;wnf vIyf&Sm;wmawGY&awmh jynfe,fjyifyaexkdifMuwJY &cdkifjynfe,fu csif;vlrsdK;om;rsm;ta&;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;apvdkaMumif;1988-1990 ckESpf ]csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf} ygwDuJUodkhcsif;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;twGuf OD;wnfaqmif&GufonfU ygwDvdktyfaMumif;awmif;qdkvmMuwJYtwGufvdktyfcsuft& csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf qdkwmay:aygufvmwmjzpfw,f/

csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyftaeeJh csif;trsdK;om;a&;twGuf &nfrSef;csuf? rl0g'jcif;wlnDwJU rnfonfh csif;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;eJh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufzdkheJh tjcm;aomEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh vufwGJaqmif&Gufzdkh aMunmcsufxkwfjyefcJUNyD; jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzifUcsif;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; tjyeftvSefnd§EdIif;aqmif&GufrI vdktyfygw,f/ar;/ar;/ar;/ar;/ar;/ ///// csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfygwDESifY jynfcdkifNzdK;ygwD? NLD ygwDwdkYbmuGmjcm;csuf&dSygovJ/ csif;jynfol vlxktaeeJh b,fygwDudka&G;cs,fyg0ifoifYovJ/ajz/ajz/ajz/ajz/ajz/ ///// uGmjcm;csufrsm;pGm&dSygw,f/ csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfygwDrSm ygwD&JUrl0g'? vrf;pOfawGtjyif &nfrSef;csuf? &yfwnfcsufrsm;udkcsif;vlrsdK;rsm; udk,fwdkifyg0ifwJh A[dktvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwDu csif;jynfolvlxk&JYordkif;tqufqufrSm awG UMuHKcHpm;csufESifYtnDa&;qGJcsrSwfwmjzpfw,f/ csrSwfwJhrl0g'vrf;pOftwdkif; taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufrSmjzpfw,f/ tjcm;yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;OD;?tzGJYtpnf;wpfckck? ygwDwpfckck\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIatmifrSm vufatmufcHygwDtaeeJh aqmif&Gufwmr[kwfbl;/ USDP,NLD,NDF

pwJUygwDawGrSmawmU rl0g'vrf;pOf? &nfrSef;csufa&;qGJcsrSwfwJUtcg csif;vlrsdK;awGrygyJa&;qGJwmjzpfw,f/ A[dktrIaqmifaumfrwDrSm csif;vlrsdK;wpfOD;yg0if&HkrQeJh csif;vlrsdK;awG&JUcHpm;csufESifU vdktyfcsufudk ukpm;jznfUqnf;ay;rnfU rl0g'jzpfrvmygbl;?

