ChinaChinaLynette Flickinger

CultureCulture

““Culture, then, is a study of perfection, Culture, then, is a study of perfection, and perfection which insists on and perfection which insists on

becoming something rather than in becoming something rather than in having something, in an inward having something, in an inward

condition of the mind and spirit, not condition of the mind and spirit, not in an outward set of circumstances”in an outward set of circumstances”

Matthew Arnold - Poet 1822-1888

IntroductionIntroductionEvery Culture expresses itself in a unique way. However, the Every Culture expresses itself in a unique way. However, the

foundations of what forms a culture tend to revolve around foundations of what forms a culture tend to revolve around some of the same aspects. It is in these aspects that a some of the same aspects. It is in these aspects that a

culture forms their uniqueness. The focus of this culture forms their uniqueness. The focus of this presentation will include the following: presentation will include the following:

Love and Marriage Love and Marriage

Sex Sex God and ReligionGod and Religion

DeathDeath Gender RolesGender Roles

Money Money

Love Love and and

MarriageMarriage

The Three LettersThe Three Letters

- The Betrothal Letter:The Betrothal Letter: The formal document of the The formal document of the engagement, a must in a marriage. engagement, a must in a marriage.

- The Gift Letter:The Gift Letter: Given to the identified girl's Given to the identified girl's family. Within the letter would be a list of the family. Within the letter would be a list of the types and quantity of gifts designated for the types and quantity of gifts designated for the wedding. wedding.

- The Wedding Letter:The Wedding Letter: Prepared and presented to Prepared and presented to the bride's family on the day of the wedding; a the bride's family on the day of the wedding; a document that confirmed the formal acceptance document that confirmed the formal acceptance of the bride into the bridegroom's family.of the bride into the bridegroom's family.

The 6 Etiquettes The 6 Etiquettes • Proposing:Proposing: If an unmarried boy's parents accepted a girl as their future daughter-in-law, they If an unmarried boy's parents accepted a girl as their future daughter-in-law, they

would then locate a matchmaker. Proposals were the specialties of the matchmakers. The would then locate a matchmaker. Proposals were the specialties of the matchmakers. The matchmaker would formally present his or her client's request to the identified girl's parents.matchmaker would formally present his or her client's request to the identified girl's parents.

• Birthday matching:Birthday matching: If the potential bride's parents did not object to the marriage, the If the potential bride's parents did not object to the marriage, the matchmaker would then ask for the girl's birthday and birth-hour to assure the compatibility matchmaker would then ask for the girl's birthday and birth-hour to assure the compatibility of the potential bride and bridegroom. If there was any sign of astrological conflict in of the potential bride and bridegroom. If there was any sign of astrological conflict in birthday dates, it meant the marriage would bring disasters upon both families and the birthday dates, it meant the marriage would bring disasters upon both families and the proposed marriage canceled.proposed marriage canceled.

• Presenting betrothal gifts:Presenting betrothal gifts: Once both birthdays matched, the bridegroom's family would then Once both birthdays matched, the bridegroom's family would then arrange for the matchmaker to present betrothal gifts, including the betrothal letter, to the arrange for the matchmaker to present betrothal gifts, including the betrothal letter, to the bride's familybride's family

• Presenting wedding gifts:Presenting wedding gifts: After the betrothal letter and betrothal gifts were accepted, the After the betrothal letter and betrothal gifts were accepted, the bridegroom's family would later formally send wedding gifts to the bride's family. Usually, bridegroom's family would later formally send wedding gifts to the bride's family. Usually, gifts may include tea, lotus seeds, red beans, green beans, red dates, nutmeg, oranges, gifts may include tea, lotus seeds, red beans, green beans, red dates, nutmeg, oranges, pomegranate, lily, bridal cakes, coconuts, wine, red hair braid, money box and other pomegranate, lily, bridal cakes, coconuts, wine, red hair braid, money box and other delicacies, depending on local customs and family wealth.delicacies, depending on local customs and family wealth.

• Picking a wedding date:Picking a wedding date: An astrologist or astrology book would be consulted to select an An astrologist or astrology book would be consulted to select an auspicious date to hold the wedding ceremony.auspicious date to hold the wedding ceremony.

