““CHOOSE YOUR CHOOSE YOUR PARENTS CAREFULLY”PARENTS CAREFULLY”

                        

“My life was shaped by my family”

© Dr. Francis Adu-Febiri, 2012

INFLUENCE OF FAMILYINFLUENCE OF FAMILY

Dr. Martha Piper has two daughters. Emily Dr. Martha Piper has two daughters. Emily is officially Dr. Emily Piper, 34, a is officially Dr. Emily Piper, 34, a consulting Psychologist…and maintains a consulting Psychologist…and maintains a private practice aside. Her younger sister private practice aside. Her younger sister is now Dr. Hannah Piper, 29, who, having is now Dr. Hannah Piper, 29, who, having graduated from Princeton (BSC) and graduated from Princeton (BSC) and Harvard (MD) is in the midst of a general Harvard (MD) is in the midst of a general surgical residency (Trek, Winter/Spring surgical residency (Trek, Winter/Spring 2006, p. 21). 2006, p. 21).

INFLUENCE OF FAMILYINFLUENCE OF FAMILY

““The domestic The domestic Gemeinschaft or home Gemeinschaft or home life with its immeasurable life with its immeasurable influence upon the human influence upon the human soul, has been felt by soul, has been felt by everyone who ever everyone who ever shared it” (Ferdinand shared it” (Ferdinand Toinnes, 1887, cited in Toinnes, 1887, cited in Alan Sica, 2005, pp. 277).Alan Sica, 2005, pp. 277).

MAIN CONCEPTSMAIN CONCEPTS FamilyFamily MarriageMarriage DivorceDivorce PatriarchyPatriarchy MatriarchyMatriarchy Polygamy—Polygyny and PolyandryPolygamy—Polygyny and Polyandry MonogamyMonogamy HomogamyHomogamy HeterogamyHeterogamy PropinquityPropinquity EndogamyEndogamy ExogamyExogamy FemicideFemicide

THE FAMILY INSTITUTIONTHE FAMILY INSTITUTION

MARRIAGE

BIRTH

FAMILY

ADOPTION

Patriarchal

Matriarchal

Monogamy

Polygamy

HomogamyHeterogamy

Should pets count as family?

DEFINITION OF FAMILYDEFINITION OF FAMILY

Social group whose members Social group whose members are related by marriage are related by marriage (affinity), and/or by birth (affinity), and/or by birth (descent), and/or by adoption (descent), and/or by adoption (legality) and are conscious of (legality) and are conscious of their relations.their relations.

FAMILY: THE PRIMARY SOCIAL FAMILY: THE PRIMARY SOCIAL INSTITUTION INSTITUTION

FAMILY INSTITUTION

ECONOMIC Experience

EDUCATIONALExperience

MEDICALExperience

RELIGIOUS Experience

MEDIAExperience

POLITICALExperience

GLOBAL DIVERSITY OF THE GLOBAL DIVERSITY OF THE FAMILYFAMILY

According to sociology, there is no “ideal, monolithic, According to sociology, there is no “ideal, monolithic, standard or natural family”. Rather, there is “a wide standard or natural family”. Rather, there is “a wide variety of family arrangements” (Bartle 2004: 9:1).variety of family arrangements” (Bartle 2004: 9:1).

A single, all encompassing model of family, especially the A single, all encompassing model of family, especially the nuclear familynuclear family of mama, papa and kids is not, and has never of mama, papa and kids is not, and has never been, the ideal or norm in any society for which we have any been, the ideal or norm in any society for which we have any hard facts (Ibid.: 9:3). hard facts (Ibid.: 9:3).

Family Forms Polygamous (polygyny and polyandry) families Nuclear families Compound or Step families• One-Parent Families• Childless families; Child-free families• Cohabitation or Common Law Unions• GLBT and Queer Couples/families

GLOBAL DIVERSITY OF THE GLOBAL DIVERSITY OF THE FAMILYFAMILY

Family diversity complicated by the Family diversity complicated by the following patterns:following patterns:

1. Marriage Patterns1. Marriage Patterns 2. Residential Patterns2. Residential Patterns3. Descent Patterns3. Descent Patterns4. Power and Authority Patterns4. Power and Authority Patterns

THE FAMILY: DIVERSITY AND THE FAMILY: DIVERSITY AND PATTERNSPATTERNS

DECLINING MARRIAGE RATESDECLINING MARRIAGE RATES

There is a declining marriage rate across There is a declining marriage rate across the western world the western world (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/st(http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2012/02/10/ralph-richard-banks.html)ory/2012/02/10/ralph-richard-banks.html)

““Is Marriage for White People?”Is Marriage for White People?”

““Black women have become the most unmarried Black women have become the most unmarried population in American society because of population in American society because of a whole a whole set of structural factors, that black men are not set of structural factors, that black men are not doing very well is the chief onedoing very well is the chief one,” said Banks, who ,” said Banks, who teaches at Stanford Law School.teaches at Stanford Law School.

““The problem is not the choices or the preferences of black The problem is not the choices or the preferences of black women, the problem is the pool of men," he said. "Black women, the problem is the pool of men," he said. "Black men have not kept pace with black women.”men have not kept pace with black women.”

The smaller pool of black men won’t be the The smaller pool of black men won’t be the problem outside the strictures of racialization problem outside the strictures of racialization and endogamy (Adu-Febiri 2012). and endogamy (Adu-Febiri 2012).

THE DARK SIDE OF THE FAMILY: Transitions and Problems in Family Life

1. Divorce1. Divorce2. Remarriage and Stepfamilies 2. Remarriage and Stepfamilies 3. Non-physical abuses in the Family3. Non-physical abuses in the Family4. 4. Family Violence: physical abuse, Family Violence: physical abuse,

battering, rape, incest:battering, rape, incest:Violence against womenViolence against womenViolence against Children Violence against Children

Canadian Divorce RateCanadian Divorce Rate

4 in 10 first marriages end in divorce.4 in 10 first marriages end in divorce. According to Statistics Canada, about 38 per cent of According to Statistics Canada, about 38 per cent of

all marriages taking place in 2004 will have ended in all marriages taking place in 2004 will have ended in divorce by 2035. The total divorce rate was down divorce by 2035. The total divorce rate was down slightly from its peak of about 41 per cent in the mid slightly from its peak of about 41 per cent in the mid 1980s, but slightly higher than the rate of about 37 per 1980s, but slightly higher than the rate of about 37 per cent recorded in the mid 1990s.cent recorded in the mid 1990s.

Newfoundland and Labrador had the lowest rate of Newfoundland and Labrador had the lowest rate of divorce at 21.6 per cent — while Quebec had the divorce at 21.6 per cent — while Quebec had the highest at 48.4 per cent highest at 48.4 per cent

http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2010/10/04/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2010/10/04/vanier-study004.htmlvanier-study004.html

Top 5 Reasons Couples Separate or Top 5 Reasons Couples Separate or Divorce Divorce

1. Different Values and Interests.1. Different Values and Interests.2. Abuse—Physical and Emotional.2. Abuse—Physical and Emotional.3. Alcohol and Drugs.3. Alcohol and Drugs.4. Infidelity.4. Infidelity.5. Career Related Conflict. 5. Career Related Conflict.

IMPACT OF DIVORCEIMPACT OF DIVORCE Positive for the Economy, according to functionalism.Positive for the Economy, according to functionalism. Negative for childrenNegative for children: “Parental conflict and separation have a : “Parental conflict and separation have a

lasting effect on children” (Baker 2004: 178).lasting effect on children” (Baker 2004: 178). 1. Lower educational attainment1. Lower educational attainment 2. Behavioral problems2. Behavioral problems 3. Delinquency3. Delinquency 4. Leaving home earlier4. Leaving home earlier 5. Premarital pregnancy for girls5. Premarital pregnancy for girls 6. Higher divorce rate when they marry6. Higher divorce rate when they marry Positive for children: Positive for children: 1. Children in stable lone-parent families better off than those 1. Children in stable lone-parent families better off than those

in conflict-ridden two-parent families.in conflict-ridden two-parent families. 2. Children of employed lone mothers accept egalitarian gender 2. Children of employed lone mothers accept egalitarian gender

rolesroles

Social ClassGender“Race”; CultureAge; Religion; Education Sexual orientationAbility/disabilityInteraction patternEconomy; Technology

LoveCourtship/DatingMarriage practicesChildbirthChild rearingQuality of relationshipDivorce rateConflicts & abuses

Postponed marriageCommuter marriageUnmarried couple

Unmarried mothers or fathersMore married women joining the workforce

Homosexual marriageMarriage squeezeChild-free familyBlended family

Equal husband-wife relationshipHigh divorce rate

PROPINQUITY

HOMOGAMY

SOCIAL FORCES FAMILY & MARRIAGE

TRENDS IN MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL FORCES ON MARRIAGE & FAMILY

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILY THE FAMILY

Functionalist Paradigm: HOMEOSTASIS Functionalist Paradigm: HOMEOSTASIS Families perform functions that are important for the stability Families perform functions that are important for the stability

or homeostasis of society.or homeostasis of society. The Bright Side of the FamilyThe Bright Side of the Family Functions of the Family: Functions of the Family:

1. Socialization: transmitting and enforcing culture.1. Socialization: transmitting and enforcing culture.2. Gender division of labour: Complementary 2. Gender division of labour: Complementary

Roles produces efficiency. Roles produces efficiency. Expressive Role for Expressive Role for women and Instrumental Role for men.women and Instrumental Role for men.

3. Regulation of sexual activity.3. Regulation of sexual activity.4. Social Placement: Provides social status.4. Social Placement: Provides social status.5. Security: Material, Social and Emotional.5. Security: Material, Social and Emotional.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILYTHE FAMILY

Social Conflict Paradigm: COMPETITION & Social Conflict Paradigm: COMPETITION & INEQUALITY:INEQUALITY:

The Dark Side of the FamilyThe Dark Side of the Family Inequality and the Family:Inequality and the Family: The social-conflict approach focuses on how The social-conflict approach focuses on how

competition for wealth and power in the political competition for wealth and power in the political economy creates inequalities marriage and economy creates inequalities marriage and families. families.

Within families, the unequal distribution of wealth Within families, the unequal distribution of wealth and power among women, men and children and power among women, men and children contributes to contributes to conflict and violence conflict and violence (spouse (spouse abuse and child abuse).abuse and child abuse).

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILYTHE FAMILY

Interactionist Paradigm: Interactionist Paradigm: Human Agency and Human Agency and Definition of the Situation: Definition of the Situation:

Bright Side and/or Dark Side?: “It depends”.Bright Side and/or Dark Side?: “It depends”. 1. Symbolic-Interaction1. Symbolic-Interaction The family is a symbol and individual members The family is a symbol and individual members

used their human agency define it subjectively used their human agency define it subjectively and interact with it accordingly. Hence the and interact with it accordingly. Hence the varying experiences and perceptions of different varying experiences and perceptions of different family members.family members.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILYTHE FAMILY

FEMINIST PARADIGM: FEMINIST PARADIGM: Patriarchy: Gender inequality and Patriarchy: Gender inequality and oppression in marriage & familyoppression in marriage & family

Dark Side of the Family: Dark Side of the Family: Patriarchal values maintain the sexual and economic Patriarchal values maintain the sexual and economic

subordination of women. subordination of women. a) Usually wife takes husband’s name, family residence a) Usually wife takes husband’s name, family residence

defined by husband’s place of work, and the standard of defined by husband’s place of work, and the standard of living dictated by the male’s income.living dictated by the male’s income.

b) Despite the fact that women have increased their b) Despite the fact that women have increased their participation in the paid labor force they still do most of participation in the paid labor force they still do most of the housework and child rearing.the housework and child rearing.

c) Unequal distribution of wealth between men and c) Unequal distribution of wealth between men and women fosters economic dependence of women.women fosters economic dependence of women.

d) Violence against mothers, wives, sisters and d) Violence against mothers, wives, sisters and daughters. daughters.

IMPACT OF THE FAMILYIMPACT OF THE FAMILY

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

1. Education 1. Education 2. Social Class2. Social Class3. “Race”/Ethnicity3. “Race”/Ethnicity4. Gender4. Gender

IMPACT OF THE FAMILY ON IMPACT OF THE FAMILY ON EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Dr. Martha Piper has two daughters. Emily Dr. Martha Piper has two daughters. Emily is officially Dr. Emily Piper, 34, a is officially Dr. Emily Piper, 34, a consulting Psychologist…and maintains a consulting Psychologist…and maintains a private practice aside. Her younger sister private practice aside. Her younger sister is now Dr. Hannah Piper, 29, who, having is now Dr. Hannah Piper, 29, who, having graduated from Princeton (BSC) and graduated from Princeton (BSC) and Harvard (MD) is in the midst of a general Harvard (MD) is in the midst of a general surgical residency (Trek, Winter/Spring surgical residency (Trek, Winter/Spring 2006, p. 21). 2006, p. 21).

IMPACT OF THE FAMILY ON IMPACT OF THE FAMILY ON EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

The family has the strongest influence on the The family has the strongest influence on the educational aspirations, experiences, educational aspirations, experiences, achievements and expectations of students. achievements and expectations of students. But for working class families in which But for working class families in which neither the mother nor the father has a neither the mother nor the father has a university degree, higher education is a university degree, higher education is a foreign territory (Gilbert and McRoberts foreign territory (Gilbert and McRoberts 1977).1977).

What makes the most difference in our lives is What makes the most difference in our lives is family socialization, not education because… family socialization, not education because…

FAMILY

Gender Race &Ethnicity

SocialClass

TestScores

EducationalTrack

VOCATIONAL:Lower classes

Minority Race/ethnicity

UNIVERSITY:Upper & Middle

classesDominant

race/ethnicity

EDUCATIONALATTAINMENT

HIGH

LOW

FAMILY AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Drop Out

Drop Out

FAMILY AND EDUCATIONAL FAMILY AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTATTAINMENT

In effect, educational attainment is In effect, educational attainment is primarily a function of a combination of primarily a function of a combination of mental ability, effort, finances, cultural mental ability, effort, finances, cultural background, etc., background, etc., all of which have their all of which have their roots in the family.roots in the family.

FAMILY AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:FAMILY AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:Country IllustrationCountry Illustration

1. USA: Even students with low SAT scores enter 1. USA: Even students with low SAT scores enter university since parents can afford tuition.university since parents can afford tuition.

2. JAPAN: Children of affluent parents attend cram 2. JAPAN: Children of affluent parents attend cram (‘juku’) schools that enhances their admission to (‘juku’) schools that enhances their admission to prestigious universities and placement in prestigious universities and placement in prestigious companies.prestigious companies.

3. EX USSR: Children of the more educated and 3. EX USSR: Children of the more educated and party members attended higher educational party members attended higher educational institutions.institutions.

4. EGYPT: Children of the wealthy are several times 4. EGYPT: Children of the wealthy are several times likely to get higher education.likely to get higher education.

5. THIRD WORLD: The children of the wealthy and 5. THIRD WORLD: The children of the wealthy and powerful usually have education beyond the basic.powerful usually have education beyond the basic.

6. CANADA ? ? ? 6. CANADA ? ? ?

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN CANADA, BY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN CANADA, BY FATHER’S EDUCATION LEVELFATHER’S EDUCATION LEVEL

FATHER’S EDUCATIONFATHER’S EDUCATION CHILDREN WITH POST-CHILDREN WITH POST-SEC EDUCATIONSEC EDUCATION

Grade 8 or lessGrade 8 or less 31%31%

Grade 9 –12/13Grade 9 –12/13 47%47%

Some Post-secondarySome Post-secondary 60%60%

Post-secondary graduatePost-secondary graduate 68%68%

Sources: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey, 1986.

BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY MATTERS IN EDUCATIONMATTERS IN EDUCATION

““Family background proves to be more important Family background proves to be more important than test scores in predicting who attends than test scores in predicting who attends university” (Henslin et al 2004: 342). university” (Henslin et al 2004: 342).

THE AMERICAN CASE:THE AMERICAN CASE: Of the brightest 25% of high school students, Of the brightest 25% of high school students,

90% of those from affluent homes go to college, 90% of those from affluent homes go to college, while only 50% form low income homes do so. while only 50% form low income homes do so. Of the weakest students, 26% from affluent Of the weakest students, 26% from affluent homes go to college, while only 6% from poorer homes go to college, while only 6% from poorer homes do sohomes do so (Henslin et al 2004). (Henslin et al 2004).

BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY MATTERS IN EDUCATIONMATTERS IN EDUCATION

THE CANADIAN CASE:THE CANADIAN CASE: In Canada students from higher class In Canada students from higher class

backgrounds are far more likely to go to backgrounds are far more likely to go to university than students from lower class university than students from lower class families within the same cohort. If you rank families within the same cohort. If you rank families from the poorest to the richest, as the families from the poorest to the richest, as the income increases the likelihood that the children income increases the likelihood that the children will attend institutions of higher learning also will attend institutions of higher learning also increases (Manski 1992-1993; Curtis, Livingston increases (Manski 1992-1993; Curtis, Livingston & Smaller 1992).& Smaller 1992).

BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY MATTERS IN EDUCATIONMATTERS IN EDUCATION

Most children of the less privileged families are funneled Most children of the less privileged families are funneled into job training programs, while children of the middle into job training programs, while children of the middle classes families attend universities and university classes families attend universities and university transfer community colleges. The children of the elite, in transfer community colleges. The children of the elite, in contrast, attend exclusive private schools, such as Upper contrast, attend exclusive private schools, such as Upper Canada College, where their learning environment Canada College, where their learning environment includes small classes and well paid reputable teachers includes small classes and well paid reputable teachers (Persell et al 1992). (Persell et al 1992).

Here they inherit cozy social network of the nation’s and Here they inherit cozy social network of the nation’s and the world’s most elite institutions. Some of these the world’s most elite institutions. Some of these networks are so efficient that a majority of these private networks are so efficient that a majority of these private schools’ graduating classes are admitted to McGill, schools’ graduating classes are admitted to McGill, University of Toronto Law School and University of University of Toronto Law School and University of Western Ontario’s Business School, or to Harvard, Yale Western Ontario’s Business School, or to Harvard, Yale and Princeton (Henslin et al 2004). and Princeton (Henslin et al 2004).

BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY BOTTOM LINE: FAMILY MATTERS IN EDUCATIONMATTERS IN EDUCATION

Some visible minority youth are Some visible minority youth are aiming higher when it comes to aiming higher when it comes to education largely education largely due to educational due to educational values promoted from within their values promoted from within their own families, own families, according to new according to new University of Alberta research. University of Alberta research. (http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/soci(http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/sociology/news.cfm?story=44972). (April ology/news.cfm?story=44972). (April 5, 2006).5, 2006).

IMPACT OF EDUCATIONIMPACT OF EDUCATION

1. Labor Force Participation1. Labor Force Participation2. Fertility2. Fertility3. Health3. Health4. Life Span4. Life Span5. Participation in House Work5. Participation in House Work6. Income6. Income7. Labor Market Participation7. Labor Market Participation

IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON INCOMEIMPACT OF EDUCATION ON INCOMEEducation Level Median Annual Earnings

Post-Bachelor $66,535

Bachelor $56,048

Univ. below Bachelor

$47,253

College $42,937

Trades or Apprenticeship

$39,996

High School $37,403

Less than High School

$32,029

Source: Statistics Canada, 2006.

When a person who was born into a poor family graduates from college or university he/she has one in five chance of entering the top quintile of all income earners as an adult (Isaacs et al 2008).

AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S DEGREES IN CANADA: MENDEGREES IN CANADA: MEN

Degree Area Income

Actuarial Science $95,000

Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineering

$80,000

Electrical and Electronic Engineering

$73,000

Economics $72,000

Computer Science and Other Applied Mathematics

$70,000

Business, Commerce and management

$70,000

Chemistry $63,000

Source: Maclean’s Magazine, Nov. 19. 2007, p. 33

AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S DEGREES IN CANADA: MENDEGREES IN CANADA: MEN

Degree Area Income

Physics $58,000

Biology $52,000

Sociology $51,000

Social Work $49,000

Psychology $49,000

History $47,000

English $45,000

Source: Maclean’s Magazine, Nov. 19, 2007, p. 33

AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S DEGREES IN CANADA: MENDEGREES IN CANADA: MEN

Degree Area Income

Philosophy $44,000

Fine Arts $42,000

Anthropology $40,000

Music $38,000

Those earning the above-average incomes generally had degrees in applied fields: business, engineering, plus some sciences. The one constant seems to be a solid grasp of math (Maclean’s Magazine, Nov. 19, 2007, p. 33).

AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S AVERAGE INCOMES FOR BACHELOR’S DEGREES IN UNITED STATESDEGREES IN UNITED STATES

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/09/college-majors-one-2012/03/09/college-majors-one-percent_n_1335938.html?percent_n_1335938.html?ref=canada&ir=Canadaref=canada&ir=Canada

IMPACT OF INCOME ON HEALTHIMPACT OF INCOME ON HEALTH

http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/rich-v-poor-the-lives-health-and-fitness/rich-v-poor-the-lives-we-can-expect-from-our-income/we-can-expect-from-our-income/article793139/article793139/

IMPACT OF FAMILY: IMPACT OF FAMILY: The Power of Socio-demographic CharacteristicsThe Power of Socio-demographic Characteristics

Source: Robert Kiyosaki and Sharon Lechter (2001). Rich Dad, Poor Dad

The culture of your family makes a difference.

“The love of money is the root of allevil” versus “ The lack of money isthe root of all evil” (Kiyosaki & Lecter 2000, p. 13).

THE POWER OF FAMILY CULTURETHE POWER OF FAMILY CULTURE

One of the reasons the rich get richer, the One of the reasons the rich get richer, the poor get poorer, and middle class poor get poorer, and middle class struggles in debt is because the subject of struggles in debt is because the subject of money is taught at home, not in school. money is taught at home, not in school. Most of us learn about money from our Most of us learn about money from our parents (parents (Kiyosaki & Lechter 2000, p. 14).Kiyosaki & Lechter 2000, p. 14).

THE POWER OF THE WORLD THE POWER OF THE WORLD OF WORKOF WORK

THE THREE SECTORS OF THE THE THREE SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY (Read page 386)ECONOMY (Read page 386)1. Primary Sector1. Primary Sector2. Secondary Sector2. Secondary Sector3. Tertiary Sector3. Tertiary Sector

THE POWER OF THE WORLD THE POWER OF THE WORLD OF WORKOF WORK

TWO LABOUR MARKETS: (Read p. 386-TWO LABOUR MARKETS: (Read p. 386-389)389)

Primary Labour Market: ProfessionsPrimary Labour Market: Professions “…“…requiring post-secondary training or education, requiring post-secondary training or education,

provide a stable and comfortable salary, future provide a stable and comfortable salary, future growth and promotion potential, and attractive growth and promotion potential, and attractive fringe benefits…”fringe benefits…”

Secondary Labour Market: McJobsSecondary Labour Market: McJobs “… “… insecure and temporary, offer minimal pay, insecure and temporary, offer minimal pay,

and provide few opportunities to advance”.and provide few opportunities to advance”.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION  “ “Choose Your Parents Carefully” is my sarcastic topic to draw Choose Your Parents Carefully” is my sarcastic topic to draw

attention to the significant impact of the family of orientation attention to the significant impact of the family of orientation on peoples’ behavior and condition in human society. The on peoples’ behavior and condition in human society. The point is, one’s parents immensely shape one’s destiny, so point is, one’s parents immensely shape one’s destiny, so there is a need to choose parents carefully if that is at all there is a need to choose parents carefully if that is at all possible. But of course, we don’t choose our parents. So possible. But of course, we don’t choose our parents. So whatever status we occupy because of our parents is an whatever status we occupy because of our parents is an “ascribed status”, not an :achieved status”.“ascribed status”, not an :achieved status”.

It is not your parents It is not your parents per se per se that make the that make the difference, but rather their locations in the difference, but rather their locations in the social stratification system.social stratification system.