VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY TACHIMAN-CAMPUS RESEACRH PROPOSAL ON: COST AND EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN CARROT PRODUCTION A CASE STUDY AT VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY TECHIMAN CAMPUS (B/A) BY TETTEH CHRISTIAN ID: 211AB02000018 (DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS) OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION INTRODUCTION PROBLEM STATEMENT BACKGROUND AND JUSTIIFICATION AIMS AND OBJECTIVES LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY EXPECTED OUTCOME CONCLUSION CARROTS INTRODUCTION Carrot (daucus carota) Genus: Daucus Species: D. carota Carrot (Daucus carota) belongs to the botanical family Umbelifereae/Apiaceae. Carrot is believed to have originated in Afghanistan which remains the centre of diversity of D. carota. Carrots are consumed fresh as a salad crop or cooked.
Transcript
VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY TACHIMAN-CAMPUS
RESEACRH PROPOSAL ON: COST AND EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN CARROT PRODUCTION
A CASE STUDY AT VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY TECHIMAN CAMPUS (B/A)
BY
TETTEH CHRISTIAN
ID: 211AB02000018
(DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS)
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM STATEMENT
BACKGROUND AND JUSTIIFICATION
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
LITERATURE REVIEW
METHODOLOGY
EXPECTED OUTCOME
CONCLUSION
CARROTS
INTRODUCTION
Carrot (daucus carota)
Genus: Daucus
Species: D. carota
Carrot (Daucus carota) belongs to the botanical family Umbelifereae/Apiaceae.
Carrot is believed to have originated in Afghanistan which remains the centre of diversity of D. carota.
Carrots are consumed fresh as a salad crop or cooked.
They were known to the Greeks and the Romans and their early use was mainly medicinal, to cure stomach problems, treat wounds, ulcers, liver and kidney ailments.
It is a cool season crop and is grown all over the world in spring, summer and autumn in temperate countries and during winter in tropical and subtropical countries.
Carrots are commonly grouped into two main varieties: Eastern and Western.
Eastern carrots are the original cultivar and are usually purple or yellow in colour and have fewer branched roots.
Carrots can be grown most anywhere. The ideal temperature range is 28 C to 38 C. They require a growing season of 55 to 80 days and need deep, loose, well-drained soils with the ph of 6.0 - 6.5 www.botany.org
Carrots are classified into four major types based on root shape and storage capability:
Chantenay
This type has very strong foliage and its roots are broad in the shoulder, relatively short and blunt tipped. They have a strong pale-coloured core and stores well.
Nantes
The root is moderately long with a uniform diameter along the length and a rounded tip when mature. The surface is thinner and easier to scar. The highly pigmented core
Danvers
The Danvers type has strong foliage with roots that are moderately wide in the shoulder, pointed and longer than Chantenay types. This type stores well and is used in processing and fresh market.
Imperator
The roots are long and slender, tapering to a pointed tip. It has good storage quality and is used for the fresh market.
INTRODUCTION
Carrots contain plant pigments called carotenoids, of which beta carotene is a member. These pigments were first identified in carrots (giving them their orange colour) and their name was thus derived from the word carrot.
An excellent source of vitamin A, providing more than 200% of the recommended Daily Value.
Vitamin A is required for the proper development and functioning of our eyes, skin, and many other parts of our bodies.
A good source of vitamin K.
A source of vitamin C, fibre, and potassium.
www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Carrot has the ability to contribute to the alleviation of food security in Ghana and contribute to the NGDP.
In Ghana, it is noted that poor soil conditions and poor soil amendments have reduced the production of carrot and results in the increment of prices to the extent that many consumers have reduced their consumption.
On the international market consumers are drifting from conventional or inorganic foodstuff to organically produce one’s
From the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) Techiman, farmers in the district use chemical fertilizer in the production of carrot.
From the farmers, the purpose of applying these chemical fertilizers such as NPK is to improve the soil since it is not virgin soil, increased the root size as well as increase yield of the carrot production.
On the international market consumers are drifting from conventional or inorganic foodstuff to organically produce ones due to health implications and other issues like going natural or chemical free.
The general objective is to evaluate the performance of the various fertilizer regimes on carrot production
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
To improve upon the soil conditions of carrot production
To increase carrot production using the right fertilizer regime
To access the cost and benefit on the right fertilizer regime on carrot production.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Carrot is one of the major vegetable crops cultivated worldwide (Rubatzky et al.1999). The domesticated types are divided into two groups:
The Eastern or Asian carrot (var. atrorubens Alef.), with mainly purple and yellow roots; and
The Western carrots [var. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcangeli] with mainly orange roots.
From the first cultivated purple or violet carrots, the yellow and orange types were derived from this anthocyanin type by selection process (Banga 1984).
Traditionally, purple carrots are still grown in some oriental countries such as Turkey, Afghanistan, Egypt, Pakistan, India and the Far East. Nowadays, purple and yellow – colored cultivars appeared in the European market and in fact they are bred from Asian lines (Simon 2000; Rubatzky et al. 1999).