• Wedding ceremony:Wedding ceremony: On the selected day, the bridegroom departs with a troop of escorts and On the selected day, the bridegroom departs with a troop of escorts and musicians, playing cheerful music all the way to the bride's home. After the bride is escorted musicians, playing cheerful music all the way to the bride's home. After the bride is escorted to the bridegroom's home, the wedding ceremony begins.to the bridegroom's home, the wedding ceremony begins.

Wedding Day:Wedding Day:Groom PreparationGroom Preparation

The groom prepares himself to receive his wife. He gets The groom prepares himself to receive his wife. He gets capped and dressed in a long gown, red shoes and a red capped and dressed in a long gown, red shoes and a red silk sash with a silk ball on his chest. The groom kneels at silk sash with a silk ball on his chest. The groom kneels at the ancestral altar as his father puts a cap decorated with the ancestral altar as his father puts a cap decorated with

cypress leaves on his head to declare his adulthood and his cypress leaves on his head to declare his adulthood and his family responsibility.family responsibility.

Then the bridegroom goes to receive his bride. Usually a Then the bridegroom goes to receive his bride. Usually a crowd of friends escorts the groom and musicians play crowd of friends escorts the groom and musicians play

joyful tunes during the entire trip. Dancing lions follow the joyful tunes during the entire trip. Dancing lions follow the troop. A child carries a bridal box among the people, troop. A child carries a bridal box among the people,

reflecting the groom's expectation to have a child in the reflecting the groom's expectation to have a child in the near future.near future.

Wedding Day:Wedding Day:Bridal PreparationBridal Preparation

At dawn on the wedding day, the bride At dawn on the wedding day, the bride bathes in water scented with grapefruit. bathes in water scented with grapefruit.

She then puts on new clothes, wears a pair She then puts on new clothes, wears a pair of red shoes and waits for the "good luck of red shoes and waits for the "good luck woman" to dress her hair in the style of a woman" to dress her hair in the style of a

married woman. married woman. Her head would be covered with a red silk Her head would be covered with a red silk veil with tassels and beads that hang from veil with tassels and beads that hang from

the crown. She waits for her future the crown. She waits for her future husband to escort her home, with married husband to escort her home, with married women talking around her about how to women talking around her about how to

be a good wife.be a good wife.

Wedding CeremonyWedding Ceremony

Wedding CeremonyWedding CeremonyThe most interesting part of the reception really takes place at The most interesting part of the reception really takes place at

the doorstep of the bride's residence, which is heavily guarded the doorstep of the bride's residence, which is heavily guarded by the bride's sisters who are teasing the groom as he enters. by the bride's sisters who are teasing the groom as he enters. The groom then has to give the sisters red packets containing The groom then has to give the sisters red packets containing

money - in order to take his bride home.money - in order to take his bride home.

Then firecrackers will be set off to drive away evil spirits as the Then firecrackers will be set off to drive away evil spirits as the bride sits into a sedan chair. The sedan chair is heavily bride sits into a sedan chair. The sedan chair is heavily

curtained to prevent the bride from seeing an unlucky sight – curtained to prevent the bride from seeing an unlucky sight – such as a widow, a well or a cat. When the parading troop such as a widow, a well or a cat. When the parading troop arrives at the groom’s, firecrackers are set off to hail the arrives at the groom’s, firecrackers are set off to hail the

bride's arrival. The bride steps out onto a red carpet so that bride's arrival. The bride steps out onto a red carpet so that she will not touch the bare earth. By the threshold, a flaming she will not touch the bare earth. By the threshold, a flaming stove and saddle will be set up and the bride is required to stove and saddle will be set up and the bride is required to

sidestep or step over them to avoid evils.sidestep or step over them to avoid evils.

Preparing the Bridal BedPreparing the Bridal Bed

A "good luck man” will install the bridal bed A "good luck man” will install the bridal bed in the correct place in the bridal chamber in the correct place in the bridal chamber

before the wedding day.before the wedding day. Before the wedding, a "good luck woman" Before the wedding, a "good luck woman"

will arrange the bridal bed and scatter will arrange the bridal bed and scatter symbolic and lucky fruits on the bed. symbolic and lucky fruits on the bed.

