CHP: The Concept
Combined Heat and Power and Waste Heat to Power for Industrial, Institutional, and Commercial Facilities
The Ohio Center for Industrial Energy Efficiency
Columbus, OhioMay 24, 2017
• DOE CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships
• CHP Concepts and Technologies
• CHP Project Profiles
• Next Steps in Evaluating CHP
Agenda
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DOE CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships (CHP TAPs)DOE's CHP TAPs promote and assist in transforming the market for CHP, waste heat to power, and district energy or microgrid with CHP throughout the United States. Key services include:
• Market Opportunity AnalysisSupporting analyses of CHP market opportunities in diverse markets including industrial, federal, institutional, and commercial sectors
• Education and Outreach Providing information on the energy and non-energy benefits and applications of CHP to state and local policy makers, regulators, end users, trade associations, and others.
• Technical AssistanceProviding technical assistance to end-users and stakeholders to help them consider CHP, waste heat to power, and/or district energy or microgrid with CHP in their facility and to help them through the development process from initial CHP screening to installation.
www.energy.gov/chp
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Energy Utilization in the Utility Sector
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Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/chp_report_12-08.pdf
CHP: A Key Part of Our Energy Future
o Form of Distributed Generation (DG)
o An integrated system
o Located at or near a building / facility
o Provides at least a portion of the electrical load and
o Uses thermal energy for:
– Space Heating / Cooling
– Process Heating / Cooling
– Dehumidification
CHP provides efficient, clean, reliable, affordable
energy – today and for the future.
Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf
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Fuel 100 units
CHP75% efficiency
Total Efficiency~ 75%
Fuel
Fuel
30 units
Power Plant32% efficiency(Including T&D)
Onsite Boiler80% efficiency
45 units
Electricity
Heat
Total Efficiency~ 50%
94 units
56 units
30 to 55% less greenhouse gas emissions
CHP Recaptures Heat of Generation, Increasing Energy Efficiency, and Reducing GHGs
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Defining Combined Heat & Power (CHP)The on-site simultaneous generation of two forms of energy
(heat and electricity) from a single fuel/energy source
Conventional CHP (also referred to as Topping Cycle CHP or Direct Fired CHP)
Separate Energy Delivery:• Electric generation – 33%• Thermal generation - 80%• Combined efficiency – 45% to 55%
CHP Energy Efficiency (combined heat and power)70% to 85%
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Defining Combined Heat & Power (CHP)The on-site simultaneous generation of two forms of energy
(heat and electricity) from a single fuel/energy source
Waste Heat to Power CHP(also referred to as Bottoming Cycle CHP or Indirect Fired CHP)
Fuel first applied to produce useful thermal energy for the process
Waste heat is utilized to produce electricity and possibly additional thermal energy for the process
Simultaneous generation of heat and electricity
No additional fossil fuel combustion (no incremental emissions)
Normally produces larger amounts electric generation (often exports electricity to the grid; base load electric power)
Fuel
Electricity
Energy Intensive Industrial Process
Heat produced for the industrial process
Waste heat from the industrial process
Heat
Heat recovery steam boiler
Steam Turbine
HRSG/Steam TurbineOrganic Rankine CycleBackpressure Turbine
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CHP System Schematic
Prime MoverReciprocating EnginesCombustion Turbines
MicroturbinesSteam Turbines
Fuel Cells
ElectricityOn-Site Consumption
Sold to Utility
FuelNatural Gas
PropaneBiogas
Landfill GasCoal
SteamWaste Products
Others
Generator
Heat Exchanger
ThermalSteam
Hot WaterSpace Heating
Process HeatingSpace Cooling
Process CoolingRefrigeration
Dehumidification
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Common CHP Technologies and Generating Capacity Ranges
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50 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 20 MW
Fuel Cells
Gas TurbinesMicroturbines
Reciprocating Engines
• CHP is more efficient than separate generation of electricity and heat
• Higher efficiency translates to lower operating cost,(but requires capital investment)
• Higher efficiency reduces emissions of all pollutants
• CHP can also increase energy reliability and enhance power quality
• On-site electric generation reduces grid congestion and avoids distribution costs
What Are the Benefits of CHP?
