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FRENCH REVOLUTION
Chris Anderson
Randolph-Henry High School
Introduction France will reach its height during the
same time as the American Revolution French leaders were very rich Most of the people of France were not
rich--instead, the people had very few rights
the people of France saw how the American colonists were able to gain their independence and yearned for a change in France
French Society Divided There were 3 estates (classes) in French
societyFirst Estate—Catholic Clergy
○ 1% of the populationSecond Estate—Nobility
○ 2% of the population○ Served in government positions
Third Estate—97% of the French People○ Only estate to pay taxes○ Included very poor people○ Also included a wealthy, educated middle class
(bourgeoisie)
Growing Unrest
The 3rd estate was unhappy and wanted changeThe bourgeoisie wanted more equality
The nobles were upset at the king’s powerWanted to end absolute monarchy
Louis XIV (14) had spent most of France’s $ before he died
Louis XV (15) increased France’s debt
1774: Louis XVI (16) took the throne at the age of 19
Louis XVI was married to 18-year old Marie Antoinette
Louis attempted to fix the $ troubles by taxing the clergy and nobility
Problem: clergy and nobility REFUSED to pay
1786: French banks REFUSED to loan $ to the government
Louis XV (15) Louis XVI (16)
Marie Antoinette
Calling the Estates-General Louis XVI had to call the Estates-General into
session to get $—first time since 1614 Made of representatives from each estate Louis wanted the Estates to levy new taxes Each estate had only 1 vote The 3rd estate believed its vote should count more
since they made up 97% of the peopleWanted individual votes—each delegate having one
vote instead of each estate having only 1 vote Louis did not like the 3rd estate’s idea Louis kicked the 3rd estate out of the meetings
Meeting of the Estates General
Formation of the National Assembly The bourgeoisie of the 3rd estate starting
meeting on their own Called themselves the National
Assembly Starting gaining lots of support Promised to draft a constitution for
France
Louis ordered the 1st and 2nd estates to join the National Assembly
They met on tennis courts To be a member, had to take the Tennis
Court Oath
People were voicing their unhappiness in the National Assembly
3rd estate wanted equality Louis was afraid and brought troops to
Versailles for protection French people reacted to the troop
movement by attacking the Bastille—French Prison
Fall of the Bastille
The French people saw the Bastille as a symbol of the power and unfairness of the French government
July 14, 1789: French citizens stormed the prison to get weapons to defend the National Assembly from a possible attack
Nearly 100 citizens were killed
News of the attack spread quickly in France
Peasants began arming themselves in the countryside
The peasants began attacking the nobles in the country—Great FearStealing the nobles’ homesKilling the nobles
The nobles in the National Assembly were refusing to give up their privileges to the 3rd estate
The peasant uprisings in the countryside convinced the nobles they could not stop the 3rd estate reforms
August 4, 1789: nobles give up their privileges The same day, the N. A. starts passing massive
reformsElimination of feudal duesElimination of tithesNobles agree to be taxedAny male citizen could hold public office
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Drafted in late August 1789 Inspired by the Decl. of Independence
and U. S. Constitution Stated:
All people are equal in the eyes of the lawFreedom of speech, press, and religionProtection from unlawful arrest and
punishment **Who was excluded from the
Declaration?**
Louis XVI refused to accept the Declaration (Who had real power?)
Citizens feared Louis would attack the N. A.
Citizens wanted Louis to move from Versailles to Paris
Oct. 1789: a mob of “women” stormed the palace at Versailles
Guards were overrun Louis agrees to move to Paris
The N. A. also moved to Paris when Louis moved
The N. A. needed money to run France N. A. seized Cath. Church lands
Resell the lands to get $A way to take power away from the Church
1790: N. A. passed the Civil Constitution of the ClergyRequired the clergy to take an oath to the N.
A.Church split in France
Constitution of 1791
1791: a Constitution was drafted Monarch stayed with limited power Unicameral (one house) legislature
Elected by males who paid taxes Not popular with most people
The End of Louis XVI Louis saw much of the violence of the revolution June 1791: Louis and his family dressed as
commoners and tried to flee to Austria (ruled by Marie’s bro.)
