China's African Aid

8/8/2019 China's African Aid

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Chinas African Aid

Transatlantic Challenges

Deborah Brautigam

International Development Program

School of International Service

American University

Washington, DC


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2008 Te German Marshall Fund o the United States. All rights reserved.

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3/35

Chinas African Aid: ransatlantic Challenges

A Report o the German Marshall Fund Of he United States

April 2008

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4/35


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Chinas African Aid: ransatlantic Challenges 3

The Rise of China in Africa

1 C vy vb A k

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Box 1: Address by Chinese President

Hu Jintao, Beijing Summit of The

Forum on ChinaAfrica Cooperation,

4 November 2006

To orge a new type o China-Arica strategic partnership

and strengthen our cooperation in more areas and at a

higher level, the Chinese Government will take the ollow-

ing eight steps:

1. Double its 2006 assistance to Arica by 2009.

2. Provide US$3 billion o preerential loans and US$2

billion o preerential buyers credits to Arica in the

next three years.

3. Set up a China-Arica development und which will

reach US$5 billion to encourage Chinese companies

to invest in Arica and provide support to them.

4. Build a conerence centre or the Arican Union to

support Arican countries in their eorts to strengthen

themselves through unity and support the process o

Arican integration.

5. Cancel debt in the orm o all the interest-ree govern-

ment loans that matured at the end o 2005 owed

by the heavily indebted poor countries and the least

developed countries in Arica that have diplomatic

relations with China.

6. Further open up Chinas market to Arica by increas-

ing rom 190 to over 440 the number o export items

to China receiving zero-tari treatment rom the least

developed countries in Arica having diplomatic ties

with China.

7. Establish three to fve trade and economic coopera-

tion zones in Arica in the next three years.

8. Over the next three years, train 15,000 Arican proes-

sionals; send 100 senior agricultural experts to Arica;

set up 10 special agricultural technology demonstra-

tion centres in Arica; build 30 hospitals in Arica

and provide RMB 300 million o grant or providing

artemisinin and building 30 malaria prevention and

treatment centres to fght malaria in Arica; dispatch

300 youth volunteers to Arica; build 100 rural schools

in Arica; and increase the number o Chinese govern-

ment scholarships to Arican students rom the current

2000 per year to 4000 per year by 2009.


6/35

he German Marshall Fund of the United States4

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E C Dv (OECD)

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9/35


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7 , C A H J Bj

D . A

W w b C y

, C w w

C

v v . v

v C y

y y, w

C

w A b

x C w .

A. Domestic and Foreign Policy Context

Lk , C v vy

: y

w ;

k,

v . A

y, -C

y. A wy

(x, v,

) C v

b, w, qk

v .

bk C y

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by C P Z E 1954:

1. M vy

y

. M -

3. N-

4. Eqy b

5. P x

M 5 y , C

y . A

v w -C y

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).

- x

C by W

y .

Eqy b y

C q

, -wy y.

v v wy b C

w A, wy C

v v--v W.

D y v

C . D

P Rb (194979), C

y bw

y ,

. By 1979,

D X w ,

C bk y

y y w k, w y

v b k,

C C Py

v.

M 19 w b

C y

v. I y -199, wv,

w

-w

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(v -w),

y y j W Oz Db 1. S-w

w

w

v b b w

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(15), w

Chinas Aid: Continuity and Change

3


10/35


y G Gb. O y w .

F CA C

y, b . C

b CCbb E

C F (3), F

E C bw

C P-k C (3),

F C bw C

Ab S (4), CP I

E Dv F (6).

E , y , - y C

y , b,

C ,

. S v, C

y A y b

y w

v w y. F x,

Bj S

F CA C w

Sb 5 by

C P H J Sb 5

U N y M Dv G (Bx ).

B. Chinas Changing Aid Strategy in Africa

1. The Maoist Period 196076

A C

v, C

b-S A b w z-

x G 196. C P Z

E v A 1964

v wy C

v (Bx 3). By 1965, C C A Rb, C-

Bzzv, G, Ky, S, z,

U. A C

w v by w v

, Sk G

J Ny z, y

Box 2: Chinese President Hu Jintaos

Five Measures For Assisting Other

Developing Countries*

1. Zero tari treatment to some products rom all the 39

LDCs having diplomatic relations with China, which

covers most o the China-bound exports rom these

countries.

