1
China’s Low Carbon and Energy Transition-Peaking CO2 emission in 2020 to 2022 –
-We NEED Rapid Transition -
Jiang Kejun
Energy Research InstitutePeking University
2016 EIA ENERGY CONFERENCEJuly 11-12, 2016
ERI, ChinaERI, China
Keyword: Transition – mitigation to reach some climate change targets
200020202040206020802100-5
0
5
10
15
200020202040206020802100-5
0
5
10
15
200020202040206020802100-5
0
5
10
15
N=76N=27
Category III(< 440-485 ppm CO2)
Category II(< 400-440 ppm CO2)
without neg. emissions
with neg. emissions
Emiss
ions
(GtC
)
Category I(< 400 ppm CO2)
N=19
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
2000 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Mt-
CO2
CO2 Emission in China
Baseline
LC
ELC
2Degree
Transformation: CO2 emission, a rapid change
We Need Rapid Transition:Put that into 13th Five Year PlanPrimary Energy Demand
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Mtc
e
Year
Primary Energy Demand in China, 2℃ scenario A Bio-Diesel
Ethonal
Biomass PowerSolar
Wind
Nuclear
Hydro
N.Gas
Oil
Coal
5
GDP部门结构
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
年份
亿元
煤气的生产和供应业
蒸汽热水生产供应业
电力生产供应业
其他工业
仪器仪表文化办公用机械
电气机械及器材、电子及通信设备制造业
交通运输设备制造业
普通机械、专用设备制造业
金属制品业
有色金属
黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业
非金属矿物制品业
橡胶制品业, 塑料制品业
化学纤维制造业
医药制造业
化学原料及制品制造业
炼焦业
石油加工
印刷业记录媒介的复制, 文教体育用品制造业
造纸及纸制品业
木材加工及竹藤棕草制品业、家具制造业
服装皮革及其他纤维制品制造
纺织业
烟草加工业
食品饮料加工、制造业
非金属矿采选业, 其他矿采选业, 木材及竹材采运业
有色金属矿采选业
黑色金属矿采选业
天然气开采业
石油
煤炭采选业
农业
GDP by sectors
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
TWh
Power Generation, 2℃ Scenario A
Bio
Solar
Wind
Nulcear
Hydro
N.Gas
Oil fired
Coal fired
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
!0M
WInstalled Capacity, 2 ℃Scenario A
Biomass
Solar
Wind
Nuclear
Hydro
N.Gas
Oil
Coal
88
CCS future
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2000 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
%
IGCC-Fuel Cell
IGCC
US-Critical
Super Critical
Large Coal Unit
Samll Coal
9
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Mtc
e
Year
Final Energy Demand, 2 degree scenario
Electricity
Thermal
N.Gas
Oil
Town Gas
Coke
Coal
0 200 400 600 800
1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Mtc
eFinal Energy Demand in Industry,
2℃Scenario A
Electricity
Thermal
N.Gas
Oil
Town Gas
Coke
Coal
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Mtc
e
Year
Transport Energy Demand: 2 degree scenario
Bio-Diesel
Ethonal
Electricity
N.Gas
Oil
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Mtc
eTertiary Sector Energy Demand
Electricity
Thermal
N.Gas
Oil
Town Gas
Coke
Coal
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Mtc
eUrban Household Energy Demand
Electricity
Thermal
N.Gas
Oil
Town Gas
Coke
Coal
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Mtc
e Rural Household Energy Demand
Electricity
Thermal
N.Gas
Oil
Town Gas
Coke
Coal
15
17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
MtS
O2
SO2 Emission
BaU
LC
ELC
0200400600800
100012001400160018002000
2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
1000
ton
Black Carbon Emission in China
BaU
LowCarbon
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
2000 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Mt
NOx Emission in China, ELC scenario
Other
Power generation
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
2000 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050M
