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China and the Rise of
CommunismDemocracy’s Failed Battleground
Big Trouble in Little China
• The Fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911)– Loss of the Sino-Japanese War in 1895– Boxer Rebellion of 1900– Influx of Western powers in the 1900s– Significant social changes after rebellions
• New republic formed headed by Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen), “Father of Modern China”– Three Principles – Nationalism, democracy, and
economic stability• “Twin Evils” – Warlord uprisings and foreign
imperialism
The Father Steps Down
• Sun Yixian stepped down in 1912
• Power went to Yuan Shikai, a powerful general– Attempted to set up a new
dynasty– No military support
Chinese Upheaval• Warlords began to seize
power while rival armies vied for control
• Frequent famines and bandit attacks
• Foreign powers increased influence over Chinese affairs– TWENTY-ONE DEMANDS –
list of demands that sought to make China a Japanese protectorate
• Shikai died in 1916
May Fourth Movement• Cultural and intellectual
movement • The Goal: to strengthen
China– Rejected Confusion ideas– Wanted to use ideas to
break with West (think Meiji Restoration in Japan)
• Women involved: – Pushed to end footbinding– Opened doors for women in
education and the economy
Father Knows Best• 1920’s a small group of
Chinese Communists formed their own political party
• Sun Yixian and his Guomindang, the Nationalist Party, form a gov’t in south China– Plan: Raise an army, defeat
the warlords, and spread his gov’t’s rule in China
– Western powers refuse to help so he goes to Russia
An Unlikely Alliance
• Nationalists (Guomindang) join forces with the Communists to free China
• Mao Zedong – member of the Communist party that helped the Guomindang– believed the Communists
should look for support among the peasants
Death and a Change in Leadership
• Sun Yixian died in 1925 • Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang
Jeishi) took control of the Guomindang
• Not a huge fan of Communism or democracy– Did join with the
Communist party though…
– 1926 – begins the Northern Expedition
The Shanghai Massacre, 1927
• Communists were winning converts, Mao in control
• Chiang wants to consolidate power so… – orders the slaughter of
Communist Party members and workers who supported them
• Beginning of a civil war between the Guomindang and Communist Party that would last for 22 years
Another War…• Defeated all
warlords • Chiang turns fully
on the “Red Bandits”– Guomindang is
lead on a series of “extermination campaigns”
The Long March – 1934-1935
• Harassment results in the Long March for the Communist forces– Use guerrilla tactics to
fight back– 90,000 start 9,000
finish– Finally make it to a
remote area in North China where they start to rebuild
International Problems• 1931 – Japan
invaded Manchuria• 1930’s – continued
Japanese expansion • Depression across
the country• All this distracts
Chiang and allows Mao to survive
If you will please pause for a brief intermission
• Under pressure by members of the Guomindang and the US, Chiang allies with Mao
• For all their hatred, the united Chinese front stays together during the war
The Creation of Two Chinas• WWII greatly weakens
Guomindang• People turn to Mao – 1946-1949 Civil War is again
sparked– US does nothing to aid
nationalists while USSR aids Mao• Eventually, Chiang is forced to
flee China to Taiwan – US only recognizes Chiang in
Taiwan while mainland China is recognized by other world powers
People’s Republic of China (PRC) - 1949
China Flexes – 1950-1953
• US, after failing to aid Guomindang China, gets pulled into Korean War
• Yalu River – US pushes North into Communist Korea and makes it very close to the Chinese border– Gets China involved in
the war
Korean Results
• US comes close to nuclear
• Cease fire signed but no treaty
• North Korea is still Communist today– Nuclear weapons
Chinese Expansion
• Tibet (1950)• Parts of India • Fighting the
French in Indochina
• Southern Mongolia – Clashed with
USSR over Mongolia
Communist Stability - 1955
• Korean War over• Mao tries to start
communist reforms• Redistributes land,
nationalized industry, collective farms
• People reject change
The 100 Flowers Campaign
• Mao decides to let people state their grievances against the state
• Angry and overwhelmed by their demands, he stops the program and murders any dissenters
Great Leap Forward, 1958
• States 1955 plan failed because not bold enough
• Massive collective works forcibly created
• Large families encouraged to industrialize
The Apple Doesn’t Fall Far from the Communist Tree
15-40 million people starve to death as the gov’t makes steel not food
Cultural Revolution, 1966
• Mao thinks China’s past is holding back reform
• Little Red Book – explained the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
• All the past is destroyed by the Red Guard – student military groups
• Leaders Killed
Feb 1972 – Nixon Visits
• Split between China and USSR– Fighting over frontier
• Ping-Pong Diplomacy (April 1971)– Exchange of table
tennis players between China and US
• Visit helps thaw the Cold War
Mao Dies - 1976
• 60-80 million dead due to his policies
• China way overpopulated• Agriculturally based and
backward• Deng Xiaoping – new
leader– Focuses on transitioning to
industry– Illegal to criticize Mao or
the gov’t
Social and Economic Changes
• 1980 – One Child Policy– If you go over the
limit, you are subject to fines up to multiple times your annual income
• Capitalism slowly encouraged– Causes greater
prosperity in 1990s
Tiananmen Square
• April to June, 1989
• 100,000 students protest slow pace of change
• Troops sent to silence dissent
• Unknown number dead
The Future of China
• Hoping world forgets Tiananmen
• Joined WTO and is market driven– Tremendous growth– New social problems
because of lack of equality
– Fascist now?• Olympics of 2008