2. Further expand aid program to the Heavily Indebted

Poor Countries (HIPCs) and LDCs and, working

through bilateral channels, write o or orgive in other

ways, within the next two years, all the overdue parts

as o the end o 2004 o the interest-ree and low-

interest governmental loans owed by all the HIPCs

having diplomatic relations with China.

3. Within the next three years, China will provide US$10

billion in concessional loans and preerential export

buyers credit to developing countries to improve their

inrastructure and promote cooperation between

enterprises on both sides.

4. China will, in the next three years, increase its as-

sistance to developing countries, Arican countries in

particular, providing them with anti-malaria drugs and

other medicines, helping them set up and improve

medical acilities and training medical sta.

5. China will train 30,000 personnel o various proes-sions rom the developing countries within the next

three years so as to help them speed up their human

resources development.

United Nations, New York, September 14, 2005

* Hu Jintao, Promote Universal Development to Achieve Com-

mon Prosperity, written statement by Chinese President Hu

Jintao at the High-Level Meeting on Financing for Development

at the 60th Session of the United Nations, New York, Septem-

ber 14, 2005.

w y

z Bj C . b w y

by : y,

z- , vb

b y, w b w

j by b v.


11/35


By 1971, Bj w 16 A ,

U N. A

w wy ,

y w w w . My

b z wy k Zb

z ,

b Zb v

S A w-

w w R. B w

C Rv, y

bz C,

z Rwy v C A . B v C

197 v C

, z j,

-w w .

By 1975, C A

U S.

P x C A,

J w C w

w. I 1973, J b

C, by 1977,

4 J C. A C

w, C w

x b

. I C

w bw w

v v b b b.

A J y b : C

xy v v J b

b vby w vy

z y. F J,

y xy v

z M, CJ IvR, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 1991,3, , . 9.

Box 3: Eight Principles for Chinas Aid to

Foreign Countries (1964)

1. The Chinese Government always bases itsel on the

principle o equality and mutual beneft in providing

aid to other countries. It never regards such aid as a

kind o unilateral alms but as something mutual.

2. In providing aid to other countries, the Chinese

Government strictly respects the sovereignty o the

recipient countries, and never attaches any conditions

or asks or any privileges.

3. China provides economic aid in the orm o interest-

ree or low-interest loans and extends the time limit

or repayment when necessary so as to lighten the

burden o the recipient countries as ar as possible.

4. In providing aid to other countries, the purpose o

the Chinese Government is not to make the recipient

countries dependent on China but to help them

embark step by step on the road o sel-reliance and

independent economic development.

5. The Chinese Government tries its best to help the

recipient countries build projects which require less

investment while yielding quicker results, so that the

recipient governments may increase their income and

accumulate capital.

6. The Chinese Government provides the best-qualityequipment and material o its own manuacture at

international market prices. I the equipment and ma-

terial provided by the Chinese Government are not up

to the agreed specifcations and quality, the Chinese

Government undertakes to replace them.

7. In providing any technical assistance, the Chinese

Government will see to it that the personnel o the

recipient country ully master such technique.

8. The experts dispatched by China to help in construc-

tion in the recipient countries will have the same

standard o living as the experts o the recipient

country. The Chinese experts are not allowed to make

any special demands or enjoy any special amenities.

Source: Speech by Chinese premier Zhou Enlai, Accra, Ghana,

January 15, 1964.


12/35


k C .3

y w b

C A.

. The Reform Era 197789

A C b y

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b b k y.

A .4 U y,

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b y

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y 19,

w -w . A

Bj z y v

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w b y

b, w k v

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C v.

F 19791, w w w, C

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w w w

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w A. C Z Zy

v A Db 19

- ,

C w w

: vy . w k

b

3 Ib, . 9.

4 w Db B, Chinese Aid andAfrican Development: Exporting Green Revolution (Nw Yk:S. M P, Bk, U.K.: M, 199), .4953.

y. A -k C v , w w

-wy w

b b . , , w

b b wy x

, w b C

b b .