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Emerging Drivers for CHPo Benefits of CHP recognized by
policymakerso Midwest State Portfolio Standards
(RPS, EEPS, Tax Incentives, Grants, standby rates, etc.)
o Favorable outlook for natural gas supply and price in North America
o Opportunities created by environmental drivers
o Utilities finding economic value (e.g. DP&L, AEP Ohio)
o Energy resiliency and critical infrastructure
DOE / EPA CHP Report (8/2012)
Source: www.energy.gov/chp13
CHP & Infrastructure Resiliency“Critical infrastructure” refers to those assets, systems, and networks that, if incapacitated, would have a substantial negative impact on national security, national economic security, or national public health and safety.”
Patriot Act of 2001 Section 1016 (e)
Applications:
o Hospitals and healthcare centers
o Water / wastewater treatment plants
o Police, fire, and public safety
o Centers of refuge (often schools or universities)
o Military/National Security
o Food distribution facilities
o Telecom and data centers
CHP (if properly configured):
o Offers the opportunity to
improve Critical
Infrastructure (CI) resiliency
o Can continue to operate,
providing uninterrupted
supply of electricity and
heating/cooling to the host
facility
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CHP’s Higher Efficiency and Capacity Factor Results in Energy and Emissions Savings
Category10 MW
CHP10 MW
PV10 MW Wind
Annual Capacity Factor 85% 22% 34%
Annual Electricity 74,446 MWh 19,272 MWh 29,784 MWh
Annual Useful Heat Provided 103,417 MWht None None
Footprint Required 6,000 sq ft 1,740,000 sq ft 76,000 sq ft
Capital Cost $20 million $60.5 million $24.4 million
Annual Energy Savings, MMBtu 308,100 196,462 303,623
Annual CO2 Savings, Tons 42,751 17,887 27,644
Annual NOx Savings 59.9 16.2 24.9
Source: Combined Heat and Power A Clean Energy Solution: August 2012: DOE and EPA
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CHP Is Used Nationwide In Several Types of Buildings/Facilities
81 GW installed at >4,300 sites
Saves 1.8 quads of fuel each year
Avoids 241 M metric tons of CO2 each year
Source: DOE CHP Installation Database (U.S. installations as of Dec. 31, 2015)
Slide prepared on 10-13-16
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CHP Today in the United States
• 81 GW of installed CHP at over 4,300 industrial and commercial facilities
• 8% of U.S. Electric Generating Capacity; 14% of Manufacturing
• Avoids more than 1.8 quadrillion Btus of fuel consumption annually
• Avoids 241 million metric tons of CO2 compared to separate production
CHP Today in Ohio
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• 527 MW of installed CHP at over 59 industrial and commercial facilities
• Primary Metals comprises 226 MW of CHP capacity
Attractive CHP Markets
Industrial• Chemical
manufacturing• Ethanol• Food processing• Natural gas pipelines• Petrochemicals• Pharmaceuticals• Pulp and paper• Refining• Rubber and plastics
Commercialo Data centerso Hotels and casinoso Multi-family housingo Laundrieso Apartmentso Office buildingso Refrigerated
warehouseso Restaurantso Supermarketso Green buildings
Institutionalo Hospitalso Schools (K – 12)o Universities &
collegeso Wastewater
treatmento Residential
confinement
Agriculturalo Concentrated
animal feeding operations
o Dairieso Wood waste
(biomass)
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Project Snapshot:Addressing Coal Emissions
Kent State UniversityKent, OH
Application/Industry: University
Capacity (MW): 12 MW
Prime Mover: Gas Turbine
Fuel Type: Natural Gas
Thermal Use: Heating and cooling
Installation Year: 2003, 2005
Emissions Savings: Reduces CO2 emissions by 37,000 tons/year
Testimonial: The CHP system at Kent State won an EPA Energy Star Award in 2007. The system, which can run on natural gas or diesel if necessary, has been able to achieve nearly 75% efficiency, and it uses 19% less fuel than a traditional separate heat and power system.