Nobody is allowed to touch the bed until Nobody is allowed to touch the bed until the couple enters the bridal chamber after the couple enters the bridal chamber after

the wedding ceremony. the wedding ceremony. Children are then invited onto the bed to Children are then invited onto the bed to

bless the couple with fertility.bless the couple with fertility.

SexSex

SexSexAfter the revolution of 1911, the sexual order maintained by After the revolution of 1911, the sexual order maintained by

the philosopher Confucius was challenged.the philosopher Confucius was challenged.

• Open talk of sex became a sign of liberation against traditionOpen talk of sex became a sign of liberation against tradition• Writers exposed their sexual experiences to the public Writers exposed their sexual experiences to the public • Youth demand sexual equalityYouth demand sexual equality• Educators campaigned to teach sexual instruction in schoolsEducators campaigned to teach sexual instruction in schools• Prostitution, Birth control and STDs became issues of concernProstitution, Birth control and STDs became issues of concern• The media began to use sex for profit through magazine articles:The media began to use sex for profit through magazine articles:

- The Sex Periodical- The Sex Periodical

- The Sexual Desire Weekly - The Sexual Desire Weekly

- The Sex Journal- The Sex Journal

SexSex

Educated groups believed that the control of Educated groups believed that the control of sexual desires was key to restoring the strength sexual desires was key to restoring the strength in China. They believed that sexual desire had in China. They believed that sexual desire had to be disciplined and evil habits needed to be to be disciplined and evil habits needed to be

eliminated.eliminated.

It was believed that Sex was to be strictly It was believed that Sex was to be strictly between married couples. These couples were between married couples. These couples were to use their sexual behavior only to “help bring to use their sexual behavior only to “help bring

about a revival to the nation.”about a revival to the nation.”

StudiesStudies

Many studies have been conducted in recent years to investigate Many studies have been conducted in recent years to investigate premarital sexual activities among college students in China. premarital sexual activities among college students in China.

Here are a few examples:Here are a few examples:

20022002- 12% had engaged in sexual intercourse. 12% had engaged in sexual intercourse. - Among those who had sexual intercourse, 69% had used condoms.Among those who had sexual intercourse, 69% had used condoms.

20032003- Among 1,197 students surveyed, 11% had had sexual intercourseAmong 1,197 students surveyed, 11% had had sexual intercourse- Among those who had sexual intercourse, 43% had used condoms.Among those who had sexual intercourse, 43% had used condoms.

In all studies I examined, it was expressed that males are more permissive In all studies I examined, it was expressed that males are more permissive towards premarital sex then were females.towards premarital sex then were females.

Interesting…Interesting…A study was also done to investigate Premarital sexual A study was also done to investigate Premarital sexual

behavior among Chinese college students living in the behavior among Chinese college students living in the

United States.United States. 63 female and 51 male Chinese undergraduates in the US completed a survey that 63 female and 51 male Chinese undergraduates in the US completed a survey that

examined the permissiveness of their attitudes toward premarital sex and their examined the permissiveness of their attitudes toward premarital sex and their premarital sexual behavior.premarital sexual behavior.

60% of the subjects approved of premarital sexual intercourse when the partners 60% of the subjects approved of premarital sexual intercourse when the partners were in love or engagedwere in love or engaged

Gender differences were found in sexual experience:Gender differences were found in sexual experience:- Chinese men were more commonly involved in relationships with Chinese women - Chinese men were more commonly involved in relationships with Chinese women - Chinese men were less sexually experienced than Chinese women. - Chinese men were less sexually experienced than Chinese women. - Woman who dated only Caucasians were more sexually experienced than those who dated - Woman who dated only Caucasians were more sexually experienced than those who dated

only Chinese men. only Chinese men.

Put those finding together…

God God and and

ReligionReligion

BuddhismBuddhism

Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in the world, being exceeded in numbers the world, being exceeded in numbers by Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. It by Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. It was founded in Northern India by the was founded in Northern India by the

first known Buddha, Siddhartha first known Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama.Gautama.

The Four Noble TruthsThe Four Noble Truths• Dukkha: Dukkha: Suffering exists:Suffering exists: Suffering is real and is universal. Suffering is real and is universal.

Suffering has many causes such as loss, sickness, pain, Suffering has many causes such as loss, sickness, pain, failure, the impermanence of pleasure. failure, the impermanence of pleasure.