J v C. A C

, J w v

C. Bw 19794, J v

33 b y ($1.4 b) v

C.

5

B w w by . F x, 197,

w

wby C by $1 b

J bw 1975

y by x qv v

.6 J v C v

Lz M . D X,

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W :

q W v

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v 19,

E U S k M

K v

C , , y.

I 193, x, B,

A, Bz, C, A, S w

b v C ;

y Cy Gy, U.S.

B F, ;

5 J H. Pk, I C O-D Py PR Iv, B E, Ob 1993,, 4, . 54. Y v Jy 194 x 34 y US$1..

6 M, . 9. By 19, Ex Bk J -v $9 b J x C.

7 Pk, . 53.


13/35


F U.K. v wC w. y

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. I 194, C

A

J, Nwy, Sw, U K.

A by y C y y A, b 1 (w

k y w C A

) w

C w q v 19.

vy 199 w

y.

3. Economic Cooperation for Mutual Benefit

1990present

By 199, b

y b b C

w A. F, w v

by ww b w

C v

Sq 199, wy

w b v kbk

y w (Bx 4). By

199, v -b

w w (Bz, G-B,

N, B, G, Lb, L)

C by .

Ov x , b A

w bk (Lb

C A Rb w bw

Bj w). vy w w

k b w, w

b .

I y, C F Py w A 199,Journal of Modern African Studies, 36, 3 (199): 4436.

C w b b y w y :

j y w

v v. N y

w v j w

C , C w

v ,

j w y

. A k b

v b x :

C b j W Oz.

Fy, by y 199, w w w

, y y, w b

, y v

y v .

I 1994, ,

C v -w

bk w

, w y

v . y bk

(C Dv Bk, C Ex I

Bk, C A Bk)

v, b v w k ,

w v , y,

C v.

bk w WO

.

A C v v b by

C w

b v b, z

w b v ,

w w x

bk , 1995:

w bz by

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14/35

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I 1996, P Z E Z Zy , P J Z

v x A

w y v-

1 y . P L

P w w 1997 x

A . B z , L P

X w y, C b y

v A [b]

C y v

b.

wk C y y . A

, b w

bz

y : b

by C,

w qy v

OECD .

Box 4: Dollar Diplomacy: The Beijing-Taipei Rivalry in Africa, 1989 to present

Countries that Broke with Beijing to Establish Ties

with Taipei

Countries that Broke with Taipei to Establish ties

with Beijing

1989Liberia (second)* 1993Liberia (second)

1990Guinea-Bissau 1994Lesotho (second)

1990Lesotho (second)* 1996Niger (second)

1991Central Arican Republic (third)* 1998Central Arican Republic (third)

1992Niger (second) 1998Guinea-Bissau

1994Burkina Faso 1998South Arica

1996The Gambia 2003Liberia (third)

1996Senegal (second) 2005Senegal (second)

1997Chad (second) 2006Chad (second)

1997Liberia (third) 2008Malawi

1997Sao Tome and Principe Swaziland is the only African country that has never

established diplomatic relations with Beijing.

* These countries had previously had relations with Taipei, and broken them to establish relations with Beijing.Source: Authors research and Chung-lian Jiang, Beijing and Taipei, the African Challenges, http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.

aspx?articleid=3584 [n.d.]


15/35

Iriuscidunt verci

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Table 1: Years o New Chinese Aid Commitments in Arica (1961-2007)