13

4if;ygwDawG&JYA[dkaumfrwDrSm tjcm;A[dkaumfrwD0ifawG[m trsm;pkjzpfvdkh rJay;qHk;jzwfwJUtcg csif;vlrsdK;awGtwGuf trSefwu,fvdktyfwJU rl0g'jzpfrvmEdkifbl;? ygwDrl0g'rSm csif;vlrsdK;twGuf a&;qGJrSwfrxm;&if taumiftxnfazmfpOf rlvrl0g'vnf;r&dSbl;qdkwm oddzdkhvdkygw,f/ ,ckvuf&dStajctaet&qdk&if USDP, NLD pwJU ygwDBuD;awG&JU A[dkaumfrwD ( CEC) rSmcsif;vlrsdK;wpfOD;wpfa,mufrSs rygwmudkaxmuf½IoHk;oyfvSsif csif;vlrsdK;ta&;udk csif;vlxkudk,fwdkif yg0if qHk;jzwfaqmif&GufEdkifwJh] csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf} rSm wufwuf<u<uyg0ifzdkh vdktyfaewmxif&Sm;aeygw,f/ar; / /ar; / /ar; / /ar; / /ar; / / NLD,USDP pwJh csif;EdkifiHa&;ygwDr[kwfwJh ygwDawGuae0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifrnfU vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG?ygwD0ifawG&JY tcef;u@udk oHk;oyfay;Edkifrvm;/ajz / /ajz / /ajz / /ajz / /ajz / / csif;vlrsdK;awG[m jrefrmjynfrSm&SdwJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;awGxJrSm vGwfvyfwJh EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: ,HkMunfcsuftvGeftm;enf;w,fvdkh oHk;oyf&ygw,f/ 1947 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufaehrSm ucsif? &Srf;wdkhESifhtwl yifvHkpmcsKyfrSmvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJUayrJU vGwfvyfa&;&wJUtcg yifvHkuwdu0wfeJhtnD (csif;jynfe,f)&&Sdudk rBudK;pm;cJhMubl;/ csif;0daoowdkif;udk ausauseyfeyf,lcJUMuNyD; vrf;? wHwm;? aq;½kH;eJh ausmif;awG aqmufvkyfay;zdkhomarsSmfudk;cJUMuw,f/ ,aehtxdvnf;csif;acgif;aqmiftcsKdY[m wHwm;aqmufay;r,f? vrf;azmufay;r,f? aq; ½kHaqmufay;r,f? ausmif;aqmufay;r,fvdkhrJqG,ffpnf;&Hk;aeMuwkef;jzpfygw,f/ 'gawG[m zGHNzdK;a&;twGuf tpdk;&vkyf&rnfUolu rjzpfraevkyfrJh tvkyfjzpfygw,f/ vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmr[kwfygbl;qdkwm odapcsifygw,f/ tpdk;&&JYtvkyfudk rdrdtvkyftjzpf [efjyaejcif;omjzpfygw,f/ olwpfyg;qDu arsSmfudk;&wJht&momjzpfygw,f/ aq;½kH? ausmif;aqmufvkyfay;wm[m EdkifiHa&;jyomemr[kwfygbl;/ csif;vlrsdK;awG&J hvufxJrSm vkyfydkifcGifhtmPma&muf&SdzdkheJh udk,fhuHMur®mudk vGwfvyfpGmzefwD;Edkifa&;onfom vwfwavmeJhta&;BuD;qHk;EdkifiHa&;jyóemjzpfygw,f/,aehjrefrmEdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;rSm csif;ygwDawGtygt0if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkygwDawGu zuf'&,fpepf wnfaqmufa&;rSmudk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifh&&Sda&;BudK;yrf;aqmuf&GufwJUtcsdefrSm NLD/USDP pwJU ygwDBuD;awG[m 0efBuD;Xmewpfck&J hvkyf&rnfhwm0efjzpfwJUusef;rma&;? ynma&;? ajr,mjyoemrsm;udkom OD;pm;ay;aeMuygw,f/ ay:vGifxif&Sm;wmuawmU tJ'DygwDawG[m csif;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf trSefwu,f vdktyfwJUcHpm;csuf? epfemcsuf? vdktyfcsufawGudk udk,fwdkifudk,fus rod&SdMubl;qdkwJUtcsufjzpfygw,f/'gaMumifh USDP/NLD pwJUygwDrsm;ygwDrsm;? csif;ygwDr[kwfwJUygwDu 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifolrsm;taeeJhrdrdwdkhudk,fwdkif vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:qHk;jzwfcsufrSwfwJUrl0g't& r[kwfyJ 4if;wdkhyg0ifwJhygwDBuD;rsm;&JY rl0g'twdkif; trdefhemcHaqmif&Guf&rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf vufatmufcH0efxrf;ozG,f vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufwmrsdK;om vkyfEdkifygw,f/ar; / / ar; / / ar; / / ar; / / ar; / / USDP/NLD ygwDawGtay: oabmxm;odvdkygw,f/ oabmxm;ajymjyEdkifovm;/ajz / /ajz / /ajz / /ajz / /ajz / / csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyftaeeJhzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmufa&;? udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&&Sda&;udk &nfrSef;csufxm;wJUygwDawGeJhvufwGJaqmuf&Gufzdkhrl0g'&SdNyD;jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;rSm NLD &JY tcef;u@[mtvGefta&;ygygw,f/ 'gayrJh NLD ygwDudk0ifNyD; 4if;ygwD&JY vufatmufcH0efxrf;ozG,f aqmif&Gufjcif;rsdK;r[kwfyJ rdrdwdkhcsif;vlrsdK;ta&;udk tjynfht0taumiftxnf az:ay;EdkifrJU csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfygwDtaeeJh acgif;aqmiftcsif;csif; wlnDawGYqHknd§EdSKif;í pm;yGJ0dkif;ay:wGif EkdifiHa&;jyomemudk tajz&Smtaumiftxnfaz:jcif;uom ydkíxda&mufNyD; csif;vlrsdK;wdkh\ *kPfodu©mESifhtrsdK;om;a&;vu©Pmudk ydkrdkjr§ifhwifEdkifrSmjzpfw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; uwnf;u csif;vlrsdK;wdkh taejzifh csif;ygwDrS r[kwfaomygwDBuD;rsm;\vufatmufwGif vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;ozG,f wefqmyvmtjzpf toHk;cscHcJh&onfUtwGuf csif;vlrsdK;rsm;&oifU&xdkufaom &ydkifcGifhrsm;? vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;r&&SdyJ qHk;&HSK;epfemcJUwmudk oifcef;pm,loifhNyDvdkh oHk;oyfygw,f/ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; /ar; / ///// z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;ESifh vlenf;pktcGifhta&;tumtuG,f&&Sdzdkh b,fvdkvkyfaqmif&yghrvJ qdkwm&Sif;jyay;ygvm;/ajz /ajz /ajz /ajz /ajz / ///// vuf&SdjynfaxmifpkvGwfawmfrSm trwf(440)OD;? trsdK;om;vTwfawmfrSmtrwf (224)OD;? pkpkaygif;jynfaxmifpkvGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f(664)OD;&SdonfU teufcsif;vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&(20)ausmf&Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;? vlenf;pktcGifhta&;tumtuG,fay;Ekdifa&;twGuf vGwfawmfrSm rJcGJqHk;jzwfonfUenf;jzifh b,fvdkrSaqmif&GufEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/ 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOft& trsm;pk&JY oabmqEtwdkif;qHk;jzwfvdkufem&onfUtwGuf csif;vlrsdK;taejzifhrnfonfhudpörqdk vGwfawmfwGif tNrJ½IH;aerSmjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyfudkzGYJpnf;NyD; ygwDacgif;aqmiftcsif;csif;jzpfap? EdkifiHawmfwm0ef&Sdyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifhjzpfap nd§KESKdif;wkdifyifaqG;aEG;taumiftxnfazmfwJU enf;vrf;eJhom xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifrSmjzpfw,f/ 'Denf;vrf;udk ,aeh EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJrsm;udk,fwdkifBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufaeNyDjzpfw,f/

