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China: 5,000 Years of History in One Presentation
Mr. Ornstein
Willow Canyon High School
Go Go Wildcats Go!
Yellow River Valley
China Is One of the 4 Cradles of Civilization
Chinese Civilization is Around 5,000 Years Old
Starts in Yellow River Valley
Dynastic Rule
Until 1911 China Was Ruled by DynastiesDynasty- Family of Related RulersEmperor
Mandate of Heaven
Right to Rule China
Similar to Divine Right
Ruling Dynasties Gained or Lost the Mandate of Heaven
Goal of Rulers Was to Keep Order and Prevent Chaos
Dynastic Cycle
New Dynasty-Takes Power/Improves Conditions
New Dynasty Gets Old- Corrupt, War, Taxes
Natural Disasters Blamed on Old Dynasty
Old Dynasty Takes Power
Chinese Philosophies
Confucianism- Keeping Order
Buddhism-Popular Because it Promised a Good Afterlife to the Poor Chinese Peasants
Qin Shi Huangdi
Leader of Qin Dynasty
Unified China
Other Chinese Dynasties
Han Dynasty-Very Similar to Roman Empire
Tang and Song-Golden Age of China
The Great Wall of China
Built to Keep Manchurians and Mongols Out of China
Fails on Both Account
Isolated China???
China Was More Isolated Than Other Early Civilizations
Chinese Culture Was More Ethnocentric
Geographic Isolation: Mountains, Deserts, Ocean
Ethnocentrism
China views itself as the center of the Universe.
Belief its culture is superior.
Belief that non-Chinese are “barbarian”
Exceptions to Chinese Isolation
Silk Road-Trade Between Europe, India, Middle East, Asia
Contact with Japan, Korea, Central Asia
Marco Polo
Increased Interaction Between Europe and Asia
Visits During Mongol Rule
Yuan Dynasty
Mongol Rule
Increased Contact Between China and Other Lands
Zheng He
Ming Dynasty Admiral
Chinese Navy Was Most Powerful at time
Sailed to Africa
Possibly Reaches Americas, Australia
Chinese Isolation
Ming Dynasty Abruptly Calls Back Zheng He and Destroys Chinese Navy
China Reverts to Isolation
China Does not Want Relations or Trade with Europe
Qing or Manchu Dynasty
Last Dynasty to Rule China
Non-Chinese
Rule during time of European Imperialism
Decline of the Qing Dynasty
European Imperialism
Opium Wars
Spheres of Influence
Boxer Rebellion
Republic of China
Sun Yatsen
Overthrows Qing Dynasty
Attempts to Establish a Democracy in China
Warlord Period
Warlords/Military Generals Overthrow Sun Yatsen and Divide China
Chaotic Period
Nationalist Party/KMT
Sun Yatsen Forms the Nationalist Party to Combat the Warlords and Attempt to Reunify China
Chiang Kai Shek
Takes over Nationalists after Sun Yatsen Dies.
Defeats Many Warlords
Nearly Unified China
Chinese Communist Party
July 1921 Founded
Mao Zedong Slowly Emerges as Leader
Chinese Civil War
Nationalists lead by Chiang Kai-Shek vs. Communists Led by Mao
Unity
For A Short Period of Time the CCP and KMT Worked Together to Defeat the Warlords and Unify China.
Soviet Union Urged Cooperation
Answer:
Who was leader of the Chinese Nationalists?
Who was leader of the Chinese Communists?
The Chinese Civil War
1927-1949
Temporarily Stops Between 1937-1945 During WWII and Japanese Invasion of China
Non-Communist Nationalists vs. Chinese Communists
Chiang Kai-Shek vs. Mao Zedong
Supporters
Nationalists- Had Support of the Rich, Middle Class, Merchants, Bankers, Manufactures
Communists-Appealed to the Peasants and Women
The Nationalists
More Money
Better Equipment
Support from the US and at times Stalin
Stalin and the Chinese Civil War
Stalin and Mao Do Not Get Along.Stalin at times Supported the KMTSoviets Want to Keep Chinese Civil War Going.Soviets Want a Divided and Weak China on its Border
The Split
April 1927 Chiang Kai-Shek turns on Communists Allies and Begins Arrests and ExecutionsStart of Chinese Civil War
Nationalist Success
Chiang Kai-Shek Was Initially Successful at Defeating the Communists in the Early Part of the Civil War
The Long March
Starts Oct. 1934
Communists Retreat North
80,000 Start, 7,000 Finish
Mao Emerges as Leader
Strengthens the Resolve of CCP
Bad Timing for Chiang Kai-Shek
As Chiang Kai-Shek Was About to Destroy the CCP, Japan Invaded China Beginning World War II.Chiang Kai-Shek is More Concerned with Defeating Chinese Communists than Fighting Foreign Invasion from Japan.Failure to Fight off Japan costs him popular support.
