Chinese Dynasties
River Valley Dynasties
• Archeological discovery of the Xia is still in its preliminary stage
• Established about 2200 B.C.E. • Legendary King Yu, the dynasty
founder, a hero of flood control • Erlitou: possibly the capital city of
the Xia• Chinese scholars believe it existed
XIA DYNASTY
Arose in the southern, eastern areas Many records, material remains discovered Bronze metallurgy, monopolized by elite Agricultural surpluses supported large troops Vast network of walled towns Shang-kings were warriors Constant struggle with nobles for power The Shang capital moved six times Lavish tombs of Shang kings
Contained chariots, weapons, bronze goods Sacrificial human victims, dogs, horses
THE SHANG DYNASTY: 1766-1122 B.C.E.
The right to rule granted by heaven Zhou justified their overthrow of Shang Ruler called "the son of heaven" Only given to virtuous, strong rulers To lose mandate = someone else should rule Replacement of dynasties = Dynastic Cycle
Signs one had lost mandate Corruption, heavy taxes Lazy officials and rulers Revolts, invasions, civil wars, crime Natural disasters Society develops bad morals, habits
MANDATE OF HEAVEN
The rise of the Zhou The last Shang king was a bad ruler The Zhou forces toppled the Shang
Political organization Adopted decentralized administration Used princes and relatives to rule regions Consequences
Weak central government with ceremonial functions Rise of regional powers; often called feudalism Constant rivalry between warring families, nobles
THE ZHOU DYNASTY: 1122-256 B.C.E.
Iron metallurgy Iron technology spread; 1st millennium B.C.E. Iron weapons helped regional authorities to
resist the central power Qin mastered iron technology, weapons
Nomadic invasion sacked capital Other Troubles
Territorial princes became more independent Warring States (403-221 B.C.E.) Rise of Qin state Last king abdicated his position in 256 B.C.E.
THE FALL OF THE ZHOU
The Classical Dynasties600 BCE to 600 CE
Suppressing the resistance Bitterly opposed, was opposed by Confucian scholars Buried 460 scholars alive because of their criticism
against the Qin Burned all books except some with utilitarian value
Policies of centralization Standardization of laws, currencies, weights, measures Standardized scripts: tried to create uniform language Creates a uniform writing system but not language
Tomb of the First Emperor The tomb was an underground palace Excavation of the tomb since 1974 Terracotta soldiers and army to protect tomb
The collapse of the Qin dynasty Massive public works generated ill will among people Waves of rebels overwhelmed the Qin court in 207 B.C.E. A short-lived dynasty, left deep marks in Chinese history
QIN STATECRAFT
Liu Bang A general, persistent man, a methodical planner Restored order, established dynasty, 206 B.C.E.
Han was long-lived dynasty Early Han policies
Sought middle way between Zhou and Qin Royal relatives were not reliable, returned to
centralized rule Martial Emperor (141-87 B.C.E.)
Han Wudi ruled for 54 years Pursued centralization and expansion
THE EARLY HAN DYNASTY
Han centralization Adopted Legalist policies
Built an enormous bureaucracy to rule the empire Continued to build roads and canals Levied taxes on agriculture, trade, and craft industries Imperial monopolies on production of iron and salt
Established Confucian educational system for training bureaucrats
Confucianism as the basis of the curriculum in imperial university
Thirty thousand students enrolled in the university in Later Han Han imperial expansion
Invaded and colonized northern Vietnam and Korea Extended China into central Asia
Han organized vast armies to invade Xiongnu territory Han enjoyed uncontested hegemony in east and central Asia
HAN STATECRAFT
• Patriarchal, patrilocal households averaged five inhabitants
• Large, multigenerational compound families also developed
• Women's subordination (Ban Zhao Admonitions for Women)
• Cultivators were the majority of the population• Differences apparent between noble, lower class women• Scholar bureaucrats: Confucian trained bureaucrats
• Officials selected through competitive testing• Used to run the government in Early Han
• Scholar Gentry• Confucian bureaucrats intermarried with landed elite• New class comes to dominate local, national offices• Strongest in late Han
• Merchants held in low social esteem
HAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Expeditions consumed the empire's surplus Raised taxes and confiscated land of some wealthy individuals Taxes, land confiscations discouraged investment Much of defense consumed on defending against nomads
Social tensions, stratification between the poor and rich Problems of land distribution
Early Han supported land redistribution Economic difficulties forced some small landowners to sell property Some sold themselves or their families into slavery Lands accumulated in the hands of a few No land reform, because Han needed cooperation of large
landowners The reign of Wang Mang
A powerful Han minister Dethroned the baby emperor, claimed imperial title himself, 9 C.E. Land reforms - the "socialist emperor" Overthrown by revolts, 23 C.E.