tckvkd jynfUjynfUpkHpkH ajzMum;ay;wJhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f/

14

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012

csif;'Drdkua&pDtzGYJ csKyf 'k-Ouú| (1) OD;tGrfa,m \

udk,fa&;&mZ0iftusOf;

csif;jynfe,f? rif;wyfNrdK Ue,f? vSwGDaus;&GmwGif (12-12-1954)ckESpfwGif tbOD;xef;tGrf? trd

a':apxif;wdkUrS zGm;jrifonf/ 1973 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvf0ifwef;udk t.x.u(1) rif;wyfpmppfXmerS atmifjrifcJh

onf/ 1973 ckESpfrS 1990 ckESpfxd (17)ESpfwdwd rif;wyfNrdKUe,f? MuKwfaus;&GmtkyfpkaumifpDpma&; wm0efxrf;

aqmifcJhonf/ 1980 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD\ ygwDpdwftwGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef xrf;

aqmifcJhygonf/

1991 ckESpf rS 1998 ckESpftxd rif;wyfNrdKUe,f taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;OD;pD;Xme? NrdKUe,f'kwd,OD;pD;XmerSL;

wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; rif;wyfNrdKUe,f Nidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;Xme\ twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudk yl;wGJwm0efxrf;

aqmifcJhygonf/ 1992 ckESpfrS 1996 ckESpftxd rif;wyfc½dkif 0efxrf;aygif;pHk or0g,rtoif; Ouú| wm0efudk xrf;

aqmifcJhygonf/ 1998 ckESpfrS 2001 ckESpftxd &efukefwdkif;? '*HkNrdKUopfajrmufydkif;NrdKUe,f taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;

OD;pD;XmewGif NrdKUe,f'kOD;pD;rSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmif cJhygonf/

2001 ckESpfrS 2003 ckESpftxd &cdkifjynfe,f? ppfawGc½dkif taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;OD;pD;XmewGif c½dkifOD;pD;

t&m&Sdwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ 2004 ckESpfwGif csif;jynfe,f? yvuf0NrdKU? NrdKUe,ftaxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;OD;pD;Xmeü

NrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhygonf/

2004 ckESpfrS 2007 ckESpftxd ppfawGc½dkif taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;OD;pD;XmewGif c½dkifOD;pD;t&m&Sd wm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ jynfolU0efxrf;wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhpOfu EdkifiHawmf\ aus;Zl;opömudk apmifhodvsuf ay;tyf

aom vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk aus>yefpGmxrf;aqmifonfhtwGuf atmufyg jynfolU0efxrf;qdkif&m *kPfxl;aqmif

wHqdyfrsm; &&SdcJhygonf/ (1) jynfolU 0efxrf;aumif;wHqdyf (2) jynfolU 0efxrf;wHqdyf (3) jidrf0yfydjym;a&;ESifh w&m;

Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;wHqdyf (4) EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;wHqdyfwdk YjzpfMuygonf/

2007 ckESpfwGif vkyfouf 34-ESpf? ESpfjynfhyifpifjzifh tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/ 2008 ckESpf rS 2013 ckESpf txd

jrefrm {0Ha*vdusrf;pmausmif;wGif enf;jyq&mtjzpf trIawmfüqufuyfcJhygonf/ 2014 ckESpf {NyDv(10)

&ufaeYwGif csif;'Drdkua&pD tzGJUcsKyf\ 'k-Ouú| (1)tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJ hNyD; csif;vlrsdL;rsm;\ ta&;udpötwGuf

oH"d|mefcsvsuf wuf<upGm yg0ifvIyf&Sm;vsuf&Sdygonf/

15

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012

a':pHkZD;refonf 1964 ckESpf? rwfv (15)&ufaehwGif csif;jynfe,f [m;cg;NrdKYütbOD;awmufref;U Tawk Mang (Ouú|? NrdKYe,fvkyfief;ppfaq;a&; - Nidrf;)ESifh trda':refZD; Daw Mang Zi (txufwef;jyq&mr - Nidrf;)wdkYrS zGm;jrifaomorD;OD;jzpfygonf/

1984ckESpftxd &efukef0dZÆmodyÜHwuúodkvfrS B.A (History)bGJYudk &&SdcJhygonf/ 1986 rS 1992txd txufwef;jyq&mrtjzpf t .x .u(1) [m;cg;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ 1996 wGif Sin

Hoe Lee Company, Yangon ü Admin Manager wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ 1997-98 ESpfrsm;wGifF.I.C.S Private School ESifh M.L.A (Multi Language Academic School) rsm;wGif Assistant

Teacher tjzpf vkyfudkifcJhygonf/1999 rS 2003 txd China, Beijing jrefrmoH½Hk;wGif rdom;pkESifhtwlaexdkifcJhpOf ASIAN

LADIES CIRCLE ü tzGJY0iftjzpf yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhygonf/2004 ckESpfwGif Yangon Lai Baptist Church ü CE Chairman tjzpfvnf;aumif;

?2005-2006 ckESpf wGif W/F Chairman ESifh EC member tjzpf Y.L.B.C wGifvnf;aumif;?2006-2007 ckESpfwGif Y.L.B.C W/F Chairman tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 2007-2008ckESpfwGif Nawi

Dam Project Pilot Com \ Secretary tjzpfvnf;aumif;?2009-2010 ckESpfwGif Chin Mautaam

Relief Committee Secretary tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 2009-2010? 2010-2011 rsm;wGif Yangon

Chin Baptist Churches Women Fellowship, Chairman tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhygonf/2012 wGif CSIS, MDRI rS Post-Graduate Certificate in Peace, Democracy and

Development ? 2013 wGif Diploma in Political Management ESifh Post-Graduate Certificate

in Public Policy ? 2014 wGif Master of Political Management bGJYtoD;oD;&&SdcJhygonf/2012-13 ckESpfwGif PDDA (Peace, Democracy and Development Association) &JU

tvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD0if? 2013ckESpfwGif CWON (Chin Women Organizations Network)\Secretary? 2014ckESpfrS vuf&Sdtcsdefxd CLD ygwD\ Vice Chairman-2 tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdygonf/

csif;'Drkdua&pD tzGJY csKyf 'k Ouú| (2) a':pHkZD;rmef Daw Sung Zi Mang \

udk,fa&;&mZ0iftusOf;

16


Recommended