Royal family was recognized Louis was arrested and placed under house
arrest in Paris Louis forced to accept a limited monarchy Many in France did not trust Louis People called for a republic
The revolt against Louis spread in Europe
Austria and other nations worried revolution would spread to them
Austria tells France to re-instate Louis 1792: N. A. declared war on Austria Austria gets help from other European
nations—especially Prussia War with Austria=not good for France
Angry citizens attack Louis at his palace Louis fled to the N. A. for help N. A. refused to help N. A. stripped away ALL of Louis’ power
—he was no longer king N. A. set out to create a Republic in
France
War with Austria and Prussia was not good for France
Prussia had taken the French fort at VerdunAllowed a direct route to Paris
George Jacques Danton issued a cry for help to the French people
Thousands answer the cry 1 week later, France won a major
victory, and French morale was boosted
Georges Jacques Danton
As war raged, the N. A. was trying to form a Republic between 1792 and 1795
The National Assembly will change its name to the National Convention
The N. C. wrote France’s 1st democratic constitutionUnicameral legislatureALL men could voteMetric system adoptedA new calendar adopted
September 22, 1792 was considered the starting date of the French Republic
Death of a King
A box of secret letters between Louis XVI and foreign monarchs was found by the N. C.
Dec. 1792: Louis was placed on trial He was killed by the guillotine The people were happy to see their king
die
Execution of Louis XVI
French Political Parties Three political parties will develop when
the members of the N. C. start to argue with each other over the future of the French Republic
Mountains Girondists Plain
Mountains Radicals
Rich Paris Citizens Extreme Radicals (Jacobians)
Saw themselves as the defenders of the people
Leaders:Maximillien Robespierre
Georges-Jacques DantonJean-Paul Marat
Robspierre Jean-Paul Marat
Girondists
Moderates Most were from the Southwest of France Felt the Revolution had gone far enough Wanted to protect the rich middle-class
from radical attacks
Plain Sat between the Mountains and Girondists Consisted of members who did not want to
choose sides the Plain made up the majority in the
Convention 1793: they will give support to the
Mountains the Plain will help the Mountains become
even more radical, open to extreme, and violent change
Spreading the Revolution Europe was watching France and was
worried European monarchs were worried that
revolution would spread to them Jan. 1793: Great Britain, Spain,
Netherlands, and Sardinia joined with Austria and Prussia against France
N. C. in France wanted to end royal power everywhere in Europe
N. C. ordered French troops into to Europe to free Europe from royal power
France did not fair well trying to end monarchies in Europe
France will surrender in their fight to spread revolution
N. C. worried that other nations may try to invade France
N. C. created the Committee of Public Safety
Committee of Public Safety Saw need for more French troops Instituted conscription (draft)
All men between 18 and 45 were called into the military
Citizens were to manufacture goods for the war effort
the Mountain party will win control over the National Convention
They will arrest the Girondist members who did not agree with the Mountain’s policies and ideas
members supporting the Girondists will rebel against the Mountains
one Girondist supporter--Charlotte Corday--killed a Mountain leader (Marat)shortly after, Charlotte was executed by the
guillotine other Girondist supporters would also be
executed for not following the Mountains
The Death of Marat by J. L. David
Charlotte Corday
Reign of Terror
The Mountains (led by the Jacobins) set out to crush all of their opposition—Reign of Terror
Lasted 1 year (July 1793-July 1794) Suspects received quick, unfair trials Many innocents were wrongfully accused Marie Antoinette will die from the Reign
of Terror 17,000 will be executed by the guillotine
Spring 1794: Danton (leader of the Jacobins) decided to end the Reign of Terror
A fellow party member (Robespierre) disagreed
Robespierre had Danton killed The terror lasted 4 more months Robespierre’s followers arrested and
had Robespierre killed
The Directory
1795: A new constitution was draftedOnly men who owned land could voteControl given to the wealthy middle class
A council of 5 men called directors was created
The council would share power with a 2-house legislature
Directory=not popularForced to put down many uprisingsOn verge of bankruptcy
The people began to look to the military to lead France instead of the Directory
French Revolution Video--Lady Gaga
Napoleon
One military leader was becoming very popular—Napoleon
Rose quickly to the rank of general 1795: helped the Directory put down an
uprising 1796: married Josephine de
Beauharnais
Napoleon
Josephine de Beauharnais
Led the French army to victory over the Austrians in Italy
Became the leading general in France after defeating Austria
Fought the British in Egypt 1799: Comes back to France Participates in a coup de’etat and takes
power from the Directory He will then set out to create an empire
Napoleon in Egypt
The Consulate
