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JUDICIAL ORIGINS
Post-Civil War Origins:– 1868: 14th Amendment: Did What?
Guarantees all U.S. citizens equal protection and/or treatment under the law
– 1875: Civil Rights Act of 1875: Did what? Outlawed segregation in public facilities
– 1883: Supreme Court declares 1875 Civil Rights Act Unconstitutional
– 1896: PLESSY v. FERGUSON
JUDICIAL ORIGINS (Cont’d.)
PLESSY v. FERGUSON: – Origin: 1890: Louisiana passes law requiring
railroads to provide “separate but equal” accommodations for “colored” and white passengers.
– 1896: Supreme Court decision:LA. State law does not violate the 14th AmendmentOrigin of “separate but equal” justification for
segregated public facilities, etc.
JUDICIAL ORIGINS (Cont’d.)
Results?– Segregated facilities were not “equal”– State gov’ts., especially in South, begin passing
Jim Crow lawsJim Crow: Laws specifically designed to place
minorities at a disadvantageExamples?
– Schools, Voting rights, housing, etc.– Large African-American migration to North during
the WW I – WW II era
World War II & Civil Rights
World War II impacts Civil Rights: Why?– FDR supported minority participation in war
effort– Eleanor Roosevelt, FDR’s wife, supported Civil
Rights– Wartime demands for troops, created new job
opportunities for minorities, but not necessarily in the South
– Truman Administration supports integration of the military (1948)
Civil Rights & The Supreme Court
20th Century Origins:– 1909: N.A.A.C.P. founded: Define– 1938: NAACP prepares legal strategy to overturn
standing court decisions: Describe:NAACP will present a series of cases that will slowly attack every aspect of legal / judicial discriminationWho? Thurgood Marshall is chosen to lead the effort (see bio., p.258)
Brown v. Board of Education
When? 1954 Where? TOPEKA, KANSAS (Why significant?) Who?
– Plaintiffs: Brown family ; Thurgood Marshall represents– Defendants: Board of Education, Topeka– Presiding judge: Chief Justice Earl Warren– What is the importance of Warren Court
participation? Issue: Why does Linda Brown have to attend a non-white
public school? Decision: See quote, p. 858
– Segregation is unconstitutional
LITTLE ROCK
Brown v. Board decision is not supported in many areas Problem
– What if state gov’ts. / schools resist integration of public schools?– How will the U.S. Gov’t. enforce the Supreme Court’s decision?
Problem realized:– When? 1957– Where? Little Rock, Arkansas– Why?
Little Rock city gov’t. had begun plans to desegregate public schools
GOVERNOR ORVAL FAUBUS runs for re-election Faubus uses segregation as a platform to get votes Faubus refuses to allow 9 African-Amer. students to enroll at
Little Rock Central HS Faubus uses Arkansas National Guard to prevent integration
LITTLE ROCK (Cont’d.)
Crisis:– Arkansas state gov’t. is violating Supreme Court decision– So What?– What if state is allowed to disregard Supreme Court
decision? Result?
– Pres. Dwight Eisenhower informs Faubus students must be allowed to enroll
– Students known as the “LITTLE ROCK NINE”– Faubus refuses– Eisenhower sends U.S. Army (101st Airborne Division) to
ensure integration
ROSA PARKS
Who? Seamstress & NAACP officer Where? Montgomery, AL When? Dec., 1955 Issue:
– Despite Brown decision, many states resisted the decision– Montgomery’s Af.-Amer. population made heavy use of
public buses– Buses were still segregated
Did What?– Refused to move to another seat when ordered to by bus
driver So What?
– Public challenge to segregation& Jim Crow laws
ROSA PARKS (Cont’d.)
Parks arrested NAACP arranges boycott of city buses Protest movement develops; led by members of the
Af.-Am. Religious community– Who? REV. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. leads movement– Why him? Speaking ability, charisma
Montgomery bus boycott: – 381 days– Success
Result? 1956: Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation
PROTEST MOVEMENTS DEVELOP
Success of Montgomery bus boycott:– Puts MLK in forefront of protest movement– Proves NAACP organizing methods work– Proves nonviolence can be successful protest method
Where does NAACP get idea to use nonviolence?– Various historical figures– Examples?
Jesus, Gandhi, etc.
Why nonviolence?
S.C.L.C. and the S.N.C.C.
S.C.L.C. - Define:– Southern Christian Leadership Conference– Led by MLK– Organize public protests & train organization activists
S.N.C.C. (otherwise known as “Snick”) Primary protest movement:
– “SIT-INS”: Define: Refusal to leave lunch counters in public restaurants until
served or arrested– Results?
Widespread violence against protesters Widespread arrests Media coverage of protest movement increases
So what?