Date post: | 25-May-2015 |
Category: |
Education |
Upload: | edanz-group |
View: | 266 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Jeffrey Robens, PhD Senior Research Consultant
Educa3on Group Leader
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 25 September 2014
download: liwenbianji.cn/CAS_2014
Author Academy: Effec2vely Communica2ng your Research
Be an effective communicator
Your goal should not only to be published, but also to be widely read/cited
ü Choose the best journal ü Logically organize your ideas ü Write effec2vely
Reading Strategies Journal selec3on When should you choose your journal?
Author guidelines • Manuscript structure • Word limits • Reference style
Aims and scope • Topics • Readership • Be sure to emphasize
Relevant references Wri2ng style
Choose your journal before you write your manuscript!
Reading Strategies Journal selec3on Factors to consider when choosing a journal
Aims & scope Readership
Open access
Which factor is most important to you?
Impact factor Indexing
Reading Strategies Journal selec3on Evaluating significance
How new are your findings? Novelty
How broadly relevant are your findings? Relevance
What are the important real-‐world applica2ons? Appeal
Reading Strategies Journal selec3on
Insert your proposed abstract
Journal Selector www.liwenbianji.cn/journal_selector
Reading Strategies Journal selec3on
Matching journals
Filter by: • Impact factor • Publishing frequency • Open access
Journal Selector www.liwenbianji.cn/journal_selector
Reading Strategies Journal selec3on
Journal’s IF, aims & scope, and publica2on frequency
ü Are they currently publishing similar ar2cles? ü Have you cited some of these ar2cles?
Similar published ar2cles
Journal Selector www.liwenbianji.cn/journal_selector
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Abstracts
First impression of your paper
Importance of your results
Validity of your conclusions
Relevance of your aims
Judge your wri2ng style
Probably only part that will be read
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Sections of an abstract
Aims
Background
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Why the study was done
Your hypothesis
Techniques
Most important findings
Conclusion & implica2ons
Concise summary of your research
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Unstructured abstract
Induced penetra3on resistance is triggered by failed penetra3on aRempts of nonpathogenic fungi. The resistance mechanism is an important nonhost reac3on in plants that can block the invasion of filamentous pathogens such as fungi and oomycetes. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanical s3muli accompanying fungal penetra3on play a role in induced penetra3on resistance, whereas the perfora3on of the cell wall may provide significant s3muli to plant cells. Here, we used microneedles or biolis3c bombardment to mimic fungal penetra3on pegs and a micromanipula3on transfer technique of the bio-‐probe, a germling of Blumeria graminis hordei, to the wounded cells to demonstrate that microwounds derived from fungal penetra3on aRempts may trigger induced penetra3on resistance in plant cells. When preinoculated with the nonpathogenic fungi Erysiphe pisi and Colletotrichum orbiculare, which were unable to penetrate a barley cell, the penetra3on of a bio-‐probe that was transferred by micromanipula3on onto the same cell was completely blocked. Fungal penetra3on was essen3al to the triggering of induced penetra3on resistance because a penetra3on-‐peg-‐defec3ve mutant of C. orbiculare completely lacked the ability to trigger resistance. The ar3ficial microwounds significantly, but not completely, blocked the penetra3on of the bio-‐probe. Treatment with the ac3n polymeriza3on inhibitor cytochalasin A or expression of the ac3n depolymerizing protein HvPro1 caused complete abla3on of the induced penetra3on resistance triggered by either failed fungal penetra3on or ar3ficial microwounds. These results strongly suggest that microwounding may trigger ac3n-‐dependent induced penetra3on resistance. Manipula3on of induced penetra3on resistance may be a promising target to improve basic disease resistance in plants.
Kobayashi and Kobayashi. Planta 2013; 237: 1187−1198.
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure
Here, we used microneedles or biolis3c bombardment to mimic fungal penetra3on pegs and a micromanipula3on transfer technique of the bio-‐probe, a germling of Blumeria graminis hordei, to the wounded cells to demonstrate that microwounds derived from fungal penetra3on aRempts may trigger induced penetra3on resistance in plant cells.
When preinoculated with the nonpathogenic fungi Erysiphe pisi and Colletotrichum orbiculare, which were unable to penetrate a barley cell, the penetra3on of a bio-‐probe that was transferred by micromanipula3on onto the same cell was completely blocked… …Treatment with the ac3n polymeriza3on inhibitor cytochalasin A or expression of the ac3n depolymerizing protein HvPro1 caused complete abla3on of the induced penetra3on resistance triggered by either failed fungal penetra3on or ar3ficial microwounds.
These results strongly suggest that microwounding may trigger ac3n-‐dependent induced penetra3on resistance. Manipula3on of induced penetra3on resistance may be a promising target to improve basic disease resistance in plants.
Kobayashi and Kobayashi. Planta 2013; 237: 1187−1198.
Induced penetra3on resistance is triggered by failed penetra3on aRempts of nonpathogenic fungi. The resistance mechanism is an important nonhost reac3on in plants that can block the invasion of filamentous pathogens such as fungi and oomycetes. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanical s3muli accompanying fungal penetra3on play a role in induced penetra3on resistance, whereas the perfora3on of the cell wall may provide significant s3muli to plant cells.
Implica2ons
Writing your abstract
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure
Induced penetra3on resistance is triggered by failed penetra3on aRempts of nonpathogenic fungi. The resistance mechanism is an important nonhost reac3on in plants that can block the invasion of filamentous pathogens such as fungi and oomycetes. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanical s3muli accompanying fungal penetra3on play a role in induced penetra3on resistance, whereas the perfora3on of the cell wall may provide significant s3muli to plant cells. Here, we used microneedles or biolis3c bombardment to mimic fungal penetra3on pegs and a micromanipula3on transfer technique of the bio-‐probe, a germling of Blumeria graminis hordei, to the wounded cells to demonstrate that microwounds derived from fungal penetra3on aRempts may trigger induced penetra3on resistance in plant cells. When preinoculated with the nonpathogenic fungi Erysiphe pisi and Colletotrichum orbiculare, which were unable to penetrate a barley cell, the penetra3on of a bio-‐probe that was transferred by micromanipula3on onto the same cell was completely blocked. Fungal penetra3on was essen3al to the triggering of induced penetra3on resistance because a penetra3on-‐peg-‐defec3ve mutant of C. orbiculare completely lacked the ability to trigger resistance. The ar3ficial microwounds significantly, but not completely, blocked the penetra3on of the bio-‐probe. Treatment with the ac3n polymeriza3on inhibitor cytochalasin A or expression of the ac3n depolymerizing protein HvPro1 caused complete abla3on of the induced penetra3on resistance triggered by either failed fungal penetra3on or ar3ficial microwounds. These results strongly suggest that microwounding may trigger ac3n-‐dependent induced penetra3on resistance. Manipula3on of induced penetra3on resistance may be a promising target to improve basic disease resistance in plants.
Kobayashi and Kobayashi. Planta 2013; 237: 1187−1198.
Why this study needed to be done
What you did
What you found
How advances the field
Writing your abstract
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure
General introduc2on
Specific aims Aims
Current state of the field
Problem in the field
Introduction
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure
Your aims should directly address the problem
Writing the Introduction
New ways to treat or prevent lung cancer are therefore needed.
This study explored the hypothesis that inhibi2on of TNKS…would inhibit lung cancer growth in vitro and in vivo…
Problem
Aims
Busch et al. BMC Cancer 2012; 13: 211.
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Methods
How it was done
General methods Specific techniques (discuss controls)
Quan2fica2on methods Sta2s2cal methods
What was used
Samples or par2cipants Materials
How data were analyzed
Experimental design
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Results
1. Novel observa2on 2. Characteriza2on 3. Applica2on Logical presenta2on
Example:
1. Synthesis of novel nanopar2cles 2. Characterize their physical and/or chemical
proper2es, SEM, determine biocompatability 3. Demonstrate improved rate of drug delivery
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure
1. Novel observa2on 2. Characteriza2on 3. Applica2on
Each subsec2on corresponds to
one figure
What you found, not what it means
Logical presenta2on
Subsec2ons
Factual descrip2on
Results
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Discussion
Summary of findings
Relevance of findings
Implica2ons for the field
Similari2es/differences Unexpected results Limita2ons
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure
In summary, we iden3fied a P. infestans RXLR-‐WY–type effector, PexRD2, which interacts with MAPKKKε and perturbs plant immunity associated signaling pathways dependent on this kinase. Either overexpression of PexRD2 or knockdown of MAPKKKε supports enhanced pathogen growth and suppression of MAPKKKε-‐triggered or -‐dependent cell death readouts in N. benthamiana. This study represents a step toward understanding how oomycete RXLR-‐type effectors directly interact with MAPK cascades, which are well established as key regulators of plant immunity. The next challenge is to beRer understand the role of PexRD2 and PexRD2-‐like effectors, and their targets, in the progression of disease in important host crop plants, such as tomato and potato. The ul3mate aim of this would be to manipulate these interac3ons to 3p the balance in the coevolu3onary arms race between pathogen and host in favor of the plant.