HAN TROUBLES
Post Classical Dynasties600-1450
After fall of the Han, turmoil lasted for more than 350 years Three major states contended for rule; further fragmentation Nomads constantly invaded, created their own states, dynasties
The rule of the Sui Reunification by Yang Jian in 589 Constructions of palaces and granaries, repairing the Great Wall Military expeditions in central Asia and Korea High taxes and compulsory labor services
The Grand Canal One of the world's largest waterworks before modern times Purpose: bring abundant food supplies of the south to the north Linked the Yangtze and the Huang-Hi The canal integrated the economies of the south and north
The fall of the Sui High taxes and forced labor generated hostility among the people Military reverses in Korea Rebellions broke out in north China beginning in 610 Sui Yangdi was assassinated in 618, the end of the dynasty
SUI DYNASTY
IMAGES OF SUI CHINA
Founding of the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 CE) A rebel leader seized Chang'an, proclaimed a new dynasty, the Tang Tang Taizong
2nd Tang emperor, a ruthless but extremely competent ruler China enjoyed an era of unusual stability and prosperity
Extensive networks of transportation and communications Adopted the equal-field system Bureaucracy of merit
Recruited government officials through civil service examinations Career bureaucrats relied on central government, loyal to the dynasty Restored Confucianism as state ideology, training for bureaucrats
Foreign relations Political theory: China was the Middle Kingdom, or the center of
civilization Tributary system became diplomatic policy
Tang decline Casual and careless leadership led to dynastic crisis Rebellion of An Lushan in 755, weakened the dynasty The Uighurs became de facto rulers The equal-field system deteriorated A large scale peasant rebellion led by Huang Chao lasted from 875 to 884 Regional commanders gained power, beyond control of the emperor The last Tang emperor abdicated his throne in 907
THE TANG DYNASTY
TANG CHINA
TANG ART
Song Taizu Reigned 960-976 C.E. Founder of the Song dynasty
Song weaknesses Song never had military, diplomatic strength of Sui,
Tang Financial problems
Enormous bureaucracy with high salary devoured surplus Forced to pay large tribute to nomads to avoid war
Military problems Civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces Military was largely foot soldiers at war with cavalry
nomads External pressures
Semi-nomadic Khitan, nomadic Jurchen attacked in north
Constant drain on treasury to pay tribute to nomads The Song moved to the south, ruled south China until
1279Nomads invaded, overran northern Song landsSong retreated to the South along Yangtze, moved
capitalAfter defeat, constantly forced to pay tribute
SONG DYNASTY (960-1279 C.E.)
THE SONG WORLDNORTHERN AND SOUTHERN
DYNASTIES
THE SONG ARTISTIC WORLD
Developments reinforced patriarchal society Chinese reaction to foreign ideas
Reaction to Buddhist’s gender equality Neo-Confucianism emphasized patriarchy Ancestor worship revived
Preserving of family Family wealth became paramount
Results Tightening of patriarchal structure Reinforcing of male domination
Foot binding gained popularity during the Song Emphasized dependence of women on men, home
Wealthy, aristocrats could afford practice, hire servants to do work Feet of women broken, reformed around stilts Women could not walk without pain but had to shuffle Forced women to remain at home, dependent on others
Male sense of beauty at women’s expense Poor, peasant women not subject to footbinding
Women had to work with men to support family Men could not afford to have women at home, idle
PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY
Porcelain High quality porcelain since the Tang, known as chinaware Technology diffused to other societies, especially to Abbasid Arabia Exported vast quantities to southeast Asia, India, Persia, and Africa
Metallurgy Improvement: used coke instead of coal in furnaces to make iron, steel Iron production increased tenfold between the early 9th and 12th
century Gunpowder
Discovered by Daoist alchemists during the Tang Bamboo "fire lances," a kind of flame thrower, and primitive bombs Gunpowder chemistry diffused throughout Eurasia
Printing Became common during the Tang From block-printing to movable type Books became widespread
Naval technology "South-pointing needle" - the magnetic compass Double hulled junks with rudder, water-tight compartments
TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRY
SONG LIFE
Khubilai Khan rules Yuan Dynasty in China Chinggis Khan's grandson, consolidated Mongol rule in China Conquest of southern China