ton
PM2.5 Emission
Other
Power generation
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
2000 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
ton
Mercury Emission
Other
Power generation
18
19
20
2015: 43.18GW
22
23
24
25
26
27
What’s the future of China’s low carbon policy: a big picture
• Economic structure optimization policies• Energy efficiency policies• Renewable energy/nuclear power generation oriented policies• CCS• Low carbon consumption/ lifestyle• Land use emission reduction policies: so far relatively poor
28
What’s the future of China’s low carbon policy: a big picture
• Economic structure optimization policies• Energy efficiency policies• Renewable energy/nuclear power generation oriented policies• CCS• Low carbon consumption/ lifestyle• Land use emission reduction policies: so far relatively poor
29
INDC+/NDC for China, and others
30
INDC of China in Paris
• Peak CO2 emission in 2030, try to peak earlier
• 60% to 65% carbon intensity reduction by 2030 with comparison with 2005
• 20% non-fossil energy in TPE
31
INDC+/NDC for China
• Peak CO2 emission in 2030, try to peak earlier
peak 2020-2022
• 60% to 65% carbon intensity reduction by 2030 with comparison with 2005
70%-75% carbon intensity
• 20% non-fossil energy in TPE
25%, based on NEA’s picture
32
Copenhagen for China: progress
• 40% to 45% carbon intensity reduction in Copenhagen
• 2005-2010: carbon intensity 22% reduction
• 2010-2015: carbon intensity 21.8% reduction
• 2015-2020: 18% reduction based on the 13th Five Year Plan
• Then it is around 50%
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
2000 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Mt-
CO2
CO2 Emission in China
Baseline
LC
ELC
2Degree
Transformation: CO2 emission, a rapid change
INDC+
3434
工业分部门投资
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
年份
亿元
建筑业
自来水的生产和供应业
煤气的生产和供应业
蒸汽热水生产供应业
电力生产供应业
其他工业
仪器仪表文化办公用机械
电气机械及器材、电子及通信设备制造业
交通运输设备制造业
普通机械、专用设备制造业
金属制品业
有色金属
黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业
非金属矿物制品业
橡胶制品业, 塑料制品业
化学纤维制造业
医药制造业
化学原料及制品制造业
炼焦业
石油加工
印刷业记录媒介的复制, 文教体育用品制造业
造纸及纸制品业
木材加工及竹藤棕草制品业、家具制造业
服装皮革及其他纤维制品制造
纺织业
烟草加工业
食品饮料加工、制造业
非金属矿采选业, 其他矿采选业, 木材及竹材采运业
有色金属矿采选业
黑色金属矿采选业
天然气开采业
石油
Investment by industrial sectors
35
Products output in major sectors, Low Carbon and ELC
Unit 2005 2020 2030 2040 2050Steel Million ton 355 610 570 440 360Cement Million ton 1060 1600 1600 1200 900
GlassMillioncases
399 650 690 670 580
Copper Million ton 2.6 7 7 6.5 4.6Ammonia Million ton 8.51 16 16 15 12Ethylene Million ton 5.1 7.2 7 6.5 5.5Soda Ash Million ton 14.67 23 24.5 23.5 22Casutic Million ton 12.64 24 25 25 24Paper Million ton 62.05 110 115 120 120FertilizerMillion ton 52.2 61 61 61 61Aluminum Million ton 7.56 34 36 36 33Paper Million ton 46.3 50 50 50 45Calcium caMillion ton 8.5 10 8 7 4
分部门能源消费量, Energy demand by sector, 1995-2010
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
农、
林、
牧、渔业
采掘业
煤炭开采和洗选业
石油
和天然气开采业
黑色金属矿采选业
有色金属矿采选业
非金属矿采选业
其他采矿业
农副食品加工业
食品制造业
饮料制造业
烟草制品业
纺织业
纺织
服装
、鞋、帽制造业
皮革、
毛皮
、羽
毛(绒
)及其制品
业木
材加
工及木
、竹
、藤
、棕、
草制品
业
家具制造业
造纸及纸制品业
印刷
业和
记录媒介的复制
文教
体育用品制造业
石油
加工
、炼
焦及核燃料加工
业化
学原
料及
化学制品制造业
医药制造业
化学纤维制造业
橡胶制品业
塑料制品业
非金属矿物制品业
黑色
金属
冶炼及压延加工业
有色
金属
冶炼及压延加工业
金属制品业
通用设备制造业
专用设备制造业
交通
运输设备制造业
电气
机械
及器材制造业
通信
设备
、计算
机及
其他
电子
设备制
造业
仪器
仪表及
文化
、办
公用机械
制造业
工艺
品及其他制造业
废弃
资源
和废
旧材料回收加工
业电
