China and Japan Confront the West: A Comparison

Japan Changes Direction Japan Changes Direction During the During the

Meiji Era: 1868 - 1912Meiji Era: 1868 - 1912

Japan Changes Direction Japan Changes Direction During the During the

Meiji Era: 1868 - 1912Meiji Era: 1868 - 1912

Commodore Matthew Perry

1853 – Commodore Matthew 1853 – Commodore Matthew PerryPerry

“Opens Up” Japan to Western “Opens Up” Japan to Western Trade!Trade!

1853 – Commodore Matthew 1853 – Commodore Matthew PerryPerry

“Opens Up” Japan to Western “Opens Up” Japan to Western Trade!Trade!

What Did the U. S. Want??What Did the U. S. Want??What Did the U. S. Want??What Did the U. S. Want??

Coaling stations.

More trading partners.

A haven for ship-wrecked sailors.

Perry’s Perry’s “Black “Black Ships”Ships”

Perry’s Perry’s “Black “Black Ships”Ships”

• After Perry's arrival in 1853 & 1854, conclusion of Treaty of Kanagawa or the Unequal Treaties, called "Treaty of Amity and Commerce" by the US.

• Consequences: – no tariff autonomy to protect domestic

industries (cotton industry collapses) – Westerners have extraterritoriality – most favored nation clause: any privilege to

anyone must also be granted to US – one major difference to China: prohibition

on trade in opium

The Treaty of Kanagawa - The Treaty of Kanagawa - 18541854

The Treaty of Kanagawa - The Treaty of Kanagawa - 18541854

The Treaty of Kanagawa - The Treaty of Kanagawa - 18541854

The Treaty of Kanagawa - The Treaty of Kanagawa - 18541854

Japan Learns a Lesson!Japan Learns a Lesson!Japan Learns a Lesson!Japan Learns a Lesson!

In 1862, just before the start of the Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation there. A Japanese recorded in his diary from Shanghai…

The Chinese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France.

China’s “Unequal Treaties”China’s “Unequal Treaties”China’s “Unequal Treaties”China’s “Unequal Treaties”

After the Opium War of 1839-1842, Japan was convinced that it had to Open Up to the West.

The The Shi-shiShi-shi (“Men of High (“Men of High Purpose”)Purpose”)

The The Shi-shiShi-shi (“Men of High (“Men of High Purpose”)Purpose”) Highly idealistic Highly idealistic samuraisamurai who felt that the who felt that the

arrival of Westerners was an attack on arrival of Westerners was an attack on thethe traditional values of Japan. traditional values of Japan.

They believed that:They believed that:

Japan was sacred ground.Japan was sacred ground.

The emperor, now a figurehead inThe emperor, now a figurehead in Kyoto, was a God. Kyoto, was a God.

Were furious at the Shogun for signing Were furious at the Shogun for signing treatiestreaties with the West without the Emperor’s with the West without the Emperor’s consent.consent.

Their sloganTheir slogan Revere the Emperor, ExpelRevere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians! the Barbarians!

Series of Civil Wars1864, 1865-68

Tokugawa Shogun resists changes

Renegade samurai establish a new “modern” government– Old samurai forbidden

to wear top knot, carry samurai sword

– Many commit seppuku• Cannot adjust to the new

changes

The Meiji Revolt - 1868The Meiji Revolt - 1868The Meiji Revolt - 1868The Meiji Revolt - 1868 A powerful A powerful groupgroup of of samuraisamurai overthrow the overthrow the Shogun. Shogun.

Sakamoto Sakamoto RyomaRyoma,, the hero. the hero.

He helped He helped JapanJapan emerge from emerge from feudalism into feudalism into aa unified modern unified modern state. state.

The Shogunate Is The Shogunate Is Overthrown!Overthrown!

The Shogunate Is The Shogunate Is Overthrown!Overthrown! The last

Shogun.

Tokugawa Yoshinobu.