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

S* M M v M v v v v v M v v M v v v v v v v v

G M v M v v M v v M M v v v v v v v v v v v v v M v v v v

G M v v v M v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v

M M v M v v M M v v v v v v v v v v v v v M v v v v v v v

S M v M v v M M M v v M v v

z M v M M v v v v v M M v v M M v v M v M M v v v v v v

U M v M v M M v M v v v v v v

Ky M M M v v M v v M v v v v v v

B M v v v v v v v M M v v v M v

B v M v v v v v M v v v

C.A. R. v M v v v M v v v M v v v

C-B M M M v M M v M v v M v v v v v v

Zb M v M v v v v v v M v M v v M v v v v v v

M M v M v M M M v v v v v v M M v v v v

E. G M M v M v v v v M v v v

E M M v v v M M v M v M v v v v v v v v v

C M v v v v M v v v v M v v v v M v v M M

N M M v M v v

Rw M M M v v v M v v v

S M v v v M M v v v v v v v v

S L M v v M M v v v M v v v v v v

C M M v v v M M

D. R C M v v v v v M M v v

M v v M M v v v M v v v M v v v v v v v v

M M v M v M v v v v v v v v v v M

M M v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v

Bk F M v M M v M v M v M

Gb M M M v v v v v M v v v v v v

Gb M v v v v v

G.B M v v v v v v v v v

N v M v M v v M v v v v v

Bw M v v v v M M v M v v v v v v M v

C M v M M M v v v v

Mzbq M M v M v v M M M v v v v v v

S./P. M v v v v

C V M v v v v v v v v v v

Sy v M M v M M v v v v v v

Lb M M v v v v v v v v

Djb M v M M M v v M M v M M v

ZbbwM M M M M v M v v v v v v v v

L M v M v v v v v v v

A M v v v v v v v v v v

C Iv v v v v M v v v v

Nb M M v M v v v v v

E v v v v v v

S A v v v v

M E C A v L

N: D y b . S y y w Bj.*z 1959.


16/35

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C y v: Bj, v ,

. b C v

S C, by C

v- -

k , b by

b . E

C y,

My F A b

y y

. I k w A

, C

b j v v C

A ( A C).

A. Major Institutions of Aid and Economic

Cooperation

Ayw bw 15 3

v k C

. U S, w

v by 6 v

, , ; F

w x y .9

Hwv, C

A

My C (MOFCOM), My

F A (MOFA), w

y bk: C Ex I Bk (C

Exbk) C Dv Bk.

1.Ministry of Commerce

My C (MOFCOM)

C y w .

MOFCOM b b grants

zero-interest loans, wC Exbk . W

MOFCOM, by w :

9 O b vv F , C L, Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, DomesticPolitics C: Uvy C P, 7, . 14-15.

D A F C, B I E C

D A k

b b,

( ) y

b y .

B v (b,

, , v, )

(-) j.

.Ministry of Foreign Affairs

M k U.S. S D, C

My F A v

y v y bjv.

y, My k

D A A

v b

v Bj qy

A y. I Bj, y

wk y w My C

C Exbk k ,

w by My

F A D Py P,

w by

y

.

3. China Eximbank

C Exbk w 1994, y

v

v C v.

I b x

C (b ). S 1995,

Exbk C concessional

loan , j C . y

k, W Bk

IBRD .

y bz by

v b.

The Chinese Aid System

4


17/35

Iriuscidunt verci

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elessi. Um alis

dolor si. Ing eum

dolorem nullaor

tionseq uipsum

ipsusto dolore

feum quiscil iscil

er si et vent amc

ad dio eum vel


C

j, w bby ww

C . A 5 A R,

C Exbk w

b 35 y 1,

k. L

C Exbk y C q

C v, yv b j j v

bw C A -w .

C vy C

Exbk , y 3

Db 5 (b $1.16

b).1 Hwv, Exbk b

v

b

v j w w .

bw.

4. China Development Bank

C Dv Bk (CDB) w ,

k Exbk,

1 S P, Bk C R: ExIBk C, A 6, . 5 ( by ).

C v, b . CDB y $3 b

6. Vy w vw

5, 6.11 I

y v v

C v (v

, x,

C G Dv C)

v ,

w , b . A

M 7, CDB y 3 j

A, w b $3 b (CDB

w $1 b).1

C DvBk ,

j w C Exbk

j. Lk Exbk, v

C

b, y S

C,

b v C.

B. Instruments of Chinese Aid

C y v j, b

b v b

( y vy

). A v (

b v S L M),

q, . H

y v k, C

, , , b ,

w v .

1. Complete Plant and Technical Assistance Projects

w complete plant

projects (-ky j vv

b,

11 C Dv Bk,Annual Reports 5 6.

1 bw C A b % A w. [Zhong Fei Maoyi Dui Fei JingjiZengzhang Gongxianli da 20%].Jinshi wang, Jinrong Shibao, My14, 7.