力、
煤气
及水
生产和供应业
电力
、热
力的生产和供应业
燃气生产和供应业
水的生产和供应业
建筑
业交
通运
输、仓储和邮政业
批发
、零
售业
和住宿、餐饮业
其他行业
生活消费
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
37
Unit energy use for key products, LCS Scenario
Unit 2005 2020 2030 2040 2050
Steel Kgce/t 760 650 564 554 545
Cement Kgce/t 132 101 86 81 77
GlassKgce/WeightCases 24 18 14.5 13.8 13.1
Brick Kgce/万块 685 466 433 421 408
Ammonia Kgce/t 1645 1328 1189 1141 1096
Ethylene Kgce/t 1092 796 713 693 672
Soda Ash Kgce/t 340 310 290 284 279
Casutic Kgce/t 1410 990 890 868 851
Calcium carbide Kgce/t 1482 1304 1215 1201 1193
Copper Kgce/t 1273 1063 931 877 827
Aluminum kWh/t 14320 12870 12170 11923 11877
Paper Kgce/t 1047 840 761 721 686
Electricity fossil fuel Gce/kWh 350 305 287 274 264
High efficiency lighting【 LED】
Solar PV
Energy monitor system (Electric Appliance)
Eco-Life style
减少60% 采暖需求,普及率70%
(25-47% 的家庭拥有屋顶光伏电池,转换效率接近30%
COP =8, 普及率100%
Super High Efficiency Air-Con
Solar energy for hot water and space heating
普及率: 20-60%(目前 6%)
Heat pumpCOP=5普及率30-70%
Fuel cell普及率0-20%
High insulation system
减少50%照明需求,普及率100%
Standby energy use
降低1/3 ,普及率100%
Low Carbon House in 2050: comfortable and energy saving
Planting on top
5
Solar Energy
High efficiency electric applianceReduce energy use, and higher life level
Public informationPublic consumption change
减少10-20% 能源需求
39
40
Transport, Low carbon scenario
2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Family car ownership, per 100HH Urban 3.37 14 36 65 77 78
Rural 0.08 0.2 8 38 70 90Family car annual travel distance, km 9500 9500 9300 8635 8300 7480Average engin size of family cars, litter 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4Fuel efficiency of car, L/100km 9.2 8.9 7.1 5.9 4.8 4.1Share of MRT in total traffic volume, % 0.011 0.016 0.025 0.046 0.1 0.21Share of Biofuel, % 1.10% 1.30% 4.1% 7.70% 12% 13%Share of electric car, % 0% 0.12% 3.2% 6.80% 12.5% 19.8%Share of fuel cell car, % 0% 0% 0.80% 1.60% 4.70% 7.90%
Car Fuel Efficiency in China
02468
1012141618
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
l/100
kmSantanaFukanJATTAAudi-100XialiPoloFITJATTA-CTIBMWJEEPSIENABENZVIZEQQ-0.8BORASANAPASSATSUNNYELANTACOROLAQQ-1.1ELESSAACCORD-3.0PAJEROPRUISLUPO
Rapid bus: using existing rapid road
Stockholm: bicycle is coming back
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2000 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
TWh
Power Generation
Bio
Solar
Wind
Nulcear
Hydro
N.Gas
Oil fired
Coal fired
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
2000 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
万千
瓦
Power Generation Capacity
Biomass
Solar
Wind
Nuclear
Hydro
N.Gas
Oil
Coal
46
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
2000 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
10^8
Yuan
Year
Investment in Energy Industry in China
BaU
HLC
HELC
LLC
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
2000 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
10^8
Yuan
Year
Energy Expenditures in China
BaU
HLC
HELC
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
Industry Transport Building Total
10^8
Yua
n
Year
Addtional Investment in end use sectors in ELC
20102020203020402050
-1.00%
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
2010 2020 2030 2050 2075 2100
GDP Loss, %
650ppm
550ppm
450ppm
Per Capita
Carbon Intensity
Fixed Investment for Pollution Control, million yuan