Consumers’ choice to eat carrots is often based on perceptions of carrots quality that include nutritional factors (Rubatzky et al. 1999).
Carrots are increasing consumed due to their quality characteristics such as flavor compounds, sugars, dry matter (DM) contents and their perceived health benefits related to their vitamins, minerals, and fiber (Alasalvar et al. 2001; Quilitzsch et al.2005).
Carrot yield and nutritional quality are affected by the types of fertilizer applied. Among the chemical constituents of the fertilizers, N plays a dominant role in affecting the nutritional quality (Kansal et al. 1981).
Carrot root yield was improved by hundred percent recommended dose of N, phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers compared to application of organic fertilizer alone or combined application of mineral and organic fertilizer (Rani and Mallareddy 2007).
LITERATURE REVIEW
The most commonly used fertilizer levels were N which was ranged between 75 - 150 kg ha, 25 - 125 kg ha of P and 0 - 175 kg ha of K (Rubatzky et al. 1999).
Adequate use of mineral fertilizers and organic manures is of great importance for obtaining high yield and quality of produce in one hand and on the other hand prevention of adverse effects on soil health and environment (Rani and Mallareddy2007).
Nitrogen fertilization has received most attention of researchers with regard to carrot quality (Hochmuth et al. 2006).
Increased root yield applied by increased N levels were reported (Hochmuth et al. 1999; Hailu et al.2008).
However, high N rate up to 336 kg/ha increased the nitrate level above the recommended dose for baby food (Chessin and Hicks 1987; Cserni et al. 1989).
METHODOLOGY
For the success of this Carrot project, the following materials shall be needed.
Land for production
Carrot seeds (western type)
Inorganic fertilizer (NPK)
Organic fertilizer(Poultry dropping)
Irrigation system
Weedicides, pesticides and fungicides
Knapsack sprayer and safety boot
Hoe, Cutlass and field notebook for records
LAND PREPARATION
The land will be well tilled and as level as possible in order to obtain a good stand.
It shall have a good crumbly structure and kept moist enough to allow seed germination.
Therefore the soil will be deeply ploughed to loosen the soil to a depth of at least 30 cm.
PLANTING
The soil will treated with nematocides before planting begins.
The rows are generally spaced from 200 to 400 mm apart.
The seeds will be directly sown in the field on ridges or raised beds.
Row planting is preferred to broadcast sowing.
The seeding depth shall be 10 to 25 mm or 40 mm in loose, light sands.
METHODOLOGY
WEED CONTROL
The early stage the crop will be kept free from weeds which can be achieved by frequent hoeing.
Weeds will not at any time be allowed to compete with the crop.
Weeds will be controlled mechanically, by hand picking or using a hoe.
FERTILIZATION
The two forms that will be employed to amend the carrot production are:
Organic fertilizers (POULTRY MANURE)
Inorganic fertilizers (NPK).
Fertilizers will be applied two to three weeks after germination.
IRRIGATION
The field will be irrigated lightly immediately after sowing.
Irrigation water will be applied once or twice a day using a watering can.
Watering will gradually be reduced to prevent longitudinal splitting of the roots when the crop approaches maturity.
HARVESTING
Carrots require a growing season or period of 55-80days.
Carrots are harvested when they have reached a diameter of 20 mm and more, still young and tender.
Usually when the carrots have reached the mature stage, their base tips appear on the soil surface.
DATA TO BE COLLECTED
Date of planting
Date of germination
Date of fertilizer application
Weight of roots
Date of harvesting
Cost of fertilizers
Total cost of production with various fertilizer regime
Total cost of production
METHODOLOGY
The following four treatments shall be used;
T1 - Inorganic fertilizer
T2 - Organic fertilizer
T3 - Organic and Inorganic fertilizer (mixture)
T4- No fertilizer
Only one variety will be used:
C1 - The Chanteney (western type)
METHODOLOGY
TREATMENTS
One varieties (chantenay) will be used with 4 treatments and a single (1) replications under the Randomized Complete Block Design.
The treatments will be, T1C1, T2C1, T3C1 and T4C1
THE FIELD LAY OUT UNDER RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN
DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected from the various plots will be analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA)
It is expected that, carrots that would be grown under the treatment of inorganic fertilizer will be less costive and yield more than the one treatetd with organic fertilizer since the nutrients will be more readily available and adequate for the carrot growth and yield
CONCLUSION
The expected results from the project is foreseen to help improve the production of carrot in Techiman municipal and Ghana.
REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot
http://www.browfarm.co.uk/carrots_about.htm
http://www.gov.ab.ca
Joubert, T.G, Boelema, B.H., Daiber, C.C. & Hattingh, I.D. 1980. The production of carrots in South Africa.Root Crops A.2/1980. Farming in South Africa.
Whole Foods Market. 2004. “Organic Foods Continue to Grow in Popularity According to Whole Foods Market Survey.” Press release, October 2004, accessed September 10 2013 at http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/company/pr_10-21-04.html