Table 2. China Eximbank FinancingApproved, 2006

(US$ b)

Ex $17.5

Ex by $ 4.

I $ .4

L $ 4.4

C /

(w/ ) $.5

S: C Exbk A R, 6. RMB v US$ x RMB 7. $1 (by ). N v w y b b.


18/35

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k) technical cooperation projects vv . I ,

x,

w b j, w

C x -w

w b j. I 5,

C 6 j 36

j A (y

by z- ),

j by .

.Medical Teams

M 65 v

v C 1963,

, v v b

. I 7,

4 C w v

5 (

) w

wk 47 ww.13

3. Training and Scholarships

S , C v

,

b C w x w bz,

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19/35

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dolor si. Ing eum

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C. Other Instruments of EconomicEngagement

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20/35

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velendrer sequat.

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Developed Countries

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21/35

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elessi. Um alis

dolor si. Ing eum

dolorem nullaor

tionseq uipsum

ipsusto dolore

feum quiscil iscil

er si et vent amc

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22/35

Cumsan hendio

con vullaorem

zzrilit laorting

el do exer si tin

ulputem iure

velendrer sequat.

Ummy nissis eum

dolummy nullaor

amconsecte

exercilisl ut

vullandio odo


A. How much aid does China give to Africa?

I 6, C v v

v y y b RMB 44.4 b

(US$ 5.7 b) A. Hwv,

b

. C kw w

y v: v y

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w b y US$

4 , bk

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v (ODA).

v :

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k b

x by , x ,

. x

ky .

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C v v w

k y

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b

w bw k.

vw by , b y w qy

v (ODA) OECD

.

3. Multi-year versus annual. C (

) y v

Chinese Aid in Operation

5Table 3: Chinas Ofcial GovernmentExpenditure or External Assistance 19982007

To Africa

RMB US$ US$

199 3,7 449 19*

1999 3,9 474 *

4,5 554 44*

1 4,711 569 5*

5,3 64 66*

3 5,3 631 7*

4 6,69 734 33*

5 7,47 96 47*

6 , 1,5 46*

7 1,* 1,41* 65*

*. A v 44% .

S: Q (7); My C , Bj, .

Ex v 1996.

I My F, International Financial Statistics(7). x 7 Jy.


23/35

Iriuscidunt verci

tinciduisi. Lis ad

elessi. Um alis

dolor si. Ing eum

dolorem nullaor

tionseq uipsum

ipsusto dolore

feum quiscil iscil

er si et vent amc

ad dio eum vel


b w y, . A

OECD W Bk

y b.

4. Media mistakes . A bv,

w w C y

v w

v k

k. F x,

Financial Times b $5 b C

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z RMB 9.5 b

($1.3 b) x

A bw 1995 6, 59

j ( b b). y

y, v

j v $6 b y v x

3 Hy B,Africas Silk Road: China and Indias NewEconomic FrontierW, D.C., 7, 74.

y. y y. W Bk

y $4. b A 6, x

(y, b , ). Hwv,

w w

b OECD. I

5 , OECD b US$3.7

b A , w

b v OECD

b US$11. b.4

B. How Effective Is Chinese Aid?

With the Asian countries its fast and its direct

Africa doesnt have a lot of time.

S P Aby W, 6

5 P D A Ev

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j ). F

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4 W Bk, Global Development Finance: The DevelopmentPotential of Surging Capital Flows (W, D.C., 6).

5 OECD, P D A Ev: Ow,Hz, A, R M Aby,H Lv F, P, Fby M , 5.


24/35

Cumsan hendio

con vullaorem

zzrilit laorting

el do exer si tin

ulputem iure

velendrer sequat.

Ummy nissis eum

dolummy nullaor

amconsecte

exercilisl ut

vullandio odo


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25/35

Iriuscidunt verci

tinciduisi. Lis ad

elessi. Um alis

dolor si. Ing eum

dolorem nullaor

tionseq uipsum

ipsusto dolore

feum quiscil iscil

er si et vent amc

ad dio eum vel


w y b j.7

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P C. Ev E S. Dw, U C Q O S-Bk F D, BkI Py B #154, My 6, . .