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
2005 2010 2020 2030 2050
Inde
x, 2
005=
1
Year
Technology learning curve
Fuel Cell IGCC
Hydrogen Car
Poly-Generation
Solar Thermal Power
PV
4th Generation Nuclear
Off shore wind
on shore wind
Biomass Power
Advanced NGCC
Electic Car
CCS
Solar 2010
Wind 2010
CCS-PostC
CCS-Enduse
LED Lighting
Price: US$38000Subsidy: US$15000(Shanghai), no need to apply number plate(cost US$10000) US$18000(Beijing), no need to apply number plate(By Oct. 2012, 1.1 million people apply for 20000number plates per month),
By 2020, Wind 200GW to 250GW, Solar 50WG
49
Policy roadmap: Super high efficiency air conditioner
• Efficiency Standard: COP, MEPS• Government Planning• Subsidy
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
2009 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Start COP
50
Renewable Energy
• Renewable Energy Planning 2006: wind 30GW, Solar 2GW by 2020
• 2009 Energy Bureau: Wind 80WG• 2010 Energy Planning: Wind 150 GW, Solar 20GW by 2020• 2013, the 12th Five Year Plan: 20GW of solar PV by 2015,
150GW wind• February 2013, 35GW PV by 2015
• Now: Wind 200GW to 300GW, Solar 50WG to 120 GW
• Based on the conclusion from Chinese Academy for Engineering, grid in China could adopt these renewable energy power generation in short term.
51
Natural Gas Scenarios
• In 2010,Natural Gas use 107.2BCM, while 12.2BCM imported.
• In our low carbon scenario: by 2030, 370BCM
• NEA’s planning: 260BCM by 2015
• Expecting: 420BCM by 2020
52
The New Five Year Plan on Air Pollution Control
• From 2013 to 2017
• Target: 30% improvement of air pollution
• A package of policies
• In which: reducing coal use in key areas including Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze Delta Regions, Pearl River Delta Region
• Clean oil supply for vehicle, upgrade emission standard and oil quality
• Regulation on diffusion on high efficiency cars
53
The expected big changes in energy system in China
• Coal consumption start to decrease, coal industry should be ready for it, and make own long-term strategy: local manufacture, export/import, security, clean coal use.
• Much more natural gas demand, need to work out for the supply
• Much faster progress on renewable energy, both centralized and distributed
• Grid should be reconstructed to support the system• Energy price increase, to cover energy environment externality.• Large scale of nuclear in• Much lower growth rate for energy demand in China
54
55
56
57
58
59
The New China-US Announcement: keywords
• Considering global 2 degree target
• China: peak by 2030, make effort to peak earlier
• US: 26-28% emission reduction by 2025 compared with that in 2005
• Both Will make more strict target in future
60
Our Studies Now
• Global emission scenarios by joining international studies: RoSE, EMPERE, LIMIT, IAMC, EMF30
• CO2 Emission scenario for China: focusing on 2 degree scenario
• Local air pollution emission scenario and policy roadmap: focusing on Jing-Jin-Ji area
• Energy and GHG indicators for 13th Five Year Plan• Carbon tax implementation analysis• Coal cap scenario analysis• ETS design modeling for China and pilot phase cities• Policy design for building on energy and CO2 emission target• International emission scenario analysis: US, Japan, EU, China• Up-Grade of Chinese Economy: a Yangtze River Case