CCP and Japan
Chinese Peasants Felt the Communists Were Doing More to Fight the Japanese than the Nationalists.
Japanese Occupation of Japan was Brutal
Xian Incident: Dec. 1936
Chiang Kai-Shek’s Own Generals Kidnap Him and Force Him to Make Truce with CCP and Fight Japan.KMT and CCP Join Forces to Fight Japanese Invasion.CCP Seen as More Active
End of WWII
World War II Ends and Communists and Nationalists Resume the Chinese Civil War
Fighting Japan Drained the Nationalists of Many Resources
Many Peasants Joined the Communists
Marshall Mission
1945-1946
Truman Sends Marshall to Negotiate Compromise Between KMT and CCP
1.5 Million Nationalists Troops Demobilize
Communists Do Not and Use Time to Train and Increase Their Army
Hostilities Resume in Spring 1946
Problems for Nationalists
Hurt by Marshall Mission
Corruption
Inflation
Little Support from Peasants
Undemocratic
Advantages for the Communists
Strong and Charismatic Leadership
Tight After Long March
Massive Peasant Support/Promise Land Reform
Women Support/Promised Equality
Communist Victory
Mao Zedong and the Communists Win Control of China in 1949
Establish the Peoples Republic of China
Chiang Kai-shek Retreats
Chiang Kai-shek retreats to the Island of Taiwan and Establishes a Non-Communist Government.
Republic of China
2 China’s???
Chiang Kai-shek Promised to Return to China. Felt he was legitimate ruler.
Peoples Republic of China sees Taiwan as part of China and is currently a “break away” state.
Who won or lost China?
Did Communists win control?
Did Chiang Kai-shek lose it?
What is the fault of President Truman and his administration?
Truman and China
3 Billion in Aid to Chiang Kai Shek
Many in Congress were Strong Supporters of Chiang Kai-shek
Problems with Marshall Mission?
Compromised State Department?
Chiang’s Loss???
Well Supplied and Plenty of MoneyVery CorruptPoor LeaderFailure to win Support of PeasantPoor Generalship
Mao’s Victory???
Tight Leadership after Long March
Peasant Support from resistance to Japan and promise of land reform
Better/more ruthless leadership?
McCarthyism and China
“Loss of China” helps start wave fear in the United States that Communist Sympathizers infiltrated our government.
Summary???
How did the Chinese Communists Become Popular in China?
How did WWII affect the Chinese Civil War?
Who lost China?
Mao’s China
Communist Totalitarian DictatorshipCult of PersonalityComplete Control Over Peoples LivesMost Original Supporters are Killed or JailedRules Until 1976
The Great Leap Forward
1958-1962
Mao’s Plan to Rapidly Industrialize China
Great Leap Forward
Mao Wants to Make China as Industrialized as England and USAll People Were to Help the Industrialization Process“Pig Iron”People Forced to Contribute All Metal in HomesLack of Farming During this time
The Great Leap Forward/Great Famine
Fails to Industrialize ChinaLeads to Massive Famine20-40 Million Die
People Begin to be Critical of Mao
Failure of Great Leap Forward Lead Some People to Become Critical of Mao
Mao will Launch “Cultural Revolution” to strike at Critics.
Cultural Revolution
1966-1976
Supposed to Purge China of all People who were anti-Revolutionary
Mao uses to get rid of all opposition to his rule
Red Guard
Groups of Students Brainwashed by MaoAttack, Humiliate, Embarrass, and Kill “Enemies” of Mao During Cultural Revolution. Attack Elements of Old Chinese Culture
Mao Dies
Cultural Revolution Does Not End Until Mao Dies in 1976.
China begins True Modernization After Mao’s Death