The Emperor Is “Restored” to The Emperor Is “Restored” to PowerPower

The Emperor Is “Restored” to The Emperor Is “Restored” to PowerPower

MEIJI “Enlightened Rule”

Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?

Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened

Modernization Modernization by by

“Selective “Selective Borrowing”Borrowing”

Modernization Modernization by by

“Selective “Selective Borrowing”Borrowing”

Popular board Popular board game.game.

Start by leavingStart by leaving Japan & studying in Japan & studying in various Western various Western capitals. capitals.

End by returning toEnd by returning to Japan and Japan and becoming abecoming a prominent prominent governmentgovernment official. official.

EuropeanEuropeanGoodsGoods

EuropeanEuropeanGoodsGoods

Europe began Europe began toto “loom large” in “loom large” in

the thinking of the thinking of many many Japanese.Japanese.

New sloganNew slogan:: Japanese Japanese Spirit;Spirit; Western Western Technology! Technology!

Japanese Textile FactoryJapanese Textile Factory

The Japanese Became The Japanese Became ObsessedObsessed

with Western Styleswith Western Styles

The Japanese Became The Japanese Became ObsessedObsessed

with Western Styleswith Western Styles

Civilization and Enlightenment!Civilization and Enlightenment!

Everything Western Was Everything Western Was Fashionable!Fashionable!

Everything Western Was Everything Western Was Fashionable!Fashionable!

Everything Western Was Everything Western Was Fashionable!Fashionable!

Everything Western Was Everything Western Was Fashionable!Fashionable!

Japanese soldiers with their wives.

The Rulers Set the Tone The Rulers Set the Tone with Western Dresswith Western Dress

The Rulers Set the Tone The Rulers Set the Tone with Western Dresswith Western Dress

Emperor Meiji Empress Haruko Emperor Meiji Empress Haruko (1868- 1912) (1868- 1912)

Changing Women’sChanging Women’sFashionsFashions

Changing Women’sChanging Women’sFashionsFashions

1900 Styles1900 Styles The FirstThe First“Miss Japan”“Miss Japan”

(1908)(1908)

MeijiMeijiReforRefor

msms

MeijiMeijiReforRefor

msms

AbolitionAbolitionof the of the

feudal systemfeudal system

AbolitionAbolitionof the of the

feudal systemfeudal system

LandLandRedistributionRedistribution

LandLandRedistributionRedistribution

Human Rights Human Rights & Religious& Religious

FreedomFreedom

Human Rights Human Rights & Religious& Religious

FreedomFreedom

Build aBuild aModern NavyModern Navy

(British)(British)

Build aBuild aModern NavyModern Navy

(British)(British)

WesternizeWesternizethe Schoolthe School

SystemSystem(Fr. & Ger.)(Fr. & Ger.)

WesternizeWesternizethe Schoolthe School

SystemSystem(Fr. & Ger.)(Fr. & Ger.)

Modernize Modernize the Armythe Army(Prussian)(Prussian)

Modernize Modernize the Armythe Army(Prussian)(Prussian)

EmperorEmperorWorshipWorship

IntensifiedIntensified

EmperorEmperorWorshipWorship

IntensifiedIntensified

WrittenWrittenConstitutionConstitution(Germans)(Germans)

WrittenWrittenConstitutionConstitution(Germans)(Germans)

ModernModernBankingBankingSystemSystem

ModernModernBankingBankingSystemSystem

A Constitutional GovernmentA Constitutional GovernmentCopied from the GermansCopied from the Germans

A Constitutional GovernmentA Constitutional GovernmentCopied from the GermansCopied from the Germans

Satsuma & Choshu Families

Satsuma & Choshu Families

The Emperorof Japan

The Emperorof Japan

The Diet(Legislative Body)

The Diet(Legislative Body)

House ofRepresentatives

House ofRepresentatives

House of PeersHouse

of Peers

1889 Constitutionof Japan

1889 Constitutionof Japan

ExpansionismExpansionism& the Rise of Military Power& the Rise of Military Power

ExpansionismExpansionism& the Rise of Military Power& the Rise of Military Power

New players on the New players on the block?block?