9 Sy F, A Rk R? R E, N A, C C, y My 46 -z by Sy F- A A G, B, Gy, SyF, Py D B, . .

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26/35

Cumsan hendio

con vullaorem

zzrilit laorting

el do exer si tin

ulputem iure

velendrer sequat.

Ummy nissis eum

dolummy nullaor

amconsecte

exercilisl ut

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. Fy, w , w

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v. A P F, F CEO DR

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31 J V, C O E C, InterPress Service (Jb), Fby , .

Iy, NGO v z j ( )

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Bk IMF, A v w

q vz -w

v, y W.

y , y x

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C y bw

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3 M C-F Rx Lw, Quid Pro Quo?C Iv--R Sw A, Development(7) 5, 636.


27/35

Iriuscidunt verci

tinciduisi. Lis ad

elessi. Um alis

dolor si. Ing eum

dolorem nullaor

tionseq uipsum

ipsusto dolore

feum quiscil iscil

er si et vent amc

ad dio eum vel


yk b b b

C v v

A. v

v b W,

C

k E

U S. C x

b y k

w b v v

vy bz w

v by bv

y . vw v k C :

bz x , v

, , v

, b by.

A. Tied Aid and Subsidized Export Credits

C 6 Exbk

w v A w $5 b

x by

b C

bz x . E,

U S, C, J y

w y b w

vy bz x ( w

y ) x w

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y w

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b -v .

OECD b v v b

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v

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v ,

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/x

Eq, , y v

j b

C . I ,

5

C.

OECD b v bz x

33 A x b y vb j v vb.

Chinese Aid: Issues for

Transatlantic Policymakers6


28/35

Cumsan hendio

con vullaorem

zzrilit laorting

el do exer si tin

ulputem iure

velendrer sequat.

Ummy nissis eum

dolummy nullaor

amconsecte

exercilisl ut

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197. Y b v Wwy y b

w v

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OECD , vy .

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9 Iy v w

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bz x v.

Nw C b

b y, y b j by w y . F

, OECD w C

x bv,

w b w y y j

b W w C

qb .

B. Governance and Corruption

C v S A, M,

C V, Bw: A b-v

. B w C,

Eq G, D Rb

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I A . A

C v . A

y I y

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y

v. A w

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k B w

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S y .

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y C .

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Exbk) b bw

v. w

k W Bk, w

b y v. I C y, Bj

C y q y

v by b v

34 Ly H, W Lv C, ://www../x/616, J 5.


29/35

Iriuscidunt verci

tinciduisi. Lis ad

elessi. Um alis

dolor si. Ing eum

dolorem nullaor

tionseq uipsum

ipsusto dolore

feum quiscil iscil

er si et vent amc

ad dio eum vel


bw v. bw v z y,

Exbk y C y y.

C , b

w b w. C

x. y v kkbk

b v. B k

y C z

w y b

w bk b y y

v.

C. Governance and Rogue Regimes

We dont believe in embargoesthat just means that

the people suffer. From a practical consideration,

embargoes and sanctions cant solve problems, just

like armed invasion cannot solve problems.

L Gj, C S Evy A

S

A v

A x by

C w

b

y. B janjaweed v v

D b, S

v . S 1996/97,

U.S. v b b

, , w S, w

y w

(U.S. y M O x

S). M

W v S

, v

j, Ly I

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Swz. A C y, L

M R, y

S - .

A

. C v vy ODA

S, v b v - ,

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y wy, y, by

b K w

D. F y

C bk U N,

, w My

I, v b v. I

bk S

y .

Y v C K y -v.

b 7. I M, C

y, N Dv

R C, S

w v by

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by C bv.35 C

vy A S,

y K w UN

k D 7.36 C

y vw b vy v, Aw

S. N, vy PB S, Fby . v

b v

.37 Y C y y

.

