China & the New ImperialismChina & the New Imperialism

Chapter 12: Section IChapter 12: Section IMs. GarrattMs. Garratt

China & TradeChina & Trade

China traditionally place strict limits on China traditionally place strict limits on foreign tradeforeign tradeBalance of trade surplus vs. Balance of trade surplus vs. trade deficittrade deficitEurope requested more trading rights & Europe requested more trading rights & were refusedwere refused

3 things changed:3 things changed:Ch entered period of decline (Qing)Ch entered period of decline (Qing)

Indus Rev required new marketsIndus Rev required new markets West had military power to enforce its willWest had military power to enforce its will

OpiumOpiumBritain decides to sell Britain decides to sell Opium which is illegal Opium which is illegal in Chinain China

This is protested by This is protested by ChinaChina

Lin writes letter to Lin writes letter to Queen Victoria asking Queen Victoria asking why she is allowing why she is allowing such a harmful such a harmful substance to be sold substance to be sold in China that is illegal in China that is illegal in Britainin Britain

The Opium War 1839The Opium War 1839

Chinese ships were Chinese ships were no match for the no match for the steam-powered steam-powered gunboats.gunboats.

British naval victoryBritish naval victory

Results in the Treaty Results in the Treaty of Nanjingof Nanjing

Treaty of Nanjing 1842Treaty of Nanjing 1842

British gained:British gained:– Hong KongHong Kong– IndemnityIndemnity– Extraterritorial rightsExtraterritorial rights– Most favored nation Most favored nation

(MFN) (MFN) – Access to more tradeAccess to more trade

The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864Just when you thought things couldn’t go Just when you thought things couldn’t go worse……worse……The Taiping Rebellion occurs.The Taiping Rebellion occurs.

Over the course of the next 15 years approx 20-30 m Over the course of the next 15 years approx 20-30 m dieddiedLed by Hong Xiuquan who wanted to establish “heavenly Led by Hong Xiuquan who wanted to establish “heavenly kingdom”kingdom”

His radical ideas included land reform, community His radical ideas included land reform, community ownership of property, gender equality, strict morality & ownership of property, gender equality, strict morality & end to Qing Dynasttend to Qing Dynastt

Foreigners took further advantage of Chinese Foreigners took further advantage of Chinese weaknesses and seized more territoryweaknesses and seized more territory

Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War

Japan industrialized Japan industrialized quickly after 1868quickly after 1868

Japan joined Western Japan joined Western imperialists in imperialists in competition for global competition for global empireempire

In 1894 they seized In 1894 they seized TaiwanTaiwan

Impact of the Japanese DefeatImpact of the Japanese DefeatBy revealing how By revealing how weak China was weak China was Europeans began to Europeans began to carve out more carve out more spheres of influence.spheres of influence.

The US insisted in The US insisted in 1899 that there be an 1899 that there be an “open door” policy “open door” policy which allowed all which allowed all countries to trade countries to trade freely in China on an freely in China on an equal basisequal basis

Impact of US Open Door PolicyImpact of US Open Door Policy

Ensured that Chinese Ensured that Chinese trade would be open trade would be open to allto all

Prevented China from Prevented China from full scale colonizationfull scale colonization

To Reform or not to reform….To Reform or not to reform….

Many saw reform as the only way to free Many saw reform as the only way to free China from Western imperialismChina from Western imperialism

In 1860s the In 1860s the Self-Strenghening Self-Strenghening Movement Movement ttried to industrialize and build ried to industrialize and build an infrastructurean infrastructure

Little progress due to lack of gov supportLittle progress due to lack of gov support

Hundred Days of Reform” Hundred Days of Reform” Movement 1898Movement 1898

Second attempt Second attempt concentrated on concentrated on modernizing modernizing government, military government, military & bureaucracy& bureaucracy

Conservatives were Conservatives were threatened & halted threatened & halted reformsreforms

Reformers imprisonedReformers imprisoned

Kang Youwei >>>>Kang Youwei >>>>

Catalyst for ReformCatalyst for Reform

Resentment Against ForeignersResentment Against Foreigners

Treaty of NanjingTreaty of Nanjing– Extraterritorial rightsExtraterritorial rights

MissionariesMissionaries

Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence

Society of Righteous Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists & Harmonious Fists (the Boxers) led (the Boxers) led campaign against campaign against foreignersforeigners

>>Martyrs of rebellion>>Martyrs of rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion 1899The Boxer Rebellion 1899Goal was to drive out Goal was to drive out “foreign devils” who “foreign devils” who were “polluting” the were “polluting” the land with un-Chinese land with un-Chinese ways.ways.