Song Dynasty fell in 1276, Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279 Unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan
Mongol rule in China New hierarchy: Mongol and allies; northern Chinese; Southern
Chinese Central administration reserved for Mongols, allies Brought foreign administrators into China and put them in
charge Dismissed Confucian scholars; dismantled civil service
examination Favored merchants, cities, peasants over Chinese elites
Mongol Social Policies Would not allow Mongols to settle in China nor Chinese in
Mongolia Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese Promoted Buddhism, supported Daoists, Muslims, and
Christians Forbade Chinese from learning the Mongol language Mongol ruling elite adopted Lamaist Buddhism of Tibet Mongol women refused to adopt Chinese customs, retained
influential status Mongol armies may also have transmitted the plague infection
Yuan Dynasty
Dynasties from 1750 thru 1900’s
Ming government (1368-1644) Drove the Mongols out of China
Constantly faced threats of new nomad invasions Rebuilt Great Wall to prevent northern invasions
Centralized government control Restored Chinese cultural traditions Restored Confucian bureaucracy, civil service examinations Eunuchs given impressive role in Forbidden City as bureaucrats
Ming attempted to recreate the past, not improve upon it Moved capital to Beijing
Built Forbidden City for emperor, bureaucrats City was closer to danger of north Extended Grand Canal to the north to bring food to city
Ming decline Centralized government ran poorly under weak emperors Weak emperors isolated by eunuchs, advisors Public works fell into disrepair Coastal cities, trade disrupted by pirates, 1520 – 1560 Government corruption and inefficiency
Caused by powerful eunuchs Overshadowed by inability of bureaucrats to reform, innovate
Famines and peasant rebellions: 1630s and 1640s Rebellion by army units opens door to nomadic invasion Nomadic Manchu invaders led to final Ming collapse, 1644
THE MING DYANSTY
Manchus (1644-1911) Nomadic invaders
Originated in Manchuria Last of the steppe invaders, dynasties Overwhelmed Chinese forces Proclaimed Qing dynasty Originally pastoral nomads Military force called banner armies Captured Mongolia first, then China
Remained an isolated ethnic elite Forbade intermarriage with Chinese Forbade Chinese immigration to Manchuria, Mongolia Permitted Confucian scholars to run government Maintained Confucian system
Emperor Kangxi (1661-1722) Confucian scholar; effective, enlightened ruler Conquered Taiwan Extended control to Central Asia, Tibet, Sinkjiang
Emperor Qianlong (1736-1795) A sophisticated and learned ruler, poet, and artist Vietnam, Burma, Nepal made vassal states of China China was peaceful, prosperous, and powerful
THE QING DYANSTY
Ming restored social system; Qing maintained traditions Basic unit of Chinese society
Remained the family Highest value, filial piety Family mirrored state-individual relations Confucian duties of loyalty, reciprocity
Children to parents Subjects to the emperor Wife to husband (women to men) Younger to elder
Important functions of clan, extended families Justice, government administered through extended families Reward, punishment effected all
Gender relations Strict patriarchal control over all females Parents preferred boys over girls Marriage was to continue male line Female infanticide; widows encouraged to commit suicide Footbinding of young girls increased Lowest status person in family was a young bride
THE PATRIARCHAL SYSTEM
Neo-Confucianism Confucianism
Education, traditions supported by Min and Qing emperors Hanlin Academy in Beijing, provincial schools Prepared students for civil service exams Blended with Buddhism, Daoism to produce a Chinese synthesis
Christianity comes to China Nestorian Christians not unknown in China, but had little influence Portuguese brought Catholicism to China, courts
Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), an Italian Jesuit in the Ming court A learned man who mastered written and oral Chinese Impressed Chinese with European science and mathematics Popular mechanical devices: glass prisms, harpsichords, clocks
Confucianism and Christianity Jesuits respectful of Chinese tradition, but won few converts Chinese had problems with exclusivity of Christianity Franciscan, Dominican missionaries criticized Jesuits' tolerance When pope upheld critics, Emperor Kangxi denounced Christianity Jesuits
An important bridge between Chinese and western cultures Introducing each to the achievements of the other
TRADITION & NEW CULTURAL INFLUENCES