• Samudaya: Samudaya: There is a cause for suffering.There is a cause for suffering. It is the desire to It is the desire to have and control things. It can take many forms like craving have and control things. It can take many forms like craving of sensual pleasures, the desire for fame, the desire to of sensual pleasures, the desire for fame, the desire to avoid unpleasant sensations like fear, anger or jealousy. avoid unpleasant sensations like fear, anger or jealousy.

• Nirodha: Nirodha: There is an end to sufferingThere is an end to suffering. Suffering ceases with . Suffering ceases with the final liberation of Nirvana. The mind experiences the final liberation of Nirvana. The mind experiences complete freedom, liberation and non-attachment. It lets go complete freedom, liberation and non-attachment. It lets go of any desire or craving. of any desire or craving.

• Magga:Magga: In order to end suffering, you must follow the In order to end suffering, you must follow the Eightfold PathEightfold Path..

The Eightfold PathThe Eightfold Path Panna: Discernment and wisdomPanna: Discernment and wisdom

1) Right Understanding of the Four Noble Truths 1) Right Understanding of the Four Noble Truths 2) Right thinking and following the right path in life 2) Right thinking and following the right path in life

Sila: Virtue and moralitySila: Virtue and morality 3) Right speech: no lying, condemning, gossip, harsh language 3) Right speech: no lying, condemning, gossip, harsh language 4) Right conduct by following the noble truths4) Right conduct by following the noble truths 5)5) Right livelihood, support yourself without harming others Right livelihood, support yourself without harming others

Samadhi:Samadhi: Concentration and meditation: Concentration and meditation: 6) Promote good thoughts and conquer evil thoughts6) Promote good thoughts and conquer evil thoughts7) Mindfulness: Become aware of your body, mind and feelings 7) Mindfulness: Become aware of your body, mind and feelings 8) Meditate to achieve a higher state of consciousness8) Meditate to achieve a higher state of consciousness

Christian PersecutionChristian PersecutionChristians are persecuted daily in China for simply Christians are persecuted daily in China for simply

claiming Christ as their savior.claiming Christ as their savior.

Christian churches are required to register with the Christian churches are required to register with the government. This does no good because the government. This does no good because the

government sees Christian churches as a threat government sees Christian churches as a threat to national and ethnic unity. Therefore, believers to national and ethnic unity. Therefore, believers are threatened, Bibles are confiscated, churches are threatened, Bibles are confiscated, churches are destroyed, and church leaders are beaten, are destroyed, and church leaders are beaten,

imprisoned, tortured and killed. imprisoned, tortured and killed.

Christian Missionaries risk their lives to Christian Missionaries risk their lives to imprisonment, torture or death.imprisonment, torture or death.

DeathDeath

Views on DeathViews on Death Along with marriage, death is the most important event in the life of Along with marriage, death is the most important event in the life of

the family and individual.the family and individual.

Death marks the transition from life to another world. The world Death marks the transition from life to another world. The world after life had three major possibilities: after life had three major possibilities:

1. Heaven as a divine ancestor: 1. Heaven as a divine ancestor: Only those who lived a reasonable Only those who lived a reasonable long life and died of natural causes could become the family long life and died of natural causes could become the family representatives in heaven.representatives in heaven.

2. Earth as a hungry ghost or lost soul: 2. Earth as a hungry ghost or lost soul: Those who died unnaturally or Those who died unnaturally or violently became “hungry ghosts.” Because they died unnaturally, violently became “hungry ghosts.” Because they died unnaturally, their souls were not cared for and were therefore “lost souls.”their souls were not cared for and were therefore “lost souls.”

3. Eternal Immortality: 3. Eternal Immortality: The best fate of an individual. The soul of the The best fate of an individual. The soul of the person was consolidated so that upon death they could person was consolidated so that upon death they could consciously leave the body and retain powers of movement and consciously leave the body and retain powers of movement and form.form. The Immortal must help all people by relieving their The Immortal must help all people by relieving their suffering and inspiring them to achieve immortality suffering and inspiring them to achieve immortality

Reincarnation Reincarnation

The Buddhists brought the idea of The Buddhists brought the idea of reincarnation to China. This is where an reincarnation to China. This is where an individual could be reborn as another individual could be reborn as another

individualindividual..It is believed that one must go through It is believed that one must go through many cycles of birth, living, and death. many cycles of birth, living, and death. After many cycles, if a person releases After many cycles, if a person releases their attachment to desire and the self, their attachment to desire and the self,

they can attain Nirvana  - a state of they can attain Nirvana  - a state of liberation and freedom from suffering.liberation and freedom from suffering.

