China: Dynasty to Communism
HWH UNIT 12CHAPTER 15.4 and 18.3
Review…Imperialism
Manchu DynastyWestern dominationJapanese aggressionEmpress Dowager Ci XiHenry Pu Yi, the Last Emperor
Sun Yat-Sen (Sun Yixian) (1866-1925)
Three Principles of the PeopleChinese Republic, 1911
At this point, what obstacles does Sun
face in unifying China?
The Chinese Republic
WeakWestern imperialistsWar LordsYuan Shikai
Decentralization and chaos
WWIJapan’s Twenty-One Demands, 1915
Japan demanded land in China
Treaty of VersaillesJapan given German possessions in China
The May Fourth MovementAnother call to strengthen China and resist imperialismChina had officially sided with the Allies in WWISome see communism as the solution…
The GuomindangChinese nationalists
Established by Sun Yat-Sen
Led by Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) (1887-1975)
Successor to Sun
The Northern Expedition, 1926
Chiang allies with communists to defeat the warlordsSuccess!
Chiang in ChargeMassacre at Canton, 1927
Chiang orders communists massacredBeginning of Civil War (on and off until 1949)
Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
Chinese Communist PartyPower base with peasants
The Long March, 1936
The Long MarchNearly 100,000 begin
Only 10,000 surviveMao and Zho Enlai
High casualties, but spread communist popularity
Civil War on Hold1931: Japan invades Manchuria1937: Japan launches full-scale invasion of ChinaGuomindang and Communists cooperate
But do not trust each other
Civil War ResumesJapan surrenders, 1945
Civil War resumesUS supports Chiang and the NationalistsUSSR supports Mao and the communists
Communist Victory, October 1949Goumindang was corruptGuomindang worked with the western “imperialists”Communists promised prosperity to peasants
Most Chinese were peasants
The People’s Republic of China
(PRC)
The Republic of China (Nationalist China, or
Taiwan)
Mao and the PRCCollectivization and Repression
XenophobiaKorean WarWWIIWestern ImperialismAtomic BombWestern involvement in Vietnam
The “Great Leap Forward” (1958)Mao’s attempt to force China into modernity
Outrageous production goalsDisastrous famine
Perhaps 50,000,000 starve
Tensions with the USSR
Mao dislikes Khrushchev’s “Peaceful Coexistence” with the WestConflict over the borders
Irredentism
Mao Steps Back“Pragmatists”Liu Shao Chi, 1960-66Allowed for some private ownership
Zho EnlaiLin Pao
The Cultural Revolution, 1966The Red GuardChaos, 1966-1976
American Relations with
China Capitalize on Sino-Soviet Split
Brezhnev Doctrine
“Ping-Pong Diplomacy”Nixon visits China (and Moscow)PRC gets Taiwan’s seat on the UN Security Council, 1971