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Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 12 March 1925) was a Chinese doctor, revolutionary andpolitical leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is frequently referred to as theFounding Father of Republican China, a view agreed upon by both Mainland China and Taiwan.Sun played an instrumental role in inspiring the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, the last imperialdynasty of China. Sun was the first provisional president when the Republic of China (ROC)was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the Chinese National People's Party or Kuomintang (KMT) where he served as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, andremains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst thepeople from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.

Although Sun is considered one of the greatest leaders of modern China, his political life wasone of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution, he quickly fellout of power in the newly founded Republic of China, and led successive revolutionarygovernments as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. Sun did not liveto see his party consolidate its power over the country. His party, which formed a fragile alliancewith the Communists, split into two factions after his death

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NATIONALISM DEMOCRACY PEOPLESLIVELIHOOD

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The First Anglo-Chinese War (183942), known popularly as the First Opium War, wasfought between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the QingDynasty of China, with the aim of securing economic benefits from trade in China. In1842, the Treaty of Nankingthe first of what the Chinese called the unequal treatiesgranted an indemnity to Britain, the opening of five treaty ports, and the cession

of Hong Kong Island, ending the monopoly of trading in the Canton System. The war marked the end of China's isolation and the beginning of modern Chinese history.

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The Communist Party of China (CPC ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP ), is the foundingand ruling political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Although nominally it exists alongside theUnited Front, in practice, the CPC is also the only party of the PRC, maintaining a unitary governmentcentralising the state, military, and media. The legal power of the Communist Party is guaranteed by the PRCconstitution.The party was founded in May 1921 in Shanghai. After a lengthy civil war, the party defeated its primary rival,the Kuomintang (KMT), and expanded into all of mainland China by 1949. The Kuomintang retreated to theisland of Taiwan, which it still retains to this day.The PRC is a single-party state, and the CPC is the dominant entity of the Government of the People'sRepublic of China. The party has fluctuated between periods of reform and political conservatism throughout itshistory. In the modern party, the topic of reform and liberalisation remains a contentious issue heavily debatedamong top officials.On one side, Wu Bangguo, the head of the National People's Congress, has said that: "Wewill never simply copy the system of Western countries or introduce a system of multiple parties holding office

in rotation." On the other, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabaohas stressed the need of reform, stating that: "Withoutthe safeguard of political reform, the fruits of economic reform would be lost and the goal of modernizationwould not materialize."The CPC is the world's largest political party, claiming nearly 78 million members at the end of 2009 whichconstitutes about 5.6% of the total population of mainland China.

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The S econd S ino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 September 9, 1945) was a military conflict foughtprimarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China foughtJapan with some economic help from Germany (see Sino-German cooperation (19111941), the SovietUnion (19371940) and the United States (see American Volunteer Group. After the Japanese attackon Pearl Harbor, the war merged into the greater conflict of World War II as a major front of what isbroadly known as the Pacific War. The Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the

20th century. It also made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War if the 19371941period is taken into account. Although the two countries had fought intermittently since 1931, total war started in earnest in 1937 andended only with the surrender of Japan in 1945. The war was the result of a decades-long Japaneseimperialist policy aiming to dominate China politically and militarily and to secure its vast raw materialreserves and other economic resources, particularly food and labour. Before 1937, China and Japanfought in small, localized engagements, so-called "incidents". Yet the two sides, for a variety of reasons,refrained from fighting a total war. In 1931, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria by Japan's Kwantung

Army followed the Mukden Incident. The last of these incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, marking the beginning of total war between the two countries.

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The L ong March (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Chngzh ng ) was a massivemilitary retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People'sLiberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) army. There wasnot one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the northand west. The most well known is the march from Jiangxi province which began in October 1934. The FirstFront Army of the Chinese Soviet Republic, led by an inexperienced military commission, was on the brink of complete annihilation by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's troops in their stronghold in Jiangxi province. TheCommunists, under the eventual command of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, escaped in a circling retreat to

the west and north, which reportedly traversed some 12,500 kilometers (8,000 miles) over 370 days. Theroute passed through some of the most difficult terrain of western China by traveling west, then north, toShaanxi.The Long March began the ascent to power of Mao Zedong, whose leadership during the retreat gained himthe support of the members of the party. The bitter struggles of the Long March, which was completed by onlyone-tenth of the force that left Jiangxi, would come to represent a significant episode in the history of theCommunist Party of China, and would seal the personal prestige of Mao and his supporters as the newleaders of the party in the following decades.

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The Chinese economic reform (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: G igk ifng, literally Reform and Opening ) refers to the program of economic reforms called "Socialism with Chinesecharacteristics" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that were started in December 1978 by reformists withinthe Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Deng Xiaoping. The goal of Chinese economic reform was totransform China's stagnant, impoverished planned economy into a market economy capable of generating strongeconomic growth and increasing the well-being of Chinese citizens.China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century, while itswealth remained average in global terms. The economy stagnated since the 16th century and even declined inabsolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, with a brief recovery in the 1930s. From 1949to 1978, Mao's disastrous collectivizations, Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution devastated the Chineseeconomy, resulting in the destruction of much traditional culture and a massive drop in living standards. After Mao's death, his main leftist supporters, led by the Gang of Four, were ousted in a coup, and reformists led byDeng Xiaoping took power.Economic reforms began in 1978 and occurred in two stages. The first stage, in the late 1970s and early 1980s,involved the decollectivization of agriculture, the opening up of the country to foreign investment, and permissionfor entrepreneurs to start up businesses. However, most industry remained state-owned, inefficient and acted as adrag on economic growth. The second stage of reform, in the late 1980s and 1990s, involved the privatization andcontracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls, protectionist policies, andregulations, although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained. The private sector grew remarkably, accounting for as much as 70 percent of China GDP by 2005, a figure larger in comparison tomany Western nations. From 1978 to 2010, unprecedented growth occurred, with the economy increasing by9.5% a year. China's economy became the second largest after the United States. The conservative Hu-Wen

Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005, reversing some reformist gains.

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