Why your work is important to the field
King et al. Plant Cell. 2014; 26: 1345−1359.
Writing the Discussion
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure
In summary, we iden3fied a P. infestans RXLR-‐WY–type effector, PexRD2, which interacts with MAPKKKε and perturbs plant immunity associated signaling pathways dependent on this kinase. Either overexpression of PexRD2 or knockdown of MAPKKKε supports enhanced pathogen growth and suppression of MAPKKKε-‐triggered or -‐dependent cell death readouts in N. benthamiana. This study represents a step toward understanding how oomycete RXLR-‐type effectors directly interact with MAPK cascades, which are well established as key regulators of plant immunity. The next challenge is to beRer understand the role of PexRD2 and PexRD2-‐like effectors, and their targets, in the progression of disease in important host crop plants, such as tomato and potato. The ul3mate aim of this would be to manipulate these interac3ons to 3p the balance in the coevolu3onary arms race between pathogen and host in favor of the plant.
Why your work is important to the field
King et al. Plant Cell. 2014; 26: 1345−1359.
Implica2ons
Conclusions
Future direc2ons Field advancement
Key findings
Writing the Discussion
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure
Linking your ideas in your manuscript
General background
Objec2ves
Methodology
Results and figures
Summary of findings
Implica2ons for the field
Relevance of findings
Problems in the field
Logically link your ideas throughout your manuscript
Current state of the field Introduc2on
Methods
Results
Discussion
Coverage and Staffing Plan Manuscript structure Manuscript structure Linking your ideas
New ways to treat or prevent lung cancer are therefore needed.
This study explored the hypothesis that inhibi2on of TNKS…would inhibit lung cancer growth…
Pharmacological or gene2c inhibi2on of TNKS1 and TNKS2…reduces lung cancer prolifera2on...
Problem
Objec2ves
Conclusion
Discussion
Introduc;on
Busch et al. BMC Cancer 2012; 13: 211.
Readability Effec3ve wri3ng Improving readability
Use short sentences Limit your sentences to 15–20 words
One idea per sentence
Use ac;ve voice More simple, direct, and easier to read
AMA Manual of Style: “In general, authors should use the ac;ve voice…”. (10th ed., pg. 320)
Readability Effec3ve wri3ng
Readers focus at the end of the sentence to determine what is important.
1. You deserve a raise, but the budget is 2ght.
Which sentence suggests that you will get a raise?
2. The budget is 2ght, but you deserve a raise.
hRp://wri3ngcenter.unc.edu/handouts/flow/
Sentence structure
Readability Effec3ve wri3ng
The budget is 2ght, but you deserve a raise. Your salary
will increase at the beginning of next year. Stress posi2on Topic posi2on
The topic posi;on introduces the idea of the current sentence
The stress posi2on also introduces the topic of the next sentence
Sentence structure
Readability Effec3ve wri3ng
v Compared with is for comparing similar things v Compared to is for comparing different things
This year’s deforesta3on rates were compared to those from last year.
This year’s deforesta3on rates were compared with those from last year.
Comparisons
Readability Effec3ve wri3ng Data is plural
Data is the plural form of datum
The data was analyzed... This data suggests…
The data were analyzed… These data suggest…
Readability Effec3ve wri3ng
Nature’s guide to authors:
Contribu2ons should…be wrihen clearly and simply so that they are accessible to readers in other disciplines and to readers for whom English is not their first language.
www.nature.com/nature/authors/gta/index.html#a4
“I should use complex words to make my wri2ng more impressive.”
Readability Effec3ve wri3ng Complex words
To ascertain the efficaciousness of the program, we interrogated the par2cipants upon comple2on.
To determine the success of the program, we ques2oned the par2cipants upon comple2on.
Readability Effec3ve wri3ng Simple words
Preferred Enough Clear Try Very Size Asked Keep Later Enough End Use
Avoid Adequate Apparent Endeavor Exceedingly Magnitude Requested Retain Subsequently Sufficient Terminate U3liza3on
Be an effective communicator
Your goal should not only to be published, but also to be widely read/cited
ü Choose the best journal ü Logically organize your ideas ü Write effec2vely
The Springer Author Academy
S
Free online courses
• Publishing a journal ar3cle
• Preparing a book manuscript
• Being an effec3ve peer reviewer
谢谢!
Any questions?
下载完整版PDF讲义 liwenbianji.cn/petrochina
Jeffrey Robens: [email protected]
e.weibo.com/liwenbianji 关注理文编辑新浪微博:理文编辑
blog.sciencenet.cn/u/liwenbianji 关注理文编辑科学网博客:理文编辑