Napoleon supported the French constitution when he came to power
Napoleon will name himself Consul and take all power for himself
He will set out to create a dictatorship that will take rights away from the people
Restoring Order Napoleon’s main objective: Bring Order
to France Restructured the government
Replaced elected officials with appointed officials
Education placed under the control of the national government
Changed the financial system of FranceCreated the Bank of FranceALL citizens had to pay taxesHigh prices and inflation were brought under
control
Napoleonic Code
Napoleon rewrote French law Placed the state above the individual All men equal before the law Some rights were limited:
Freedom of speech and the press were limited
Censorship of books, plays, and pamphletsWomen had fewer rights
Napoleonic Code
Napoleon and the Church 1801: Concordat of 1801 Napoleon acknowledged Catholicism as
the official religion of France France will tolerate other religions Napoleon could appoint bishops as long
as he paid them The Pope agreed to all of the terms
Building an Empire
Napoleon wanted to create an empire for himself
Napoleon was successful in creating a peace with many of his enemies before he will try to create his empire
1804: Napoleon names himself as emperor of France
in a grand ceremony, the French people witnessed the end of the revolution
Pope Pius VII was called to crown Napoleon as the emperor of France
Napoleon took the crown from the pope and placed it on his own head
this act illustrated the power that Napoleon had over the people of France, and the world
Coronation of Napoleon
Napoleon will send out his army to obtain his quest for an empire
Great Britain was Napoleon’s greatest enemy
The rest of Europe easily fell to Napoleon, except Great Britain
1805: Napoleon attempted to invade Great Britain, but failed
Oct. 1805: French navy is defeated at Trafalgar by British admiral, Lord Nelson
Lord Nelson
Napoleon tried to use economic warfare against the British—Continental System
All nations controlled by France would end trade with Great Britain
No British goods were allowed to enter Europe through French controlled ports
Continental System
GB responded saying all ships going into Europe had to stop at a British port 1st
This squabble hurt the United States since we were trading with both nations
Napoleon’s Continental System FAILED
Napoleonic Europe 1812: Napoleon controlled nearly ALL of
Europe Made his brother (Joseph) king of Naples
and Spain Made his son (Napoleon II) king of Italy His bro. Louis was made king of Holland Napoleon got rid of the Holy Roman
EmpireTurned the HRE into the Federation of the
Rhine (a loose collection of German States)
Many of the nations controlled by Napoleon did not like sending taxes to France and fighting in Napoleon’s wars
Many in Europe started feeling nationalism
Nations wanted to rule themselves, not be under Napoleon’s control
Many nations under Napoleon’s control started to rebel
Trouble Ahead Spain will be the 1st nation to rebel against
Napoleon Spain tries to bring their king back 1812: Spain will overthrow Napoleon,
becoming independent Spain received some aid from Great Britain Arthur Wellesley (Duke of Wellington) led
the British troops Prussia will then revolt against French
control
The Duke of Wellington
Downfall of Napoleon’s Empire
When Russia joined against Napoleon, the empire was doomed
Alexander I—leader of Russia 1811: Alexander Broke the Continental
System by reinstating trade with GB Napoleon=angry, decides to invade
Russia
Alexander I
May 1812: Napoleon led 600,000 soldiers in an invasion of Russia
Russia will NOT fall to Napoleon Russians retreated into the interior of
Russia, burning everything—drawing the French deeper into Russia
Sept. 14, 1812: French in sight of Moscow
Sept . 16, 1812: Moscow is set ablaze by the Russians
The long Russian winter has set in on the French
Napoleon ordered a retreat As the French retreated, the Russians
attacked the French Napoleon was furious at being attacked
on his retreat All of Europe began sending troops out
against Napoleon
Napoleon’s 1st Defeat Oct. 1813: Napoleon is defeat at
Leipzig, Germany March 1814: allied European powers
march into ParisForce Napoleon to surrender and step down
as emperor A king is placed in power in France
(Louis XVIII) Napoleon is sent into exile on the island
of Elba (just off the coast of Italy)
France will be reduced to its 1792 size Many in France wanted Napoleon to return
March1, 1815: Napoleon will return to France
Troops sent to stop him, join with him Napoleon’s return is called the Hundred
Days Napoleon says he is not out to gain new
territory Nations in Europe still fear his power
Napoleon’s final defeat European nations began to ally against
Napoleon again These nations were led by the British
Duke of Wellington 1815: Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo Napoleon is arrested Placed under house arrest on the island
of St. Helena in the Atlantic 1821: Napoleon will die on St. Helena
Waterloo
Napoleon’s legacy
He spread ideas of liberty to Europe New constitutions were created in the
areas he conquered Last remnants of feudalism were
destroyed in Europe His reforms helped to modernize many
nations He helped end absolute monarchy in
Europe