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Cholera Outbreak in Haiti- 2010
Water Pollution Case Analys is
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Background of the Cholera Disease
DefinitionCholera is an acute epidemic infectious disease caused by the bacteriucholerae. A soluble toxin elaborated in the intestinal tract by the bacteractivates the adenylate cylase of the mucosa, causing active secretion isotonic fluid resulting in profuse watery diarrhea, extreme loss of fluielectrolytes, and dehydration and collapse, but no gross morphologic c
the intestinal mucosa (Medical News Today, 2013).
Discovery of Cholera
Filippo Pacini discovered the cholera bacterial causing agent Vibrio ChFlorence Italy in 1854 (University of Californa Los Angeles).
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Background of the Cholera Disease (contd)
Scientists Link to the Discovery of Vibrio Cholera
Filippo Pacini, 1854 in Italy
John Snow, 1855 in England
Robert Koch, 1883 in Egypt
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Background of the Cholera Disease (contd)
Causes of CholeraMain Cause is Vibrio Cholerae O1.
The virus enters the human ecosystem through contaminated foods or
Eating oysters and crab which are not properly cook can introduce thVibrio Cholerae
Eating Vegetable washed with contaminated water
When sanitation is severely challenge and water is limited on infectecan contaminate the water supply
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Background of the Cholera Disease (Contd)
Preventative Measures for CholeraAvoid eating, unpeeled fruits, salads, raw fish and uncooked vegetabespecially when visiting other countries.
Learn about cholera if visiting countries infected by the cholera
Take drink water on your journey and enquire for safe drinking waterdestination
Check places before eatingFood cooked with water contaminated wbacteria will cause cholera if poorly cooked, avoid street food pollutedand other contaminants
Wash Hands Frequently
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Background of the Cholera Disease (Contd)
Symptoms of CholeraWatery Diarrhea
Vomiting
Leg cramp
Dehydration manifested by skin plasticity, sunken eyes, fast heart beablood pressure and rapid weight loss
Shock- Collapse of the circulatory system
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Cholera Outbreak in Haiti- Causes
Main cause of the cholera outbreak in Haiti was Vibrio CholeOther attributing factors are related to the severely damaged sanitatiowhich created a perfect breeding ground for the bacteria which cause cPolluted water is one of the main ways that the disease can be transmitthis was prevalent in Haiti as their infrastructure was damaged during earthquake (New England Journal Of Medicine, (2013) .
The disease was suspected to have been transported from the Asian cworkers who were in the country assisting with relief efforts from the which occurred nine months earlier.
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Cholera Outbreak in Haiti
Polluted Water and Unsanitary Living Conditions
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Cholera Outbreak in Haiti- Symptoms
Symptoms of the Cholera Outbreak in HaitiAcute Watery Diarrhea
Dehydration
Death of Patient
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Cholera Outbreak in HaitiRisk Assessment
Risk AssessmentSymptoms were identified and reported October 19, 2010
Symptoms were identified in two province; Artibonite and Centre
Stools were tested and outbreak of the disease confirmed
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Cholera Outbreak in HaitiRisk Communicatio
Risk CommunicationThe symptoms were communicated to Haitian Ministry of Public HeaPopulations directorate of Epidemiology, Laboratory and Research on19, 2010.
The outbreak of cholera was confirmed on October 21, 2010 by the NPublic Health Laboratory.
The Haitian Ministry of Health informed Pan American Health Organ(PAHO) and public immediately.
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Cholera Outbreak in Haiti- Risk ManagementRisk Management
The Ministry of Public Health Implemented a National Cholera Surveillanc(NCSS) to collect data from the communities and public and private health cinformation was summarized and given to the Ministry of Public Health.
The Ministry of Health took full responsibility for the management, analysidissemination of information.
They received assistance from Centers of Disease and Prevention (CDC) anset up the systems to monitor and communicate information about the outbre
Setup cholera treatment unit and oral rehydration centres
Train health worker in the treatment of cholera
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Cholera Outbreak in HaitiMajor Challenges
Major Challenges to Containing the Cholera OutbreakHospitals were destroyed in the earthquake
Shortage of medical supplies especially in remote areas
Sewage Disposal and solid waste management compromised
Shortage of clean water
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Cholera Outbreak in HaitiVulnerable Groups
Vulnerable GroupsChildren
Pregnant Women
Persons in remote areas far from treatment
Person with blood type O
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Cholera Outbreak in Haiti - Diagnostic
Method of Diagnosing the Cholera DiseaseThe disease can be verified through laboratory test on the patients stoodetermine if vibrio cholera is present.
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Cholera Outbreak in Haiti
Cases, Hospitalization and DeathsAs at October 20, 2012 the Ministry of Public Health Figures were;
604,634 cases of infection inclusive of children
329,697 hospitalization and 7436 deaths inclusive of children
Children under five years
78,938 cases of infection
34,394 hospitalization and 580 Deaths (New England Journal of Med2013)
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Cholera Outbreak in HaitiBar Chart
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
Infected Cases Hospitalization Death
Statistics for Haitian Cholera Outbreak
population stats Child stats Column1
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Cholera Outbreak in Haiti
Infected Cases awaiting Treatment
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Cholera Outbreak in Haiti
Hospitalized Child
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Cholera Outbreak in Haiti - Treatment
Treatment AvailableOral rehydration solutions
Intravenous rehydration
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Cholera Outbreak in Haiti - Preventi
Preventative MeasuresProviding safe drinking water by providing water treated with chlorinhaving treatment trucks visit the areas
Clinical Management and quality control of infected person
Proper sanitation- support the solid waste management to ensure prop
of waste and disinfect high risk areas
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Jamaican Authority Responsible for Cholera Ou
The responsible authority in Jamaica for cholera outbreak would be tof Health.
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Conclusion
Cholera can be a deadly infectious disease , however it can be preventbasic health practices such as drinking clean water, eating properly cothat has not come in contact with contaminated water, ensure proper dsewage and other solid waste and washing hands regularly.
If you are planning to visit areas were the epidemic is prevent ensure p
vaccinations.