Attacked foreign Attacked foreign communities which communities which led the West to led the West to organize a organize a multinational force.multinational force.

Boxers were easily Boxers were easily defeated.defeated.

Impact of Boxer RebellionImpact of Boxer Rebellion

Greater sense of nationalismGreater sense of nationalism

Convinced conservatives of the need to Convinced conservatives of the need to support westernizationsupport westernization

Confucianism was replaced with emphasis Confucianism was replaced with emphasis on math & scienceon math & science

China expanded economically China expanded economically

Industry developed with new Chinese Industry developed with new Chinese business & working classbusiness & working class

Sun Yixian & the Three Principals Sun Yixian & the Three Principals of the Peopleof the People

Western educatedWestern educated

Founded the Founded the KuomintangKuomintang to to create a republic create a republic based on these 3 based on these 3 principles:principles:

1.1. NationalismNationalism

2.2. DemocracyDemocracy

3.3. Economic Security Economic Security for all for all

World War IWorld War I

China felt betrayed after the war.China felt betrayed after the war.

Declared war against Germany in the Declared war against Germany in the hopes that Allies would return control of hopes that Allies would return control of Chinese territory held by GermanyChinese territory held by Germany

Instead the territory was given to Japan as Instead the territory was given to Japan as part of the Treaty of Versaillespart of the Treaty of Versailles

May Fourth Movement 1919May Fourth Movement 1919

Demonstrations erupted across the Demonstrations erupted across the country in what came to be called the May country in what came to be called the May Fourth Movement.Fourth Movement.

Commitment to nationalism and Commitment to nationalism and modernizationmodernization

Many turned away from Kuomintang Many turned away from Kuomintang toward communists out of frustrationtoward communists out of frustration

Communist Party Communist Party

Mao adapted Marxism to ChinaMao adapted Marxism to China

Sun allies the Kuomintang with the Sun allies the Kuomintang with the Communists due to frustration with the WestCommunists due to frustration with the West

Lenin provided military aid Lenin provided military aid

After Sun’s death the Kuomintang become After Sun’s death the Kuomintang become corrupt and do little to improve the lives of corrupt and do little to improve the lives of peasants.peasants.

They align themselves with the CommunistsThey align themselves with the Communists

1927 slaughters of Communists would 1927 slaughters of Communists would plunge China into 4 decades of Civil War plunge China into 4 decades of Civil War

Jiang Betrays CommunistsJiang Betrays Communists

Civil War & the Long MarchCivil War & the Long March

100,000 march 6000 100,000 march 6000 miles to escape Jiangmiles to escape Jiang

Recruit peasantsRecruit peasants

Guerilla warfareGuerilla warfare

Only 7-8000 survive Only 7-8000 survive when they reach the when they reach the northnorth

Japan takes Japan takes advantage of advantage of domestic turmoildomestic turmoil

Japanese Invasion and the Japanese Invasion and the Uneasy TruceUneasy Truce

World War IIWorld War II

CommunistsCommunists

Controlled the northControlled the north

Promoted literacy & food Promoted literacy & food productionproduction

Won support of the Won support of the peasantspeasants

KuomintangKuomintang

Control of the SouthControl of the South

Received US aid ($1.5 b)Received US aid ($1.5 b)

CorruptionCorruption

Few battles fought with Few battles fought with JapaneseJapanese

Saved their energy for Saved their energy for final battle with final battle with CommunistsCommunists

Civil War 1946-1949Civil War 1946-1949

China and the Cold WarChina and the Cold War

The Great Leap Forward 1958The Great Leap Forward 1958

The Cultural Revolution 1966The Cultural Revolution 1966

Legacy of MaoLegacy of Mao

China & the WestChina & the West

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

China in the 21China in the 21stst Century Century

Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence