Kingdom Animalia- All inverts & verts
1. Phylum Chordata: All have nerve cords. 3 subphyla :
A- Urochordata (tunicates aka sea squirts). Only larvae have notochord
B-Cephalochordata (lancelets aka amphioxus). Retain notochord throughout adulthood, but “muscle- like” for burrowing
C-Vertebrata- Notochord becomes backbone. 7 Classes
Section 33-1
have the followingkey features
which is
Concept MapChordates
A flexiblesupportingstructure
Notochord Dorsal hollownerve cord
Pharyngealgill slips/ pouches
Postanal tail
Section 30-1
Muscle segments
Tail Anus
Pharyngeal pouches
Mouth
Hollownerve cord
Notochord
The Generalized Structure of a Chordate:
We even start out this way in the womb!
4
Chordates
5
Phylum Chordata
6
Phylum Chordata• Notochord• Gill slits or
pharyngeal pouches
• Dorsal hollow nerve cord
• Postanal tail• Segmented
muscles• Deuterostome
7
8
9
10
11
Evolutionary Adaptations of Chordates
• From filter feeding ancestors to active predators– Mobility– Oxygen capture– Digestion– Circulation– Nervous system
12
Skeletal Changes• Skeleton becomes
stronger to work with bigger muscles
• Allows more rapid movement
13
Oxygen Capture• Gill slit and muscular
pharynx will move more water over gills– More oxygen is extracted
from water
14
Circulation• Stronger heart to
circulate blood faster
15
Digestion• Digest more food
– Muscularized gut – Digestive glands
• Liver• Pancreas
16
Nervous System• More complex for better
– Motor control of body to capture food
– Sensory detection of the animals environment
– Integration centers (brain)
17
Brain With Three Parts
ForebrainMidbrainHindbrain
Section 33-1
Nonvertebrate chordatesJawless fishesCartilaginous fishesBony fishesAmphibiansReptilesBirdsMammals
Figure 33–2 A Cladogram of Chordates
MammalsBirds
ReptilesAmphibians
Fishes
Nonvertebratechordates
Invertebrate ancestor
Chordate Cladogram
Section 33-1
Fishes(47%)
Nonvertebrate chordates(4%)
Mammals(8%)
Birds(18%)
Reptiles(14%)
Amphibians(9%)
Figure 33–4 Diversity of Chordates
21
Chordate SubphylaPhylum. Chordata
Subphylum. UrochordataSubphylum. CephalochordataSubphylum. Vertebrata
22
Sea Squirts
23
Subphylum Urochordata• Sea squirts• Gill slits (pharyngeal
slits)• Notochord
– Only in larva• Adult has tunic- made
of cellulose, sessile• http://finstofeet.wordpre
ss.com/2010/03/14/1-2-behold-the-tunicates/
24
25
26
27
Subphylum Cephalochordata• Amphioxus• Notochord length of
body• Dorsal hollow nerve
cord• Gill slits• Segmented muscles• Maintain all chordate
characteristics as adult
28
Amphioxus
29
Amphioxus
Subphylum Vertebrata: All Vertebrates have:
• Closed circulatory system• Bilateral symmetry• True coelom• 3 germ layers• Endoskeleton- backbone• Sexual reproduction- internal or external
Homeostasis
• Endothermic (warm-blooded)- internal temp. regulation that must be maintained
Ex. Birds & Mammals
• Ectothermic (cold-blooded)- external temp. regulation/ regulated by environment
Ex. Nonvertebrate chordates, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles
Section 33-2
Environmental Temperature (°C)
Bod
y Te
mpe
ratu
re (°
C)
Temperature Control in Chordates
98.6 F- avg human temp
Animal Group Endo/ectotherm Behavior/structure
Fish Ectotherm Swim bladder:Cold/move upHot/move down
Amphibian Ectotherm Cool/go in sunHot/go to water
Reptile Ectotherm Cool/baskHot/go to water
Birds Endotherm Cool/fluff featherHot/raise wings
Mammals Endotherm Sweat, pant, shiver
How vertebrates maintain their temperature
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataClass Agnatha “Jawless” Fish (most primitive): Traits:-Sucker like mouth(no jaws)-No fins or paired appendages-Cartilage skeleton w/ notochordEx: lamprey & hagfish
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Chordata Subphylum VertebrataClass Chondrichthyes-Cartilage FishTraits:Cartilage skeleton; 2 chambered heartLateral line system –detect vibrations (movement & sense)Paired appendages- pectoral and pelvic girdlesPoor eyesight, great olfactoryCarnivorous or scavenger, no swim bladder Ex: sharks, skates, rays
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass Osteichthyes-Bony FishTraits:Bony skeleton; 2 chambered heartLateral line system/movement &
senseSwim bladder-control depth
(buoyancy)Have operculum over gillsGood smell and eyesightEx: perch, bass, flounder
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AmphibiaTraits:1st land vertebrates 3 chambered heartBreath with skin/lungsNeed water to breedAquatic larvae; terrestrial adultNo scales or clawsEx: frogs, toads, & salamanders
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaTraits:Imperfect 4 chambered heartDry, scaly skinBreathe with lungsLay amniotic eggs
Ex: snake, turtle, lizards crocodile, dinosaurs
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass Aves-birdsTraits:Down feathers for insulationAir sacs/hollow bones make bird lighterLungs to breathe4 chambered heartBeak & feet adapted for food/habitatInternal fert.,Lay amniotic eggs
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass Mammalia1. Have fur/hair2. mammary glands3. Length of time in uterus - gestation period4. Give birth to live young (except monotremes)5. 4 chambered heart6. Diaphragm7. Specialized teeth
Placental Mammals:
*Develop inside uterus
*Ex: people(primates), cats, dogs (carnivores)
Marsupials:
*Develop inside pouch
*Ex: kangaroos, opossumsMonotremes:
*Lay eggs Ex: platypus
,echidna
Other placental orders
• Chiroptera-bats; only mammals that can fly; nocturnal
• Rodentia-gnawing mammals with long incisor teeth. Ex: rats, squirrels, porcupines, rabbits
• Insectivora-long snout. Ex: shrews, moles• Cetacea-Whales, dolphins
Terms to know
• Imprinting• Migration• Hibernation• Estivation• Oviparous• Viviporous• Oviviviporous
Evolution
• Change over time• Which Chordate class do you think has
more advantages/adaptations to survive changing times?
• Which classes have disadvantages?
• Which Chordate classes can you see evolutionary similarities in so far?