Ceremony of Universal Ceremony of Universal SalvationSalvation

Because of wars and all of the other calamities, the planet Because of wars and all of the other calamities, the planet begins to accumulate too many troublesome souls. begins to accumulate too many troublesome souls.

Therefore, a ceremony is performed to honor and free the Therefore, a ceremony is performed to honor and free the "hungry ghosts" who wander the Earth. The Chinese do this "hungry ghosts" who wander the Earth. The Chinese do this ceremony in order to protect the living and release the lost ceremony in order to protect the living and release the lost

souls to the underworld.souls to the underworld.

The ritual involves a large feast and ritual that is performed to The ritual involves a large feast and ritual that is performed to Buddhist priests. The souls are invited to the feast and then Buddhist priests. The souls are invited to the feast and then

each family member lights a candle. The candle is then each family member lights a candle. The candle is then floated on a river, lake or ocean. floated on a river, lake or ocean.

The candles attract the souls to the underworld. There they The candles attract the souls to the underworld. There they enter under the control of the Lord of Hell where they enter under the control of the Lord of Hell where they

remain until they are reabsorbed into the Tao (the universe remain until they are reabsorbed into the Tao (the universe that passes beyond reality). This prevents them from that passes beyond reality). This prevents them from

getting into further trouble. getting into further trouble.

GenderGenderRolesRoles

WomenWomen

Women in China are viewed as inferior to men. This Women in China are viewed as inferior to men. This idea has improved somewhat over time, but not idea has improved somewhat over time, but not completely. Woman are often viewed as “less completely. Woman are often viewed as “less

useful than farm animals.”useful than farm animals.”

* Chinese Proverbs ** Chinese Proverbs *

- A woman without talent is a woman of virtue - A woman without talent is a woman of virtue

- It is more profitable to raise geese than daughters- It is more profitable to raise geese than daughters

Code of BehaviorCode of Behavior3 obedience's3 obedience's: :

- obey her father before marriage- obey her father before marriage- obey her husband after marriage- obey her husband after marriage- obey her son after her husband’s death- obey her son after her husband’s death

4 virtues4 virtues: : - she be chaste- she be chaste- her speech courteous and not gossipy- her speech courteous and not gossipy- her presentation graceful but not extravagant- her presentation graceful but not extravagant- her leisure spent in perfecting needlework and - her leisure spent in perfecting needlework and tapestry for beautifying the home. tapestry for beautifying the home.

Before the Eighteenth century, Chinese women were honored if they Before the Eighteenth century, Chinese women were honored if they committed suicide after their husband’s deaths.committed suicide after their husband’s deaths.

““Chinese women today are still haunted by the hatred of women, proverbs and Chinese women today are still haunted by the hatred of women, proverbs and

attitudes of generations past" attitudes of generations past"

MoneyMoney

Tea MoneyTea Money

In history, cakes of compressed tea In history, cakes of compressed tea resembling mud-bricks were used as resembling mud-bricks were used as

money. money. This "money" is manufactured in Southern This "money" is manufactured in Southern

China and is made of leaves and stalks of China and is made of leaves and stalks of the tea plant, aromatic herbs and ox blood the tea plant, aromatic herbs and ox blood

and is bound together with yak dung. and is bound together with yak dung.           Tea is compressed into bricks of various Tea is compressed into bricks of various sizes and stamped with a value that varies sizes and stamped with a value that varies

depending upon the quality of the tea.depending upon the quality of the tea.

Millionaires Millionaires • China has 236,000 millionaires. This is a small number China has 236,000 millionaires. This is a small number

compared to 2.3 million in the United States. compared to 2.3 million in the United States.

• Money is becoming of more importance than traditional Money is becoming of more importance than traditional cultural practices such as family traditions and cultural practices such as family traditions and importance of spending time practicing religion.importance of spending time practicing religion.