C ODA b Zbbw

b vy , w

, q,

v b by

35 R MG, I, S N C I-v L, Financial Times, M , 7.

36 E Dw China Security, . 63 w C -k v y -. I , Dw by L Jkb, B -, China Economic Quarterly, Q (7), . 141.

37 Ly P, C, Nw R, U PS b D, The New York Times, Fby 3,; C Bky, C S k C- D, R, M 7, .


30/35

Cumsan hendio

con vullaorem

zzrilit laorting

el do exer si tin

ulputem iure

velendrer sequat.

Ummy nissis eum

dolummy nullaor

amconsecte

exercilisl ut

vullandio odo


C 197, bby $3 bw 6. B ,

w S, C v

w

k Mb w,

y. I 7, C

b b vv

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Sb.

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, b

y , w y

, . B w wk, C vy A L Gj

C w . I

, C Dv Bk v w w

bby - v

j: V F A ( j S

A w ), b

, .

D. Environment and Social Standards

F , w b

j, k

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( -) k

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C v j w

w v : v

-w b . B C

bk v y b v

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y qy .3 C

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3 F w x vvw, P B, C Ex-bk R F I A, My 7,://v.//CExBkA., M C-F, G G: EvRby C Bk S, F E/Bk k, My 7.

wk j, w y b y k

b - v j.

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q

j- ,

q w v.

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, 5 bk v

v v w

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vy Eq P v

, , .

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Bk) w Eq

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(, y bk

v v Eq

P). E Iv Bk

P My y Financial Times

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EIB , w k b v .

M W Bk , C

v y v

v

y, bw

v. A ,

v ky

b v y v C j. Ry,

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C Exbk v C

y b, w. C bk , , by

q k v

z b.


31/35

Iriuscidunt verci

tinciduisi. Lis ad

elessi. Um alis

dolor si. Ing eum

dolorem nullaor

tionseq uipsum

ipsusto dolore

feum quiscil iscil

er si et vent amc

ad dio eum vel


E. Debt Sustainability

Europe has tried to end Africas debt in the past and

will not do the same with Chinese debt. We hope

China takes that into account.

J Cv, y

, P, EU, 7

H C w wv

A b, EU w v C

A,

C w b

A y w

xv b w-. k y

C b

vb Ev b w

b b v. My

bv C

w b - bk b

by w . A

y A b

, b

k , y y, w C.

v w b A b, w b

- (R, C, I,

S K) y . vb

C y

y by y.39

, k

A, C, N, S, w

v

. S, ,

, M, G, B, v

z- .

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by w k ,

b z bk

b developmentby. Cw b y k

v y v b,

bw v j,

y, x- v.

Exbk y

. Cy, j IFI .

A OECD y , A

S, C v

by C w

byimprovedb-

b .4 C v

v v ,

v C .

39 H R Sk Ny, P v I- L A: Db R E L,OECD Dv C D P N. 6, Jy.

4 R Ny (), . 3.


32/35

Cumsan hendio

con vullaorem

zzrilit laorting

el do exer si tin

ulputem iure

velendrer sequat.

Ummy nissis eum

dolummy nullaor

amconsecte

exercilisl ut

vullandio odo


Instead of finger pointing at ChinaI think it wouldbe better to bring them in. Im sure they have their

own position, so engage them.

D Kbk, P, A

Dv Bk, My 17, 7

C A ,

b vk v

by w v C

bz, b v, ky

A vy. C

, w, w

b w bw v vy by OECDb. U w C y

wk, w C y

b , w vv v

k w b

C A v

. ky:

A. Aid Effectiveness

E U S k

v OECD

P D. C b

v , j

A q. W

w W,

C bv vy

q b b, v

y , b

y. A , y

b , y b,

, b q

by A v. y

w w y

x b

w wy vy.

M W y

q v

v w .

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y b y.

I w qy w-

, j .

P w y b

b b ,

bj. H J y b

k b. W

b j. Ex

vw, ,

.

Hw b ? C

v y ,

.

A C v

, y

vy -v

v b w

z

v. y y z

- v v

w v, y j

b y. C

ky ,

v. A

Dv Bk I C

A, F A Oz

S-S C ,

v w .

Fy, W v C

A b. A

6 OECD y vv v

wy y b

:

Engaging China

7


33/35

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Toward New Partnerships

8


35/35

Off i c e s

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China's African Aid

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