Source: https://mysolar.cat.com/cda/files/2111485/7/dschp-ksu.pdf20
Project Snapshot:Energy Savings
Medina High School
Medina, OH
Application/Industry: High School
Capacity (MW): 125 kW
Prime Mover: Reciprocating Engine
Fuel Type: Natural Gas
Thermal Use: Heating, Hot Water
Installation Year: 2014
Energy Savings: $82,944/year
Testimonial: The engine at Medina High School will be able to run 48,000 hours before needing replacement and has an eight year payback. It will offset the 1 million kilowatts of electricity the school purchased each year.
Source: http://www.cleveland.com/medina/index.ssf/2014/02/medina_city_school_district_tu.html
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Project Snapshot:Increased ENERGY STAR Building Score
ProMedica Health System Wildwood
Toledo, OH
Application/Industry: Hospital
Capacity (MW): 130 kW
Prime Mover: Microturbine
Fuel Type: Natural Gas
Thermal Use: Heating
Installation Year: 2013
Testimonial: The microturbine CHP system at ProMedica Wildwood is equipped with a FlexSet control system. The control system is web-based, allowing the facility mangers to monitor the system on computers or cell phones.
Source: http://www.gemenergy.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/03/optimize-chp-flexset-ProMedicaWildwood-030414.pdf 22
Project Snapshot:Opportunity Fuels
Lima Wastewater Treatment PlantLima, OH
Application/Industry: Wastewater Treatment
Capacity (MW): 130 kW
Prime Mover: Microturbines
Fuel Type: Biomass
Thermal Use: Heat for the Digestion Process
Installation Year: 2012
Testimonial: The CHP project was determined to provide:• Best avenue for reductions of
V.O.C.’s• Best return of electrical energy• Best capture of the heat for use in
the WWTP
Source: http://www.puco.ohio.gov/puco/index.cfm/industry-information/industry-topics/combined-heat-and-power-in-ohio/chp-case-studies-voices-of-experience-workshop-june-20-2012/#sthash.MRLZAQNR.dpbshttp://gemenergycapstone.com/wp-content/uploads/chp-ohio-casestudies-120913.pdf
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Project Snapshot:Replacing 50 Year Old Boilers
Kraton PolymersBelpre, OH
Application/Industry: Chemical Manufacturing
Capacity (MW): 8 MW
Prime Mover: Steam Turbines
Fuel Type: Natural Gas
Thermal Use: Process Steam
Installation Year: 2015
Testimonial: “Combined Heat and Power has exceeded our expectations. We’re saving money, operating cleaner and more efficiently, and positioned to be more competitive going forward.”- Scott Oran, Plant Manager, KratonPolymers
Source: http://alliance4industrialefficiency.org/resources/kraton-case-study/
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CHP Project Development StepsCHP TAP Technical Assistance
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CHP Project Resources
Good Primer Report DOE CHP Technologies
Fact Sheet Series
www.eere.energy.gov/chpwww.energy.gov/chp-technologies
CHP Project Resources
DOE Project Profile Database
(100+ case studies)
energy.gov/chp-projects
DOE Database of Incentives &
Policies (DSIRE)
www.dsireusa.org
CHP Project Resources
DOE CHP Installation Database
(List of all known
CHP systems in U.S.)
Low-Cost CHP Screening and
Other Technical Assistance from
the CHP TAP
energy.gov/chp-installs
energy.gov/chp-contacts
o CHP is a proven technology providing energy savings, reduced emissions, and opportunities for resiliency
o Emerging drivers are creating new opportunities to evaluate CHP today
o Resources are available to assist in developing CHP Projects
o Contact the US DOE Midwest CHP TAP to perform a CHP Qualification Screening and/or receive other Technical Assistance
Summary and Next Steps
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Thank You
www.MidwestCHPTAP.org30
Energy Resources Center University of Illinois at Chicago
Cliff Haefke Graeme MillerDirector Policy Analyst(312) 355-3476 (312) [email protected] [email protected]