• Some major industrial and agricultural products - such as Some major industrial and agricultural products - such as grain, cotton, meat, edible oil, coal, steel, cement, cloth and grain, cotton, meat, edible oil, coal, steel, cement, cloth and TV sets - leapt from a backward position to first place in TV sets - leapt from a backward position to first place in the world. This is causing an rapid increase in the number the world. This is causing an rapid increase in the number of millionaires living in China. of millionaires living in China.

(Paper money is now used)(Paper money is now used)

The Fortune CookieThe Fortune CookieDuring the 13th and 14th centuries, China was occupied by During the 13th and 14th centuries, China was occupied by

the Mongols. The Chinese wanted to make plans of how to the Mongols. The Chinese wanted to make plans of how to get rid of the invaders, but they didn’t know how to spread get rid of the invaders, but they didn’t know how to spread

the news of their plans without alerting the Mongols.the news of their plans without alerting the Mongols.

The story goes that the Mongols had no taste for Lotus Nut The story goes that the Mongols had no taste for Lotus Nut Paste and so the Chinese hid the message containing the Paste and so the Chinese hid the message containing the

plans in the middle of their Moon Cakes, replacing the yolk plans in the middle of their Moon Cakes, replacing the yolk with secret messages. A patriotic revolutionary took on the with secret messages. A patriotic revolutionary took on the

disguise of a Taoist priest and entered occupied walled disguise of a Taoist priest and entered occupied walled cities handing out Moon Cakes. These were the instructions cities handing out Moon Cakes. These were the instructions

to coordinate the uprising which successfully formed the to coordinate the uprising which successfully formed the basis of the Ming Dynasty. basis of the Ming Dynasty.

Thus the tradition of giving cakes with messages was born and Thus the tradition of giving cakes with messages was born and became a popular way of expressing wishes of goodwill or became a popular way of expressing wishes of goodwill or

good fortune on an important occasion.good fortune on an important occasion.

ReferencesReferencesFrank Dikötter. Frank Dikötter. Sex, Culture, and Modernity in China: Medical Science and the Construction of Sexual Identities in the Early Sex, Culture, and Modernity in China: Medical Science and the Construction of Sexual Identities in the Early

Republican PeriodRepublican Period. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1995. . Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1995.

Zhang, Liying. Zhang, Liying. Premarital Sexual Activities Among Students in a University in Beijing, China.Premarital Sexual Activities Among Students in a University in Beijing, China. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 29(4):212-215, April 2002.29(4):212-215, April 2002.

Abdullah, A. S. M., Fielding, R., Hedley, A. J. Abdullah, A. S. M., Fielding, R., Hedley, A. J. Understanding sexual risk taking behavior in Hong Kong university studentsUnderstanding sexual risk taking behavior in Hong Kong university students: A health : A health promotion perspective. Vol 37(4), Oct 2003. pp. 311-318.promotion perspective. Vol 37(4), Oct 2003. pp. 311-318.

Huang, Karen,Huang, Karen, Uba, LauraUba, Laura. PremaritalPremarital sexual behavior among Chinese sexual behavior among Chinese collegecollege studentsstudents in the United States. Vol 21(3), Jun 1992. pp. in the United States. Vol 21(3), Jun 1992. pp. 227-240.227-240.

Fried, Morton H.Fried, Morton H. Reflections on Christianity in China.  Reflections on Christianity in China. (2002) (2002) An Ethnography of Political Potentials. Anthropology & An Ethnography of Political Potentials. Anthropology & HumanismHumanism 27:1, 80-96. 27:1, 80-96.

Scholarly Sources Online:Scholarly Sources Online:Taoist Sanctuary of San Diego - DeathTaoist Sanctuary of San Diego - Death

http://www.taoistsanctuary.org/pages/Taoism/death.htmRediff Business Review - MoneyRediff Business Review - Money

http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/jun/16rich.htmTea MoneyTea Money

http://www.charm.ru/coins/misc/teamoney.shtmlMarriage CustomsMarriage Customs

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/social_customs/marriage/Buddhism Buddhism

http://www.religioustolerance.org/buddhism.htm http://www.opendoorsuk.org/profile_china.php

Religious PersecutionReligious Persecutionhttp://www.persecution.org/Countries/china.html

Fortune CookiesFortune Cookieshttp://www.fortunecookie.demon.co.uk/fhistory.html