Japan joins the “Imperialist Japan joins the “Imperialist Gang”Gang”

1895-1914 Japan can prove that it is "civilized" by colonizing others, namely Okinawa and Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands

Sino-Japanese War: 1894-1895Sino-Japanese War: 1894-1895Sino-Japanese War: 1894-1895Sino-Japanese War: 1894-1895

The Meiji Emperor was in Hiroshima during the The Meiji Emperor was in Hiroshima during the Sino-Japanese WarSino-Japanese War

Won handily by Japanese – Japan concludes treaty

directly with the Qing, gets island of Taiwan and Kwantung peninsula on mainland

– Triple Intervention by Russia, Germany and France: Japan can't have part of mainland.

– BUT: Russia immediately leases the Kwantung territory itself!

– Taiwan becomes Japan's model colony

Sino-Japanese War: 1894-1895Sino-Japanese War: 1894-1895Sino-Japanese War: 1894-1895Sino-Japanese War: 1894-1895

Soldiers on the BattlefieldSoldiers on the BattlefieldDuring the Sino-Japanese WarDuring the Sino-Japanese War

Soldiers on the BattlefieldSoldiers on the BattlefieldDuring the Sino-Japanese WarDuring the Sino-Japanese War

The The Treaty of ShimonosekiTreaty of Shimonoseki ended the ended the war.war.

Today—Tensions Between Today—Tensions Between China & JapanChina & Japan

Today—Tensions Between Today—Tensions Between China & JapanChina & Japan

EEZEEZ-Exclusive -Exclusive EconomicEconomic Zone. Zone.

Offshore gas field in Offshore gas field in the East China Sea the East China Sea reveals recently reveals recently strained relations strained relations between China & between China & Japan.Japan.

Tension over disputedTension over disputed gas field on the rise, gas field on the rise, exacerbating mutual exacerbating mutual mistrust dating back to mistrust dating back to the Sino-Japanese War. the Sino-Japanese War.

The Russo-Japanese War:The Russo-Japanese War:1904-19051904-1905

The Russo-Japanese War:The Russo-Japanese War:1904-19051904-1905

The The Battle of TsushimaBattle of Tsushima::The results startled the world!The results startled the world!

The Russo-Japanese War:The Russo-Japanese War:1904-19051904-1905

Russia and Japan both had designs on Manchuria and Korea

Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria

Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land

Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.

President Teddy Roosevelt President Teddy Roosevelt Mediates the PeaceMediates the Peace

President Teddy Roosevelt President Teddy Roosevelt Mediates the PeaceMediates the Peace

The The Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth, NH ended , NH ended the Russo-Japanese War.the Russo-Japanese War.

Treaty of Portsmouth, Treaty of Portsmouth, 19051905 Mediated by U.S. president

Theodore Roosevelt ended war with Japan winning

major concessions (preferred position in Manchuria, protectorate in Korea, half of Sakhalin Island – Japan also went on to annex Korea

Long-term impact of war: Russia turned to the Balkans, and Russia’s political situation deteriorated further, leading to the Russian Revolution

Japan’s victory stimulated Asian nationalism – various Asian peoples hoped to emulate Japanese power and win their independence

Japan Annexes KoreaJapan Annexes KoreaJapan Annexes KoreaJapan Annexes Korea

Japan Is a Player in ChinaJapan Is a Player in ChinaJapan Is a Player in ChinaJapan Is a Player in China

Competition from Another Competition from Another “Pacific” Power Is on the “Pacific” Power Is on the

HorizonHorizon

Competition from Another Competition from Another “Pacific” Power Is on the “Pacific” Power Is on the

HorizonHorizon

The U. S. “Great White Fleet”The U. S. “Great White Fleet”The U. S. “Great White Fleet”The U. S. “Great White Fleet”

But, Japanese Power Would But, Japanese Power Would Grow . . .Grow . . .

But, Japanese Power Would But, Japanese Power Would Grow . . .Grow . . .